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Topic: Krio language

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	Language - MSN Encarta
		In northern Asia there are a number of languages that appear either to form small, independent families or to be language isolates, such as the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family of the Chukchi and Kamchatka peninsulas in the far east of Russia.
		The Austronesian languages, formerly called Malayo-Polynesian, cover the Malay Peninsula and most islands to the southeast of Asia and are spoken as far west as Madagascar and throughout the Pacific islands as far east as Easter Island.
		Languages of the Algonquian and Iroquoian families constitute the major indigenous languages of northeastern North America, while the Siouan family is one of the main families of central North America.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_5/Language.html (1278 words)

	Krio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Krio is a language used by 4,000,000 speakers in Sierra Leone.
		It is a true English based Creole language and is the lingua franca throughout the country.
		The Krios, descendants of freed slaves living primarily in Freetown, comprise two percent of the population.
	www.flw.com /languages/krio.htm (88 words)

	Krio language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Krio is a creole language native to the Krios, a community of about 100,000 descendants of freed slaves living in Sierra Leone's capital city of Freetown.
		The vocabulary of Krio is derived primarily from English, while its sound system, grammar and sentence structure are heavily influenced by African languages, particularly the Yoruba language of Nigeria.
		The pidgin gradually evolved to become the native language of the Krios, descendants of the freed slaves, and thus became a creole language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Krio_language (807 words)

	Aboriginal English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Krio is an English-based creole spoken mainly in Sierra Leone in West Africa.
		The influence of the languages (including Yoruba) of the Liberated Africans on the grammatical development of Krio should therefore not be underestimated and should be considered at least a contributing factor in the development of the grammar of Krio.
		English, as the official language and medium of instruction in academic institutions, continues to hold the status as the language of prestige, sometimes resulting in the use of the Acrolect variety of Krio (the variety closest to English) as a symbol of status or education.
	www.une.edu.au /langnet/krio.htm (2344 words)

	The Head Heeb: Krio and the courts
		Krio, like the languages that are described elsewhere as "creoles" or "pidgins," is an amalgam of standard English, colloquial English and tribal languages.
		In Sierra Leone, Krio is the mother tongue of about a tenth of the nation's population, and is a first language among descendants of slaves and detribalized urban residents.
		The official language of Sierra Leone is not Krio or the widely spoken tribal languages of Mende and Themne, but English.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/014761.html (1087 words)

	Krio/Pidgin (Cluster) Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Krio is spoken in Sierra Leone and also around Banjul in the Gambia, as well as on the island of Ngueyma Byogo in Equatorial Guinea.
		Pidgin is spoken in Cameroon, the southeast quadrant of Nigeria, Ghana, and Togo.
		Krio is an official language of Sierra Leone and has wide usage as a second language.
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/Krio_root.html (276 words)

	Krio language Information
		Krio is a creole language native to the Krios, a community of about 250,000 descendants of freed slaves living in Sierra Leone's capital city of Freetown.
		Krio is similar in many respects to Nigerian Pidgin English and Cameroonian Pidgin English, but it has its own distinctive character.
		It is also similar to English-based creole languages spoken in the Americas, especially the Gullah language and Jamaican Creole.
	www.bookrags.com /Krio_language (502 words)

	Maligie Sesay; Topology and Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A striking feature of Krio is that at least 80 percent of its vocabulary is derived from a single language, English (5).
		Despite the fact that the word is in currency in Krio, the sketches of the children for the string with ends tied together fell far short of what a westerner would call a circle or associate with the word `circle'.
		The language to express the classical view of a curve was that of a `path of a continuously moving point' (10).
	partnership.mmu.ac.uk /cme/Chreods/Issue_8/Maligie_S/Maligie_S1.html (4921 words)

	julia balfour
		According to this view, children are able to learn the "superficial" grammar of a particular language because all intelligible languages are founded on a "deep structure" of grammatical rules that are universal and that correspond to an innate capacity of the human brain.
		Just as languages spoken now by peoples of the simplest cultures are as subtle and as intricate as those of the peoples of more complex civilizations, similarly the forms of languages known (or hypothetically reconstructed) from the earliest records show no trace of being more "primitive" than their modern forms.
		Speakers of any dialect or any language may modulate their vocabulary and level of diction according to social context, speaking differently in church, for example, than on the playground; social activities that tend to shape the language of those engaging in it are sometimes called registers.
	a.parsons.edu /~julia/thesis/glossary.php (2337 words)

	African Languages African Linguistics on the Internet
		One of its goals is to promote the use of African languages in African intergovernmental organisations.
		Publishes on the "arts and sciences that bear on the language, culture and society of the Dagaaba of West Africa." "Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba (plural of Dagao), a predominantly agricultural community of approximately one million people located in north-western Ghana...
		"The main aim of LPCA is to document and further the study of expressions of popular language and culture in Africa." Maintained by Johannes Fabian and Vincent de Rooij of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/lang.html (6043 words)

	International Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Next to Krio, the two indigenous Sierra Leonean languages Mende and Temne are similarly, but to a much lesser extent, recognized as linguae francae in the Southern, Eastern and Northern areas.
		In the 1980s the four major national languages (Krio, Mende, Temne and Limba) were fused into the school system as instructional media on an experimental basis at lower primary level.
		In 1993 in the course of a general school reform they were introduced into the secondary level not as languages of instruction but as subjects in the curriculum.
	www.unizh.ch /spw/afrling/afrosympo/abstracts/Ehret.htm (165 words)

	"we'll kill you if you cry" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Krio, who are descendants of freed slaves, were settled in the area of Freetown (now the capital) in the late eighteenth century and make up 10 percent of the total population.
		Krio, largely based on English vocabulary but with its own grammar, is the first language of the Krios as well as Sierra Leone's lingua franca.
		The language "with or without her consent" refers only to cases of unlawful carnal knowledge that do not constitute rape; for example, an eighteen-year-old man who has sexual intercourse with a thirteen-year-old girl with her consent.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2003/sierraleone/sierleon0103-05.htm (10763 words)

	Substratal Influence on the Morphosyntactic Properties of Krio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Krio is an English-derived creole that is used as a lingua franca in Sierra Leone, but is the native language of a small percentage (estimated to be about 10% or less) of the population of the country living primarily in the Western Area peninsula (including Freetown).
		Krio does exhibit some of the apparent universals evident in early language development including preverbal negation without the use of an auxiliary, multiple negation involving indefinite pronouns, no inversion in Yes/No questions (intonation distinguishes a question from a statement), and a general lack of inflectional morphology.
		Restructuring of the creole is triggered by the innate capacity for language by children, with continued input from the lexifier language and no significant input from the substrate languages of the parents.
	journals.dartmouth.edu /cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/1/article/266?htmlOnce=yes (6559 words)

	French Translation Service - English to French Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		To ensure our translators keep abreast of the language our French translators live in-county and translate into their mother tongue.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and speak fluent French perform our French to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/french_translation.shtml (464 words)

	SULAIR: Reference Guide for Pidgin and Creole Languages
		Speakers of different languages at first evolved some form of auxiliary contact language, native to none of them, known as a Pidgin(1), and this language, suitably expanded, eventually became the native or Creole (2) language of the community that exists today.
		In general then, the term Creole is used to refer to any language which was once a Pidgin and which subsequently became a native language ; some scholars have extended the term to any language, ex-Pidgin or not, that has undergone massive structural change due to language contact.
		Some clearly Creole languages are classified as a Pidgin or "other" mixed languages, some are classified as dialects of their "target" languages (English, French, etc.,), and some are classed sometimes as a dialect and sometimes as a "mixed" language.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/pidgins/pidgin.html (2296 words)

	pidgin - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As a result of European settlers bringing to the Caribbean area large numbers of slaves from West Africa who spoke different languages, other pidgins evolved in that region that were based on English, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Spanish.
		Examples of pidgins based on non-European languages are Chinook, once used by Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, and Lingua Gêral, based on a Native American language and used in Brazil.
		The Krio language of Sierra Leone and Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea are examples of creoles, pidgins that have acquired native speakers.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-pidgin.html (431 words)

	The Head Heeb: African creoles revisited
		Speaking in Abuja at a lecture titled "Why Study Minority Languages in Nigeria," Professor [Bernard] Caron, who has been in and out of Nigeria for the past 17 years, regretted that despite Pidgin being an important Lingua Franca, it is hardly mentioned in the language policy of the country.
		He noted that English is the de facto official language in the bureaucratic and educational system, while the 3 major languages of Yoruba, Ibo and Hausa remain the major national potential languages.
		The Krio language is a creole with vocabulary drawn from English, languages indigenous to Sierra Leone and the native languages of freed slaves, and is spoken by as much as 95 percent of the Leonian population.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/021146.html (788 words)

	The Pidgins and Creoles in Education (PACE) Newsletter
		But the opposition to speaking Krio is based partly on the conviction that Krio is a bastardized form of English, a ‘patois’ or, as some older Krio call it, ‘broken English’;, which will present a worrying distortion of the English being taught at school.
		A more recent publication, “Standardizing the Krio language” by Neville Shrimpton in From Contact to Creole and Beyond edited by Philip Baker (University of Westminster Press, London, 1995), pp.217-28, reports on changes in attitude towards Krio in Sierra Leone so that “it has come to be accepted as a language in its own right” (p.217).
		First, its language development status is almost non-existent (there are no serious books, for instance, written in pidgin and even the writing of the language is still subject to a great deal of inconsistency as well as confusion with English orthography).
	www.hawaii.edu /satocenter/pace/8-special.htm (2570 words)

	Krio Translation Service - English to Krio Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		You probably don't speak Krio yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		To ensure our translators keep abreast of the language our Krio translators live in-county and translate into their mother tongue.
		Krio and Jamaican Creole, and Krio and Sea Islands Creole may have some interintelligibility.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/krio_translation.shtml (488 words)

	OHCHR: Krio () - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are 472,600 speakers in Sierra Leone (1993), 10% of the population are first language speakers and about 4,000,000 or 95% are second language speakers.
		Krio is spoken by communities in Freetown, on the Peninsula, Banana Islands, York Island and by de-tribalized Sierra Leoneans as the lingua franca throughout the country.
		Half speak Krio in the workplace and it is the formal language for those who do not speak english.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/kri.htm (1955 words)

	Ethnologue: Sierra Leone
		A slightly modified form of Futa Jalon is known as Krio Fula with many loans from Sierra Leone languages.
		Krio and Jamaican Creole, and Krio and Sea Islands Creole may have some interintelligibility; mother tongue Krio speakers are mainly descendents of repatriated slaves from Jamaica.
		Bandi, mainly in Liberia, is considered to be a separate language.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Sier.html (1361 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:kri
		Possibly half the speakers use Krio in their workplace.
		Second-language users prefer their indigenous languages for informal situations.
		First-language Krio speakers are mainly descendants of repatriated slaves from Jamaica.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=kri (170 words)

	LAVIS III Abstracts
		Some scholars suggest that the English-derived Creole languages of the Caribbean influenced the emergence of Gullah on the Sea Coast Islands of South Carolina and Georgia; others suggest Caribbean creoles influenced the emergence of Krio, a language of Sierra Leone spoken on the historic Upper Guinea Coast of West Africa.
		Language change requires that some linguistic feature be adopted by at least a segment of a population, and language variation becomes significant only when it distinguishes one group from another or serves to establish parameters for the construction of an identity tied to a group.
		The general project is connected in some respects to perceptual dialectology and language ideology, for each of our subjects demonstrated their own views of markers of Texas and Southern dialect, and each had fairly well formed ideologies about language.
	www.as.ua.edu /lavis/abstractsAB.htm (5792 words)

	Beaufort County Library, SC -- About Gullah Language and Sea Island Culture (Beaufort County, SC): Part I: The Gullah ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Though creole languages the world over share a surprisingly similar structure, the speakers of one creole can seldom understand speakers of another on first contact.
		Krio, spoken in Sierra Leone, is just one example of an English-based creole with many similarities to Gullah -- the creole language of the Sea Islands.
		Traditions, language and myth stayed longer with the coastal Carolina Gullahs, who were allowed a greater latitude of self-sufficiency and were relatively isolated on the Sea Islands.
	www.bcgov.net /bftlib/gullah.htm (1228 words)

	Krio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Krio Dayak language, their language; Library of Congress code PL5298.93.
		(Krio Institute Cell and Tissue Bank) a frozen sperm and umbilical cord cell bank in Budapest.
		Krio de Morto, a rock band in Poland that creates songs in Esperanto.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Krio (308 words)

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