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Topic: Kristallnacht

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	Special Focus: Kristallnacht
		The interior of the Hechingen synagogue, destroyed during Kristallnacht.
		In the months before Kristallnacht, synagogues in Munich, Nuremberg, Dortmund, and Kaiserslautern were demolished on the orders of local Nazi party officials; in other German towns, anti–Jewish vandalism was common.
		In commemoration of the 60th anniversary of Kristallnacht, on November 9, 1998, the memo38 group presented their final project to the public, a video of the computer-generated reconstruction, on a 30x30 foot screen at the site of the original synagogue.
	www.ushmm.org /museum/exhibit/focus/kristallnacht_02 (333 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Kristallnacht (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Kristallnacht, also known as Reichskristallnacht or The Night of Broken Glass in English, involved a large-scale pogrom against Jewish citizens throughout Germany in the night from November 9 to November 10, 1938.
		The event was titled Kristallnacht (German for "crystal night") because of the many shop windows that were broken during the night.
		Kristallnacht ushered in a new phase in the antisemitic activities of the Nazi state apparatus.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/kr/Kristallnacht (249 words)

	Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction by Martin Gilbert
		Kristallnacht marked the beginning of the systematic eradication of a people who traced their origins in Germany to Roman times and was a sinister fore-warning of the Holocaust.
		Kristallnacht presents a look at this pivotal event in a way unlike any other, by presenting more than 50 eye-witness accounts of German survivors who were terrorized simply for the crime of being Jewish.
		The recollections of the victims of Kristallnacht are heartbreaking.
	www.harpercollins.com /books/9780060570835/Kristallnacht/index.aspx (3025 words)

	Kristallnacht - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kristallnacht, also known as Reichskristallnacht (literally Imperial Crystal Night), Pogromnacht and in English as the Night of Broken Glass, was a massive nationwide pogrom in Germany and Austria on the night of November 9, 1938 (including the early hours of the following day).
		Kristallnacht changed the nature of persecution from economic, political and social to the physical forms such as beatings, murder and incarceration, and as such it is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust.
		Avantgarde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklärte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes the Israeli national anthem, "Hatikvah," with phrases from "Deutschland Über Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht.
	www.recipeland.com /facts/Kristallnacht (2965 words)

	THHP Short Essay: What Was Kristallnacht? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kristallnacht was a nationwide, state-sponsored pogrom (a spree of violence directed against Jews) conducted throughout Germany and Austria (which had been annexed by Germany in March 1938) from the evening and night of November 9 through the following afternoon.
		It was presented by the Nazi regime as a spontaneous public outburst provoked by the assassination of a minor German diplomat in Paris, Ernst vom Rath, by a seventeen-year-old Polish Jew, Herschel Grynszpan.
		The significance of Kristallnacht lay in the reaction of the Nazi regime to intense and vocal criticism from abroad, which reacted to the pogrom with horror and condemnation.
	www.holocaust-history.org /short-essays/kristallnacht.shtml (2140 words)

	Kristallnacht information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Kristallnacht pogrom of 9 November 1938 serves as a case in which the role of bystanders is easily highlighted.
		During the Kristallnacht over two hundred synagogues were destroyed by Germans, mainly NS party members, making the anti-semitic policies, attititudes, and laws of the regime violently public.(See map.) No one in the country, nor for that matter in the world, could any be ignorant of the violent anti-semitism of Germany.
		Kristallnacht -- a look at the Kristallnacht in Augsburg, a medium-sized southern German city and the story of one man who experienced the event there (fascinating, but the server is somewhat slow).
	www.davidson.edu /academic/german/denham/knfer.htm (252 words)

	Philadelphia Inquirer \| 11/09/2006 \| Book Review \| 'Kristallnacht': Memories, context tell the fearful tale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Vom Rath's death was to become an excuse for the pogrom of Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) that began on Nov. 9.
		In Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction, Martin Gilbert cogently argues that the wave of killing, burning and looting orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda chief, was a pivotal moment in the fate of the Jews of Germany and an escalation that marked the transition from repression and professional and social ostracism to systematic and violent persecution.
		Kristallnacht provided a grim harbinger, with hundreds of Jews killed and 30,000 rounded up and sent to concentration camps where 2,000 would die.
	www.philly.com /mld/inquirer/entertainment/books/15965194.htm (532 words)

	KRISTALLNACHT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The intent of this meeting was two-fold: to make the Jews responsible for Kristallnacht and to use the events of the preceding days as a rationale for promulgating a series of antisemitic laws which would, in effect, remove Jews from the German economy.
		Kristallnacht turns out to be a crucial turning point in German policy regarding the Jews and may be considered as the actual beginning of what is now called the Holocaust.
		So, it appears, the term "Kristallnacht" or "Crystal Night" was invented by Nazis to mock Jews on that fl November night in 1938.
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/knacht.html (2243 words)

	CNN - Germany commemorates Nazi era 'Kristallnacht' - November 9, 1998
		BERLIN (CNN) -- Germany on Monday marked the 60th anniversary of the anti-Jewish pogrom known as Kristallnacht -- or Crystal Night -- with solemn ceremonies and calls for renewed vigilance against right-wing extremism.
		President Roman Herzog and Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder led a ceremony in a restored synagogue to mark the anniversary of Kristallnacht, which has become known as Night of Broken Glass, when thousands of synagogues and Jewish shops were destroyed during a night of Nazi rampage.
		Kristallnacht escalated the Nazi persecution of the Jews, which had begun on Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933.
	edition.cnn.com /WORLD/europe/9811/09/germany.kristallnacht (514 words)

	Kristallnacht: the Exploitation of Nazi Anti-Semitism
		Kristallnacht was induced by the assassination of the secretary of the German embassy, Ernst vom Rath, by the hands of a Jew named Herschel Grynszpan.
		The reasons for Kristallnacht occurring can be seen in these policies in the form of numerous anti-Semitic laws that were inspired by the Nazi party's beliefs.
		Kristallnacht was seen by the Nazi's as an affective way to implement their policies towards Jews and can be viewed as a foreshadowing of the Nazi's shift to the physical annihilation of the Jews from Germany which would to this day, shape the fate of the rest of the world.
	web.pdx.edu /~cstought/thesis.htm (2647 words)

	THHP Question: Kristallnacht: the Night of Broken Glass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kristallnacht was one of the most significant events leading to the Holocaust.
		Prior to Kristallnacht the persecution of the Jews was mostly in the form of legal and social restrictions not very different from the laws persecuting Blacks in the American South.
		Kristallnacht was the beginning of the open use of violence by the state to persecute Jews.
	www.holocaust-history.org /questions/kristallnacht.shtml (343 words)

	Kristallnacht
		The intent of this meeting was two-fold: to make the Jews responsible for Kristallnacht and to use the events of the preceding days as a rationale for promulgating a series of antisemitic laws which would, in effect, remove Jews from the German economy.
		Kristallnacht turns out to be a crucial turning point in German policy regarding the Jews and may be considered as the actual beginning of what is now called the Holocaust.
		So, it appears, the term "Kristallnacht" or "Crystal Night" was invented by Nazis to mock Jews on that fl November night in 1938.
	www.us-israel.org /jsource/Holocaust/kristallnacht.html (2302 words)

	Kristallnacht
		The Kristallnacht prisoners who were released were forced to emigrate immediately, to have their properties "Aryanized," or both.
		Kristallnacht marked a dramatic change in the policy of the Nazis toward the Jews of Germany and Austria.
		Following Kristallnacht, the Jewish community was fined a total of 1 billion Marks (approximately $400 million at the time) for damages caused by the Nazi Party rioters.
	www.chgs.umn.edu /Educational_Resources/Curriculum/Broken_Threads/Kristallnacht/kristallnacht.html (1747 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a watershed in the Nazi treatment of Jews.
		Martin Gilbert, the British historian, examines this cataclysmic event in a sober, lucidly written book, Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction (HarperCollins), which is based on his own research, eyewitness testimonies and newspaper accounts.
		The expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany and the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris were the twin catalysts of Kristallnacht.
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=10534 (1089 words)

	Kristallnacht
		The reaction outside Germany to Kristallnacht was shock and outrage, creating a storm of negative publicity in newspapers and among radio commentators that served to isolate Hitler's Germany from the civilized nations and weaken any pro-Nazi sentiments in those countries.
		At this meeting it was decided to eliminate Jews entirely from economic life in the Reich by transferring all Jewish property and enterprises to 'Aryans,' with minor compensation given to the Jews in the form of bonds.
		Regarding the economic impact of the damage from Kristallnacht and the resulting massive insurance claims, Hermann Göring stated the Jews themselves would be billed for the damage and that any insurance money due to them would be confiscated by the State.
	www.historyplace.com /worldwar2/holocaust/h-knacht.htm (601 words)

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