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	Kronstadt Mutiny
		Kronstadt is a naval base on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland, about 18 miles west of St Petersburg/Petrograd.
		On 16 May 1917, the Kronstadt Soviet declared independence from the Provisional Government – a move which infuriated Lenin, since the Bolsheviks were not yet ready to make their move, and he did not want anyone ‘jumping the gun’.
		Kronstadt sailors also turned out during the July Days to help the Bolsheviks try to overthrow the Provisional Government, 20,000 of them fought with the Bolshevik Red Guards who defeated Kornilov in August, and, they went to Petrograd again to help the Bolshevik coup d’état in November.
	www.johndclare.net /Russ8_Kronstadt.htm (773 words)

	1921: The Kronstadt rebellion \| libcom.org
		Kronstadt was (and is) a naval fortress on an island in the Gulf of Finland.
		This committee was charged with organising the defence of Kronstadt, a move decided upon because of the threats of the Bolshevik officials there and the groundless rumour that the Bolsheviks had dispatched forces to attack the meeting.
		The Kronstadt revolt was a non-violent one, but from the start the attitude of the authorities was not one of negotiation but of delivering an ultimatum: either come to your senses or suffer the consequences.
	libcom.org /history/1921-the-kronstadt-rebellion (1754 words)

	Kronstadt \| libcom.org
		The history of the rising of the naval town of Kronstadt in Russia by workers and sailors supporting the original aims of the 1917 Revolution against the new Bolshevik dictatorship.
		Despite Serge remaining an (albeit highly critical) Bolshevik apologist and remaining in the camp of those who claimed Kronstadt as 'a tragic necessity', he is honest enough to describe the facts of the situation in their own damning terms.
		The Kronstadt Uprising of 1921 - Ida Mett
	libcom.org /tags/kronstadt (452 words)

	Marxisme Online * Abbie Bakan: Kronstadt - A Tragic Necessity
		The repression of the Kronstadt revolt was a necessity because there is no question that if the Kronstadt rebellion had been successful, it would have been, as Lenin said, 'a step, a ladder, a bridge' to the victory of counter-revolution.
		Kronstadt sailors were at the political centre of an army composed largely of peasant recruits who had shifted very quickly and rapidly from reactionary backgrounds to Bolshevism.
		The rebellion was suppressed militarily after the appeal for the categorical lowering of arms was rejected by the sailors.
	www.marxisme.dk /arkiv/bakan/90-krons.htm (2595 words)

	Kronstadt 1921: the end of the Bolshevik Myth
		Politically, the climate in Kronstadt in 1917 was very close to the politics of the Socialist Revolutionary Maximalists, a left-wing split-off from the SR Party, politically located somewhere between the Left SRs and the Anarchists.
		The repression of Kronstadt, the suppression of the democracy of workers and soviets by the Russian Communist party, the elimination of the proletariat from the management of industry, and the introduction of the NEP, already signified the death of the Revolution." [Kronstadt Revolt, p.
		Kronstadt was the final nail in coffin of Leninist claims to be in favour of soviet democracy and power.
	anarchism.ws /writers/anarcho/history/russia/kronstadt.html (4205 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Kronstadt rebellion
		The Kronstadt rebellion was an unsuccessful uprising of Soviet sailors, led by Stepan Petrichenko, against the government of the early Russian SFSR.
		The rebellion took place in the first weeks of March, 1921 in Kronstadt, a naval fortress on Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland that served as the base of the Russian Baltic Fleet and as a guardpost for the approaches to Petrograd, 35 miles away.
		The Anarchist Emma Goldman, who was in St. Petersburg at the time of the rebellion, criticised Leon Trotsky for his role in the suppression of the rebellion, arguing that this made his later criticism of Stalin's regime hypocritical.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion (2336 words)

	Infoshop.org - An Anarchist FAQ - Appendix 4.2 - Appendix -- What was the Kronstadt Rebellion?
		The Kronstadt revolt was a non-violent one, but from the start the attitude of the authorities was not one of serious negotiation but rather one of delivering an ultimatum: either come to your senses or suffer the consequences.
		The Kronstadt rebellion is important because, as Voline put it, it was "the first entirely independent attempt of the people to liberate itself from all yokes and achieve the Social Revolution, an attempt made directly, resolutely, and boldly by the working masses themselves without political shepherds, without leaders or tutors.
		Kronstadt was the end result of four years of revolution and civil war, the product of the undermining of soviet democracy by a combination of Bolshevism and war.
	www.hardcore.lt /anarchistfaq/append42.html (16503 words)

	The Kronstadt Commune 1921
		But the Kronstadt rebels’ aims were far in advance of the calls in 1917 for bread, peace and workers’ "control".
		The rebellion at Kronstadt was a response to the hope provided by the Petrograd workers’ action against the restriction of food supplies.
		This analysis of Red Kronstadt was published in English, French and Russian in 1999 and was distributed in Soviet territories and elsewhere.
	www.geocities.com /pract_history/redmenace/kronstadt.html (3600 words)

	Berkman on the Kronstadt Rebellion
		The Kronstadt Izvestia reiterates this attitude and hope, and in the numerous articles and appeals it seeks to clarify its position towards the Bolsheviki and its aspiration to lay the foundation of a new, free life for itself and the rest of Russia.
		The Kronstadt movement for free Soviets was stifled in blood, while at the same time the Bolshevik Government was making compromises with European capitalists, signing the Riga peace, according to which a population of 12 millions was turned over to the mercies of Poland, and helping Turkish imperialism to suppress the republics of the Caucasus.
		Kronstadt personified the generous, all for-giving spirit of the Slavic soul and the century-old emancipation movement of Russia.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/kronstadt/berkkron.html (11041 words)

	The Kronstadt Rebellion, Feb 28 - Mar 18, 1921
		The Kronstadt Rebellion, Feb 28 - Mar 18, 1921
		Demands of the Kronstadt Insurgents, Expressed in the Resolution of the General Meeting of the Crews of the Ships of the Line
		To convene, not later than 1 March I92I, a non-party conference of workers, soldiers and sailors of Petrograd City, Kronstadt and Petrograd Province.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob19.html (506 words)

	A letter and reply on the Kronstadt rebellion
		The Kronstadt sailors had been among the most reliable supporters of the October Revolution, but in the intervening years many of the experienced revolutionary leaders and fighters had either perished or had been withdrawn from the armed forces to staff posts in the government, the economy and the party.
		In the next 15 years this was to culminate in the counterrevolutionary bloodbath of the Moscow Trials and the Great Purges of the late 1930s, in which hundreds of thousands of revolutionaries paid with their lives for their devotion to the cause of international socialism.
		It is possible that a different tactical course could have avoided the bloody confrontation at Kronstadt, and that the ban on factions, temporary at first, increased the dangers to the revolution by strengthening bureaucratic tendencies.
	www.wsws.org /history/1998/sep1998/bak-s16.shtml (2028 words)

	Kronstadt Uprising
		This was the elected President of the Kronstadt Workers', Soldiers' and Sailors Soviet.
		Lacking any qualified officers, the Kronstadt sailors did not know how to employ their artillery; there was, it is true, a former officer named Kozlovsky among them, but he did little and exercised no authority.
		I was a member of the government, I considered the quelling of the rebellion necessary and therefore bear responsibility for the suppression.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSkronstadt.htm (2062 words)

	Kronstadt Uprising
		The sailors were important allies to the Bolsheviks after the February Revolution (1917), when the Kronstadt Soviet opposed the provisional government, declared a "Kronstadt Republic," and took part in the July 1917 mutiny.
		The Kronstadt Soviet, run by loyal Bolsheviks, called a public meeting for 1 March in response to the insurgent demands.
		It is widely assumed that the rebellion inspired Lenin and the regime to announce the New Economic Policy, which answered some of the Kronstadt demands.
	www.soviethistory.org /index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1921kronshtadt&Year=1921 (812 words)

	Kronstadt rebellion - Wikinfo
		The Kronstadt rebellion was an uprising in the early years of the Soviet Union which was the last major rebellion against Communist rule.
		Finally, in March 1921, the Kronstadt naval base, celebrated by the Communists as one of the sources of the October Revolution, rose in rebellion against Communist rule.
		On March 17, the Bolshevik forces finally entered the city of Kronstadt after having suffered over 10,000 casualties (there are no reliable figures for the rebels loses or how many were later shot by the Cheka or sent to prison camps).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Kronstadt_rebellion (2923 words)

	Kronstadt Summary
		Ioann was born in the village of Suro in the Arkhangelsk province of Russia and at the age of ten was sent to the parochial school in Arkhangelsk.
		Kronstadt was founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703, when the first fortifications were constructed.
		The Naval Cathedral and the Stepan Makarov Monument in Kronstadt
	www.bookrags.com /Kronstadt (1561 words)

	Understanding Kronstadt \| International Communist Current
		But the revolt of the Kronstadt garrison was new and different: it was a revolt from within by the working class supporters of the soviet regime, who had been in the vanguard of the October Revolution, and were now raising class demands to correct various intolerable deformations and abuses of the new power.
		Kronstadt was the first entirely independent attempt of the people to liberate itself from all yokes and achieve the Social Revolution, an attempt made directly, resolutely, and boldly by the working masses themselves without political shepherds, without leaders or tutors.
		Whatever confusions were expressed by the Kronstadt rebels, it is absolutely undeniable that their demands also reflected the interests of the proletariat faced with terrible living conditions, the growing oppression of a state bureaucracy and the loss of its political power in the atrophied soviets.
	en.internationalism.org /ir/104_kronstadt.html (3638 words)

	Infoshop.org - An Anarchist FAQ - Appendix 4.2 - Appendix -- What was the Kronstadt Rebellion?
		The Kronstadt revolt was a non-violent one, but from the start the attitude of the authorities was not one of serious negotiation but rather one of delivering an ultimatum: either come to your senses or suffer the consequences.
		That, in a nutshell, was the Kronstadt revolt.
		Kronstadt was the end result of four years of revolution and civil war, the product of the undermining of soviet democracy by a combination of Bolshevism and war.
	www.infoshop.org /faq/append42.html (16363 words)

	[No title]
		It is because of this that among the belated denouncers of my Kronstadt "crime" there are so many former revolutionists or semi-revolutionists, people who have lost their program and their principles and who find it necessary to divert attention from the degradation of the Second International or the perfidy of the Spanish Anarchists.
		The Kronstadt uprising was only an episode in the history of the relations between the proletarian city and the petty-bourgeois age.
		Unless we are to deceive ourselves with pretentious slogans, false labels, etc., we shall see that the Kronstadt; uprising was nothing but an armed reaction of the petty bourgeoisie against the hardships of social revolution and the severity of the proletarian.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/classics/trotsky/hue_and_cry_kronstadt_trotsky.asp (3978 words)

	New material from Soviet archives confirms the Bolsheviks' position - Internasional Miscellaneous - Jakarta IMC
		As Trotsky explained, the so-called Kronstadt rebellion was not the first petit-bourgeois, anti-Bolshevik movement to take place during both the civil war and the revolution.
		Much is being made by both writers against Kronstadt of the fact that the sailors who, as we insist, did not premeditate the rebellion, but met on the 1st of March to discuss ways and means of aiding their Petrograd comrades, quickly formed themselves into a Provisional Revolutionary Committee.
		Under these iron-clad rules it was physically impossible for the workers of Petrograd to ally themselves with Kronstadt, especially as not one word of the manifestoes issued by the sailors in their paper was permitted to penetrate to the workers in Petrograd.
	jakarta.indymedia.org /newswire.php?story_id=566&condense_comments=false (10703 words)

	Kronstadt 1921: Bolshevism vs. Counterrevolution
		According to anarchist myth, Kronstadt was the “third toilers’ revolution”—a continuation of the February and October revolutions of 1917—its suppression proof positive of the anti-working-class character of the Bolshevik government of Lenin and Trotsky, and of Marxism in general.
		To wield Kronstadt as an ideological club against Leninism, the anarchists have to insist, against all known facts, that the mutineers of 1921 were the same sailors who had played a vanguard role in 1917 and that they were not linked to the White reactionaries.
		Instead they put forth the Kronstadt slogan, “All power to the Soviets and not to the parties.” This attempt to counterpose the interests of the class, organized in soviets, to that of its revolutionary vanguard, organized in a Leninist party, is typical of the crude anti-leadership prejudices of the anarchists.
	www.icl-fi.org /english/esp/59/kronstadt.html (8506 words)

	Communist party members during the Kronstadt rebellion
		It is three days since Kronstadt threw from itself the nightmarish power of the Communists, just as 4 years ago it threw off the power of the Tsar, and of the tsarist generals.
		Certainly, in any case, not by this path will they hold on to the power which is being torn from their hands by the workers, sailors and soldiers of Kronstadt.
		From their information it is seen that the populace and workers of these towns are being kept by the Communists in total unawareness of what is being done in Kronstadt.
	www.struggle.ws /russia/izvestiia/issue3.html (1700 words)

	SHAGYA BLOG: Kronstadt Izvestiia - " Four Legs Good "
		The rising of the naval town of Kronstadt in Russia by workers and sailors supported the original aims of the 1917 Revolution against the new Bolshevik dictatorship.
		In the words of Israel Getzler, an expert on Kronstadt: "it was in its commune-like self-government that Red Kronstadt really came into its own, realising the radical, democratic and egalitarian aspiration recognition, political activity and public debate, their pent up yearning for education, integration and community.
		Red Kronstadt had turned against the ‘Communist’ government and raised the slogan of the 1917 revolution "All Power to the Soviets", to which was added "and not to parties.
	shagya-blog.blogspot.com /2007/09/kronstadt-izvestiia-four-legs-good.html (2853 words)

	Translation of Izvestiia of the Kronstadt rebellion - 1921
		In March of 1921 the naval town of Kronstadt, heart of the 1917 revolutions rose against the Bolshevik dictatorship.
		Their program is often distorted by Leninist parties today into one of counter revolution when in reality they stood in the real tradition of the October revolution.
		'The Kronstadt Commune' by Ida Mett is an excellant introduction to the background history of the rising and it's main events.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/russia/izvestiia_krons1921.html (385 words)

	Leon Trotsky: More on the Suppression of Kronstadt (1938)
		The decision to suppress the rebellion by military force, if the fortress could not be induced to surrender, first by peace negotiations, then through an ultimatum – this general decision was adopted with my direct participation.
		The political work in Kronstadt was wholly in the hands of the Petrograd committee, at the head of which stood Zinoviev.
		Otherwise, the Kronstadters would consider the matter as though I had come to take “revenge” upon them for their voting against me during the party discussion.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/1938/07/kronstadt2.htm (862 words)

	The Makhno anarchists, Kronstadt and the position of the Russian peasants in post-revolutionary Russia
		The Kronstadt “rebellion” of March 1921 was also an expression of the conflict between the Soviet state and the peasantry.
		The first myth about Kronstadt is that it was a rebellion of the very same soldiers who were heroes of the October revolution.
		As Trotsky said, the so-called “Kronstadt Rebellion” was not the first petty-bourgeois anti-Bolshevik movement during the civil war.
	www.marxist.com /makhno-anarchists-kronstadt-russia-5.htm (2629 words)

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