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Topic: Kru languages

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Nyabwa language

Dida language

Gur languages

Kwa languages

Adele language

Twi

Gbe languages

Ga language

Kordofanian languages

Twi language

Nuba

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Akan

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	Ivory Coast - West Atlantic Cultures
		Kru languages are a subgroup within the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family, related to those of the Akan and lagoon peoples to their east.
		Kru cultures generally lack the centralization characteristic of the Akan to the east.
		The Bété, the largest Kru society, are probably the descendants of groups pushed southward from savanna woodland to forested areas by warfare to the north.
	countrystudies.us /ivory-coast/24.htm (730 words)

	Change as Universals
		For instance, the fact that all languages have oral vowel phonemes and only some languages have nasal vowel phonemes is due to the fact that nasal vowels develop out of oral vowels in the context of a nasal consonant, which subsequently is lost.
		Greenberg’s brilliant discovery was that in unrelated families and languages, parts or all of this path of change are attested, and furthermore that the progression along the path is unidirectional.
		More languages preclude /h/ from codas than allow it (see [iv]), but a significant minority not only allows /h/ there, but seems to favor it in the sense that it is one of a small set of allowed coda consonants, as shown in (ii).
	www.unm.edu /~jbybee/mechs_univ.htm (5548 words)

	Kru/ Bassa Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The term "Kru/Bassa" refers to some of the languages in the Western Kru subbranch of the Kru branch of Niger-Congo.
		At least two dialect surveys have been taken of the Kru group, but because of the complicated nature of the dialect/language situation, more research is needed.
		All the languages in the Kru group are used primarily as local languages.
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/Kru_root.html (231 words)

	Kru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1856 when part of Liberia was still known as the independent state of Maryland, the Kru along with the Grebo resisted Maryland settlers' efforts to control their trade.
		Kru is one of the many ethnic groups in Liberia, composing 7% of the population.
		The Kru are one of the three main players in Liberia's socio-political activities along with the Krahn and Mano.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kru (175 words)

	bantu
		The Kordofanian branch is distantly related to the rest of the Niger-Congo languages, and is considered one of the first branches to have separated.
		The Kwa languages are found in a strip along the west coast of Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Liberia.
		The Ijoid languages, spoken in the Niger delta, have proved difficult to classify, as have the Dogon languages, spoken in northeast Mali.
	members.tripod.com /~CoteA/bantu.html (535 words)

	The Niger-Congo Language Family
		Determining the number of languages in this family is complicated by the fact that it is often difficult to decide, in the absence of written historical records, whether two language varieties are two dialects of the same language or two separate languages.
		The Niger-Congo language family is usually divided several major branches that are estimated to have split from the ancestral language some 5,000 years ago.
		All nouns in Niger-Congo languages are assigned to classes on the basis of their singular and plural forms that are marked by one prefix or suffix in the singular and another in the plural.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/september/niger.html (1183 words)

	Mandingo - LoveToKnow 1911
		Some of them may be West African negroes of the forest type with little or no intermixture with the Caucasian; others, such as the typical Mandingos or the Susus, obviously contain a non-negro element in their physique.
		This last type resembles very strongly the Swahilis of the Zanzibar littoral or other crosses between the Arab and the negro; and though nearly always fl-skinned, often has a well-shaped nose and a fairly full beard.
		The tribes dwelling in the West African forest, but speaking languages of Mandingo type, do not perhaps exhibit the very prognathous, short-limbed, "ugly" development of West African negro, but are of rather a refined type, and some of them are lighter in skin colour than the more Arablooking Mandingos of the north.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Mandingo (1493 words)

	AFRICAN BY NATURE® - GLOSSARY OF TERMS
		A language family is defined as a group of related languages that derive from a common origin, and subdivided into branches composed of more closely related languages.
		Bantu languages are spoken in South Cameroon, in Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
		But the bare form typically does not occur in the language: in the country of Botswana the people are the Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language is Setswana.
	www.africanbynature.com /glossary.html (11435 words)

	Implosive consonant - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		This is the case with many of the Kru languages, for example.
		Voiceless implosives are found in languages as varied as the Owere dialect of Igbo in Nigeria, Krongo in Sudan, and some dialects of the Quiche language in Guatemala, but they are quite rare.
		Implosives are commonplace among the Sub-Saharan African languages, are widespread in Southeast Asia, and are found in a few languages of the Amazon Basin.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Implosive_consonant (702 words)

	Baraha - Free Indian Language Software
		His cardinal principle was that all people of all languages should live in harmony in Kannada land but not at the cost of trampling over Kannada and its culture.
		Anakru believed that one should not ignore the regional languages of the Indian states in the name of nationality.
		With Kannada language and Karnataka matters and Kannada culture, Anakru’s oneness is like sugar dissolved in milk - nobody can even reach the fringes of that level of devotion." was a remark on Anakru by a contemporary writer.
	www.baraha.com /anakru.htm (1938 words)

	Verbix -- Creole languages: conjugate Jamaican verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Jamaican is an English-based creole language spoken in Jamaica.
		Among the African languages Kwa, Manding and Kru have to be mentioned.
		The influence of Early Modern English to the Caribbean was brought by sailors, soldiers, indentured servants, convicts, and settlers (lower-class whites) in the form of regional and non-standard dialects, highly conservative for the most part.
	www.verbix.com /languages/jamaican.shtml (115 words)

	Kongo language resources
		...language Kongo language Kordofanian languages Krim language Kru languages Kusaal language Kwa languages Kwanyama L Ligbi language Lobedu language Lozi language Lufu language Luganda language Luhya languages Lunda...
		Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families...
		Kikongo or Kongo is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo people living in the tropical forests of Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo and Angola.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Kongo.html (1475 words)

	Ivory Coast - West Atlantic Cultures
		Kru societies are found along the coast from Monrovia, Liberia, to the Bandama River in Côte d'Ivoire.
		For their livelihood, the Kru rely on farming supplemented by hunting in forest areas.
		Land is held collectively by members of a village but is worked by individual lineage branches or families.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-6926.html (628 words)

	Language families, groups, subgroups of languages.
		Languages spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad: Biu-Mandara, Masa, Hausa, Bole, Tangale, Angas, Yivom, Fyer, Ron, Bade, Duwai, Boghom, Guruntum, Zaar
		Languages of the Andaman Islands in the gulf of Bengala
		Language spoken in the Hunza valley, in Pakistan.
	www.planetservices.it /english/language-family-groups.htm (715 words)

	Ivory Coast - ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
		More than sixty indigenous ethnic groups are often cited, although this number may be reduced to seven clusters of ethnic groups by classifying small units together on the basis of common cultural and historical characteristics.
		Traditional Kru societies were organized into villages relying on hunting and gathering for subsistence and descent groups tracing relationships through male forebears.
		The largest Kru population in Côte d'Ivoire is the Bété, who made up about 6 percent of the population in the 1980s.
	countrystudies.us /ivory-coast/20.htm (595 words)

	Languages : Niger-Congo Family
		Migrations took the languages to eastern and southern Africa.
		The southern languages have tones which are used partially for meaning but mostly for grammar.
		Most of the Niger-Congo languages have prefixes and suffixes to qualify nouns and verbs as well as words that agree with them.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_nigercongo.html (389 words)

	Web resources for Niger-Congo languages
		The Niger-Congo languages: a classification and description of Africa's largest language family.
		On the manifestation of stress in African languages (PDF).
		Noun class, gender, and the lexicon-syntax-morphology interfaces: a comparative study of Niger-Congo and Romance languages (PDF).
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/nigercongo.html (299 words)

	Kru Bassa - PanAfriL10n
		Although considered as a possible subgroup of Kwa by Greenberg (1963), more recently Bennett and Sterk (1977) accord the Kru branch a more distant relationship to Kru [Kwa??], but still within Niger-Congo.
		It is not clear which among the latter should be considered here, so only the Bassa languages will be covered.
		U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2: Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages: Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by the English name of language," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php
	www.panafril10n.org /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/KruBassa (273 words)

	E-MELD School of Best Practices: About Ega
		Ega, spoken in east central Côte d'Ivoire is the westernmost Kwa-related language (Niger-Congo phylum), an isolate within the Dida (Kru) speaking area, with no known closely related languages.
		The influence of Kru (Bete and Godie) is strong, and minority opinion suggests that Ega is not Kwa but a true Niger-Congo isolate, a remnant language.
		Abbey) as well as Kru areas, and emphasises status of the Ega community as guests in foreign territories.
	emeld.org /school/case/ega/about.html (462 words)

	NYU Department of Linguistics: John Victor Singler - Curriculum Vitae
		Thesis: The Segmental Phonology of Verb Suffixes in Talo Klao (Kru)
		"The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis." Language 64.27-51.
		"The status of lexical associations and the Obligatory Contour Principle in the analysis of tone languages".
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/lingu/people/faculty/singler/cv.html (1880 words)

	Ethnologue: Côte d'Ivoire
		Of those, 73 are living languages and 1 is extinct.
		Southern Department, along the plain between the coast and the Ebrie Lagoon in 21 villages in the Subprefecture of Jacqueville.
		Designated by the government as one of five languages to be developed for literature.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Cote.html (2510 words)

	Niger-Congo languages spoken in Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ijoid is a cluster of languages spoken in the southernmost part of Nigeria.
		The Gur languages are represented by Baatonun, which is spoken on the Western border of the country.
		There are several languages of the Adamawa group spoken in Nigeria, mostly in Taraba and Adamawa States.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/unijos/nigonnet/nlp/nigercon.htm (138 words)

	Amazon.com: Chang: DVD: Kru,Chantui,Nah,Ladah,Bimbo the Monkey,Ernest B. Schoedsack,Merian C. Cooper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Plot Synopsis: Kru is a pioneer, living deeper in the jungle of northern Siam than any of his predecessors.
		Kru and his family flee to the village, where a mammoth herd of elephants suddenly appear and decimates the buildings in the village.
		The filmmakers are at times condescending toward their tribal heroes ("We be mighty hunters, Kru," comments one warrior in an intertitle, as if their own language is but some pidgin dialect) and fill the film with goofy comic relief.
	www.amazon.com /Chang-Kru/dp/B00004Z4VM (1132 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.461: V-AGR Merger & Methodology
		No-one seems to be proposing an alternative analysis of the Kru languages, however, according to which these languages, which have no subject-agreement marking, actually have AGR-lowering contrary to Koopman's analysis.
		I fear a tendency to treat >'exotic' languages (in this case, any languages outside the >Northwest-European Sprachbund) the way late mediaeval professors of >medicine treated corpses in their dissection theatres, rejecting out of >hand those that 'presumed' to contradict Galen.
		(because in their publication they obscure the true nature of the languages in question, and in their need to be refuted they may take time away from research which might itself be more enlightening.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/4/4-461.html (997 words)

	Ethnologue report for Côte d'Ivoire
		Of those, 78 are living languages and 2 are extinct.
		Between Kulango and Abron to the north; Nzema, Abure, and the Lagoon languages to the south; Baulé to the west; Twi in Ghana to the east.
		Dialects: Related to Jogo (Ligbi) of Ghana and Tongon, an extinct flsmith language of the Djimini Senoufo.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=CI (1951 words)

	Krucom - Products - XList Worklist Client
		There is full language support for all menus and messages.
		Older equipment has often limitations with which patient and examination data is included in the image output.
		X-List can be combined with another of our products, Kru Convert, to synchronize patient data with image data and produce a DICOM v3 image.
	www.krucom.com /x_list.shtml (187 words)

	[No title]
		Subject: Language disorders H. Stephen Straight's queries re the use of the term "language disorders" in a recent York University job ad show, as he suggests, an ignorance with the Canadian context in general and of that of York University's Linguistics Programme in particular.
		The Language Disorders course had been previously entitled neurolinguistics, but it was felt for marketing reasons that Language Disorders was less "scary" to the students and in addition better reflected the course content.
		Language and the Brain was another possible title for the course, but a course on language and the brain would draw on material from normal as well as pathological language states.
	www.umich.edu /~archive/linguistics/linguist.list/volume.4/no.401-450 (15726 words)

	Kru languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kru languages belong to the Niger-Congo language family and are spoken in the area ranging from the south-east of Liberia to the east of Côte d'Ivoire.
		The classification of Kru languages is as follows:
		Westerman, Diedrich Hermann (1952) Languages of West Africa (Part II).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kru_languages (132 words)

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