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	Kristen Nygaard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nygaard was in the first half of the 1980s chairman of the steering committee of the Scandinavian research program SYDPOL (System Development and Profession Oriented Languages), coordinating research and supporting working groups in system development, language research and artificial intelligence.
		In 1984 and 1985 Nygaard was chairman of the Informatics Committee of the University of Oslo, and active in the design of the university's plan for developing research, education and computing and communication facilities at all faculties of the university.
		In 1996 and 1997 Nygaard was the coordinator of the efforts to establish The European Anti-Maastricht Movement (TEAM), a cooperative network between national organisations opposing the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the Maastricht Treaty in European countries within and outside the EU.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kristen_Nygaard (1356 words)

	CV for Kristen Nygaard
		Kristen Nygaard was born in 1926 in Oslo, Norway.
		Kristen Nygaard was in 1984-1985 chairman of the Informatics Committee of the University of Oslo, and active in the design of the University's plan for developing research, education and computing and communication facilities at all faculties of the university.
		In 1996-97 Kristen Nygaard was the Coordinator of the efforts to establish TEAM (The European Anti-Maastricht Movement), a cooperation network between national organisations opposing the EMU (Economic Monetary Union) and the Maastricht Treaty in European countries within and outside the EU.
	heim.ifi.uio.no /~kristen/PRIVATDOK_MAPPE/PR_CV_KN.html (1490 words)

	In Memoriam Kristen Nygaard
		Kristen was chairman of the reference group, and was an enourmously active contributor to the discussions in the meetings.
		Kristen Nygaard mente altså at Nei til EU burde fortsette som organisasjon også etter folkeavstemningen.
		Kristen Nygaard considered his work on computers and democracy in the workplace as important from a scientific point of view as his work on Simula, both relating to ways of describing reality.
	www.ifi.uio.no /in_memoriam_kristen (5268 words)

	JAOO2001
		Kristen Nygaard developed, together with Ole-Johan Dahl, SIMULA I (1961-65) and SIMULA 67 - the first object oriented programming languages, introducing the concepts upon which all later object-oriented programming languages are built: Objects, classes, inheritance, virtual quantities and multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution.
		Kristen Nygaard was working at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (1948-60), was Director of Research at the Norwegian Computing Center (1960-84), professor in Aarhus, Denmark (1975-1976) and then professor in Oslo (1977-1996).
		Kristen Nygaard's current interests are directed towards the didactical aspects of the teaching of introductory programming and system comprehension, and towards contributions to the creation of a unifying platform for informatics as a science.
	www.jaoo.dk /jaoo2001/Speaker.nygaard.html (818 words)

	TEAM - The European Alliance of EU-critical Movements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kristen Nygaard was a central person for the EU-critical movement, both in his home country and in Europe as a whole.
		Kristen Nygaard was the strategic force behind the creation of The European Anti-Maastricht Alliance, TEAM, in Edinburgh in December 1992.
		Kristen Nygaard was an indefatigable fighter which we would have needed in our work for many more years.
	www.ljudmila.org /team/board/statement-kristen.htm (298 words)

	Ole-Johan Dahl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Professor emeritus Ole-Johan Dahl (October 12, 1931 – June 29, 2002) was a Norwegian computer scientist and is considered to be one of the fathers of Simula and object-oriented programming along with Kristen Nygaard.
		With Kristen Nygaard, he produced the initial ideas for object-oriented (OO) programming in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center (NCC) as part of the Simula I (1961–1965) and Simula 67 (1965–1968) simulation programming languages.
		Dahl and Nygaard were the first to develop the concepts of class, subclass (allowing implicit information hiding), inheritance, dynamic object creation, etc., all important aspects of the OO paradigm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl (562 words)

	Kristen Nygaard: A Souvenir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		To be sure, Kristen has performed all these interventions in those ways many of his friends and colleagues like to remember: action-oriented; ruthlessly grabbing at the jugular of injustice; generous in acute and close to sarcastic critique; pushing and perhaps slightly manipulating people and circumstances, of course always with savoir faire, flair and wit.
		I think then it is no use to share here the war stories of General Kristen, ranging from the precarious peace treaties with Johanna, to his fettucine Alfredo Nygaard art; to the fights with Dijkstra and Langefors.
		Kristen felt as his utmost duty of hospitality in that moment to convince the two shrewd Machiavellian friends that Trolls exist, and dwell just there behind the trees of the dark forest we were passing by, or below the stones.
	is.lse.ac.uk /staff/ciborra/KristenNygaard.htm (882 words)

	Kristen Nygaard - Wikipedia
		Nygaard arbeitete von 1948 bis 1960 am Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (NDRE), Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) auf norwegisch.
		Nygaard war Professor in Aarhus, Dänemark (1975-1976) und erhielt später den Ruf an die Universität von Oslo (1977 - 1996).
		Nygaard engagierte sich auch politisch, so war er Mitglied einer erfolgreichen Kampagne, die Norwegens Beitritt zur Europäischen Union verhindern sollte.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kristen_Nygaard (204 words)

	Kristen Nygaard
		By Associated Press, 8/11/2002 19:36 OSLO, Norway (AP) Kristen Nygaard, a pioneer in developing the Simula programming language that laid the foundation for Java, C++ and others, has died.
		Kristen Nygaard continued working for the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (in computing and programming 1948-1954, and in operational research 1952-1960, and was head of the first operational research groups in the Norwegian defense - 1957-1960).
		Between 1961-1965, Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl developed SIMULA I and SIMULA 67 - the first object oriented programming languages, introducting the concepts upon which all later oOP langaugaes are built: Objects, classes, inheritance, virtual quantities and multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution.
	www.hitmill.com /programming/cpp/nygaard.html (206 words)

	Compiling SIMULA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kristen Nygaard was back from the States with an exceptionally favorable offer from Univac, and the Research Council was apparently swallowing the bait.
		Nygaard's noble defense for the layman is charming perhaps, but it reveals a deep concern about the power/knowledge relationship between the suppliers and the users of technology.
		Kristen Nygaard's entrepreneurial role in connection with the Univac/SIMULA deal, and Ole-Johan Dahl's persistent work on language design and implementation as well as his instrumental role within IFIP TC-2 are representative examples of the kind of heterogeneous engineering I have been trying to illuminate in this chapter.
	www.cis.um.edu.mt /~jskl/simula.html (14246 words)

	Kristen Nygaard and the Scandinavian School: Object-Orientation as a system simulation tool
		By reading the (very few) articles that the main authors of the Simula language, Nygaard and Dahl, wrote it is clear that they were conscious of the definition of a system as a set of interacting objects and the role of object-orientation as a modeling or simulation paradigm.
		According to Nygaard, the idea that led to Simula and object-oriented programming was to create a language that made it possible for people to comprehend, describe, and communicate about systems and to analyze existing and proposed systems through computer based models.
		Nygaard was not very keen on using the term Computer Science, he preferred to ad-scribe himself to the discipline of Informatics.
	www.iua.upf.es /~xamat/Thesis/html/node20.html (1327 words)

	Kristen Nygaard er død - Dagbladet.no
		Nygaard holdt trådene og ledelsen helt til seiersnatta seinhøstes 1994, selv om det utad var andre som sto i fremste rekke.
		Nygaard startet som formann i Studentvenstrelaget på slutten av 40-tallet, og var aktiv i Venstre til han meldte overgang til Arbeiderpartiet, der han var medlem i 30 år.
		Kristen Nygaard var omstridt, også i egne kretser.
	www.dagbladet.no /nyheter/2002/08/11/345735.html (499 words)

	JOT: JOT: Journal of Object Technology - In Memory of Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard
		Kristen was a pioneer of his field: Kristen and Ole-Johan are considered the fathers of object-oriented programming, Kristen established what is now known as participatory design as a research field, and he is one of the few philosophers in informatics.
		Kristen was of course thrilled by the enormous success that OO achieved.
		Kristen and his wife Johanna also became close friends of my family and me. We have enjoyed the hospitality and friendship of Johanna and Kristen at several occasions over the years.
	www.jot.fm /issues/issue_2002_09/eulogy (3314 words)

	Kristen Nygaard 75 år
		Nygaard mener at dersom du gjør noe nytt og viktig, utfordrer du mange.
		Nygaard vet hva han vil, og han gjør et poeng av at han hele sitt liv har vært nøye med å brenne broer slik at valgene om framtidige gjøremål ikke framsto som vanskelige valg.
		Kristen Nygaard er et menneske som forsatt har mye å gi, og som har beholdt den beskjedne evnen det er å ikke bli for gammel til å lære.
	home.online.no /~klindtne/K.Artikel646.htm (607 words)

	P4 : Kristen Nygaard er død (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nygaard, som også var leder av Nei til EU under den forrige EU-kampen i 1994, døde plutselig natt til i dag.
		Nygaard må ta mye av æren for at det ble nei-flertall i folkeavstemningen.
		Kristen Nygaard sto fortsatt midt oppe i sitt virke da han ble revet bort.
	www.p4radio.com /txo/61588.asp (553 words)

	digi.no - Kristen Nygaard er død
		Kristen Nygaard døde natt til lørdag 75 år gammel, bare få uker etter at hans venn og kollega Ole-Johan Dahl (71) gikk bort.
		Ole-Johan Dahl og Kristen Nygaards videnskapelige innsats ligger først og fremst i at de oppfant objektorientert programmering i 60-årene.
		Ole-Johan og Kristen var som mennesker helt forskjellige.
	www.digi.no /digi98.nsf/pub/dd20020812111051_kvi_62184481 (1036 words)

	Claudio Ciborra: Kristen Nygaard
		Still, I think I can give a voice to those like me, who are perhaps somewhat marginal to that family, but on whom Kristen has had a deep and long lasting impact as a mentor, a leader, a supporter during difficult times, or simply, but perhaps above all, as a friend.
		Kristen has performed all these interventions in those ways many of his friends and colleagues like to remember: action-oriented; ruthlessly grabbing at the jugular of injustice; generous in acute, verging on sarcastic, critique; pushing and perhaps slightly manipulating people and circumstances, of course always with savoir faire, flair and wit.
		I think then it is no use to share here the war stories of General Kristen; his culinary art (I remember, in particular, his "fettucine Alfredo a la Nygaard"); the fights with Dijkstra and Langefors; etc.
	www.ifi.uio.no /in_memoriam_kristen/obi_claudio.html (614 words)

	.NET Magazine - Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kristen Nygaard, one of the men who created the foundation for object-oriented programming, died of a heart attack at age 75 on August 9, 2002, in Oslo, Norway.
		Nygaard began his lifelong career in technology when he entered the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (NDRE) in 1948.
		Along with Dahl, Nygaard received the 2002 IEEE John von Neumann Medal for, "the introduction of the concepts underlying object-oriented programming through the design and implementation of SIMULA 67." They also shared the 2001 A.M. Turing Award, considered the "Nobel Prize of Computing," for their roles in the invention of object-oriented programming.
	www.fawcette.com /wss/2002_10/magazine/departments/letters (639 words)

	IP: Kristen Nygaard 1926-2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kristen's numerous accomplishments during a vibrant fifty-four-year career can be seen at http://www.ifi.uio.no/~kristen.
		In the 1970's, Kristen was an early advocate of user participation in industrial systems design.
		In the early 1990's, Kristen led a political organization that persuaded the Norwegian electorate to reject membership in the European Union.
	www.interesting-people.org /archives/interesting-people/200208/msg00058.html (594 words)

	[No title]
		From: kristen@ifi.uio.no (Kristen Nygaard) Subject: Opening Speech at the IRIS 19 Conference, Part 1 Dear friends, This as a greeting from a friend who just has passed the seventy year-mark.
		By Kristen Nygaard Opening Speech at the IRIS 19 Conference (The 19th Information Research in Scandinavia Conference) in Loekeberga Sweden, August 10th, 1996 (With Additions and Also Some Improvements after the Event) INTRODUCTION Bo Dahlbom has given me detailed specifications for this introductory event: It shall not be a lecture.
		That was used by the conservatives in the unions, telling everyone that Kristen Nygaard wanted to launch series of wildcat strikes around the country.
	st-www.cs.uiuc.edu /users/johnson/nygaard (9072 words)

	kristen
		Kristen Nygaard is a professor of computer science and informatics at the University of Oslo.
		Nygaard also serves as a consultant to the Norwegian Computing Center and the Simula Research Laboratory.
		Nygaard is currently working on three major projects related to his contributions to the development of object-oriented programming.
	www.cs.wlu.edu /~whaleyt/classes/313/Turing/Minor-Nygaard.html (850 words)

	OOPSLA 2002 –– Final Program -- The Scandinavian School of Object-Orientation - in memory of Ole-Johan Dahl ...
		Kristen Nygaard was to give his Turing award lecture at OOPSLA 2002 on Simula and its development.
		In this lecture, Ole Lehrmann Madsen, a long term collaborator of Kristen Nygaard's, will present the main contributions of Simula along with further developments in object-oriented programming made through more than 25 years of work with Nygaard.
		He developed the BETA programming language together with Kristen Nygaard, Birger Moller-Pedersen and Bent Bruun Kristensen, and he has been a research manager for the Mjolner project where the first version of the BETA software was developed.
	www.oopsla.org /fp/files/spe-concepts.html (353 words)

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