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Topic: Krumbein scale

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	KGS--Bulletin 169--Krumbein
		Cyclothems also provide a natural hierarchy of scales of observation, ranging in vertical sequence from an individual cyclothem member to a multicyclical stratigraphic unit, and ranging in a lateral sense from a single outcrop to the total area of occurrence of a member, a cycle, or a group of cycles.
		The lateral scale, assumed horizontal, presents some difficulties in quantification, inasmuch as a study may be framed on a very local scale (such as adjacent outcrops along a valley wall), or on a regional scale that extends over the whole area of occurrence of the unit of interest.
		As expressed in Table 1, the horizontal scale may be thought of as the diameter of a circle that encloses an area of study.
	www.kgs.ku.edu /Publications/Bulletins/169/Krumbein/index.html (4511 words)

	Logarithmic scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself.
		Richter magnitude scale for strength of earthquakes and movement in the earth.
		A logarithmic scale is also a graphic scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number x is printed at a distance c·10^log(x) from the point marked with the number 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logarithmic_scale (531 words)

	Silicondale 26: Measurement scales and geostatistics
		Krumbein and Graybill (1965, p.35-38) identify four measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
		The ratio scale is a special case of the interval scale where there is an absolute zero value - such as in measures of seam thickness or element concentration.
		Other scales, where the significance of an interval is functionally defined, include pH (a logarithmic function of hydrogen ion concentration), and phi (the logarithm of grain size in a sedimentary rock).
	home.btconnect.com /SiliconDale/silicon26.htm (1013 words)

	GEO 589
		The study was based on the previous work made mainly by Drake (1972), Lewis and Stone (1991), Krumbein (1941) and others.
		Based on mean roundness.5 on the Krumbein scale, there is a relationship between the mean size of particles and the distance of transportation of these particles in a glacier.
		The general information about bedrock of the Long Island Sound basin is derived from seismic – reflections studies; but specific data about types of rocks and their location are not known.
	pbisotopes.ess.sunysb.edu /esp/589_99/Pacholik/Boulders/part_1.htm (1846 words)

	Sedimentary rock
		Clastic sedimentary rocks may be regarded as falling along a scale of grain size, with shale being the finest, siltstone being intermediate, and sandstone being coarser still, and congolmerates being the coarsest.
		Biogenic sedimentary rocks contain materials generated by living organisms, and include carbonate minerals created by organisms, such as corals, molluscs, and foraminifera, which cover the ocean floor with layers of calcite which can later form limestone.
		One measure of the shape of these particles is the roundness factor, also known as the Krumbein number after the geologist W. Krumbein.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/s/se/sedimentary_rock.html (424 words)

	Grain Size Distribution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Krumbein and Monk equation is used to estimate the permeability (in darcies) of a sediment from a grain size analysis.
		The grade scale that has traditionally been used for sediments is the Udden-Wentworth (1922) size class scale (see classification table appended to the end of this lab).
		This scale is a geometric series in which each grade limit is twice as large as the next smaller grade limit.
	web.cecs.pdx.edu /~ian/geology2.5.html (3391 words)

	Question 2 [Group 1] Due September 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Stephanie - Saturday, September 10, 2005 09:24:00 PM I agree that Krumbein developed the base 2 phi scale and that this scale is more convenient, as opposed to a mm scale, which is why it is used.
		The phi scale is a big help for the analyzis of small particles, which is much more difficult to measure than larger ones.
		The scale is used on the Wentworth scale to describe grain size in a log with a base of two.
	paleo.cortland.edu /class/strat/stratforum/410406358.html (668 words)

	Hovedlaboratoriet: Mathematical treatment of size distribution data: Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Most workers in the United States use the geometric grain-size scale devised by Udden (1898, 1914), starting at 1 mm with a constant ratio of 2 (or 1/2) between classes; and most workers use the class name modifications proposed subsequently by Wentworth (1922).
		The graphic and mathematical distinctions among the arithmetic, geometric, and logarithmic grain-size parameters are treated by Krumbein and Pettijohn (1938, pp.
		However, a probability percentage ordinate scale, on which log-normal distributions plot as a straight line, is preferable; and a probability percentage ordinate scale is essential if data are to be extrapolated from a size-distribution curve (see p.
	hjs.geol.uib.no /hovedlab/analysis_math_size_distribution_eng.html (2890 words)

	Sand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Krumbein and Monk equation is also used to estimate the permeability, k (in darcies) of sediment from a grain size analysis (Krumbein and Monk, 1943).
		The Krumbein and Monk equation is: (darcies) (3.8) where, k is intrinsic permeability in darcies, GMe is geometric mean grain diameter in mm, sf is standard deviation in phi scale.
		Krumbein, W. C., and Monk, G. D., 1943, Permeability as a function of the size parameters of unconsolidated sand: Trans.
	www.vadose.net /soil.html (4770 words)

	Synthetic grass with resilient granular top surface layer - Patent 6746752 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The synthetic grass assembly according to claim 1, wherein the hard granules and resilient granules in the bottom course are of a shape defined in the range of 0.5 to 0.99 on the Krumbein scale of sphericity.
		In terms of the Krumbein sphericity standard, known to those skilled in the art, the particle shapes are broadly in the range of 0.5 to 0.99 but preferably in the range between 0.6 and 0.9 being well rounded or substantially spherical.
		5, a standard screen sieve analysis is depicted with a vertical axis linear scale of "percent by weight passing the sieve size" or alternatively "percent smaller" and the horizontal axis being a logarithmic scale showing particle and/or sieve size.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6746752.html (7242 words)

	Logarithmic scale
		This is often done if the underlying quantity can take on a huge range of values; the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range.
		operate in a logarithmic fashion (doubling the input strength adds a constant to the subjective signal strength), which makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate.
		A logarithmic scale is also a graphic scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number x is printed at a distance c·log(x) from the point marked with the number 1.
	www.mp3.fm /Logarithmic_scale.htm (273 words)

	Clastic Did You Mean clastic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Grain size varies from clay in shales; through silt in siltstones; sand in sandstones; and gravel, cobble, to boulder sized fragments in conglomerates and breccias.
		The Krumbein phi (?) scale numerically orders these terms in a logarithmic size scale.
		Composition includes the chemical and mineralogic make-up of the single or varied fragments and the cementing material (matrix) holding the clasts together as a rock.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Clastic.html (260 words)

	Purposes, Content, and Types
		As a general guide, at a scale 1:63,360, outcrops of less than a few hundred feet in width have to be generalized; maps at small scales may show sedimentary rocks only according to the systems to which they belong, while at a larger scale a given system may have its several formations shown.
		As mentioned above, often the vertical scale is exaggerated in comparison to the horizontal scale; the interpreter needs to pay close attention to this, as it causes distortion of structural relationships and thus may be misleading.
		These may be plotted graphically to scale; they should include the name of the locality, elevation of the mouth of the well, method of drilling, depths of casing seats, positions of water or oil sands, and so on.
	www.sdc.ucsb.edu /~mary/text.html (4850 words)

	Siliciclastics: Grain Size (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The scales used to define grain sizes in sediments and sedimentary rocks are grade scales; that is, they are created by imposing arbitrary subdivisions on a natural continuum.
		The terminology which is most familiar to us is that of the Wentworth Scale, which includes the major classes: gravel, sand and clay, with their numerous subdivisions.
		Because the range of grain sizes found in nature is so large, a logarithmic scale, such as the Udden-Wentworth scale shown to the left, is more practical than a linear scale.
	www.eos.ubc.ca /courses/eosc221/sed/sili/siligsize.html (178 words)

	folkR
		Krumbein (1934) developed the phi scale as a logarithmic transformation of the millimeter scale, realizing that the grain size distribution of most natural normal sediments was nearly lognormal, and this allowed simpler measures to be used.
		)/2 (Krumbein, 1936) was the phi analogue to Trask's sorting measure, and suffered from the same limitations.
		The standard deviation may be computed mathematically by the moment method (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938), or much shorter graphic approximations to s can be made.
	geology.uprm.edu /Morelock/GEOLOCN_/abstract/folkR.htm (895 words)

	3rd International Symposium on Functioning of Coastal Ecosystems in Various Geographical Regions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The scale of these changes is also depended on biogeochemical and physical properties of the catchment and they are carried from local to global.
		The scale of pollution of these areas and toxicity of admixtures are discussed.
		It enables the detailed maps of the bottom to be made at a scale of 1: 25000 (and larger), with the isobaths, at least, every 0.25 m.
	www.ocean.univ.gda.pl /konfer/3rd/AbstraktyO.html (7367 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was this type of introduction that drove us to find isopach mapping toward the end of Krumbein and Sloss to be exciting and dynamic (relatively speaking!).
		Following from this, it became clear that, perhaps, naming of new formations and members should take a back seat to delineating and interpreting three-dimensional depositional systems, recognizing, for example, that the A, B, and C formations represented laterally equivalent coastal plain, deltaic, and shelf/slope depositional systems.
		Forty years after publication of the classic Stratigraphy and Sedimentation (Krumbein and Sloss, 1963), a new, more fully integrated "stratigraphic sedimentology" is opening new doors into this critical field of earth science.
	it.stlawu.edu /~geoclub/slugac4/book/abstrats/CHARLIE_KERANS.htm (476 words)

	Rock Varnish Chapter 8 in Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes
		However, given the extraordinary time scale jump between any laboratory experiment and natural varnish formation, and the extreme rate-limiting step involved in natural varnish formation, rigid application of this criteria may be problematic.
		However, a core research question that remains unresolved is a detailed exploration of spatial heterogeneity of varnish on the scale of single landforms — a topic brought in focus by the realization that 99% of varnish publications are based on only a few "grab bag" samples.
		Krumbein, W. and Jens, K. (1981) Biogenic rock varnishes of the Negev Desert (Israel): An ecological study of iron and manganese transformation by cyanobacteria and fungi.
	alliance.la.asu.edu /dorn/VarnishPages/GeochemicalSediments/GeochemicalSediments.html (13683 words)

	NAPL Dissolution
		Furthermore, such empirically-based correlation expressions are generally not transferable to other data, and because conditions affecting equilibrium are different at various scales, they are not applicable to field settings.
		There are 2 advantages of using a network model to investigate NAPL dissolution: 1) all of the phenomena known to limit dissolution, and the dissolution rate, can be represented simultaneously, and 2) processes in the network model are represented using fundamental physical laws.
		Mayer, A.S., and C.T. Miller, The influence of porous medium characteristics and measurement scale on pore-scale distributions of residual nonaqueous-phase liquids, J. Contam.
	pangea.stanford.edu /research/hydro/research/napl/napl_content.htm (1933 words)

	Counting Scale - Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		major, which that the Lydian than seems to G, a G scale, scale modeling was and of the 1:32 1:32 is the where the G at 1:22.5 scale means the 1:32 makes it HO, the diatonic.
		It natural in A simple was called chromatic scale chromatic, relative but with minor minor major major division sixth degree as major scale starting on major starting on major scale starting on major starting on major starting on major starting on major scale starting on major starting on major scale consists of 7th degrees.
		Many temperate is more tempered, and usual scale used in fixed scale the vast temperate is mentioned box dimension.
	www.freewebs.com /information24/counting-scale.html (246 words)

	Can a `network of workstations' provide cheap, scalable supercomputing power? - SunWorld - December 1996
		Generic Active Messages was developed for Thinking Machines CM-5 in 1992, by Thorsten von Eicken, then a graduate student at UC Berkeley, as a low-overhead communications architecture based on request-and-reply messages that transfer data and control of processes.
		Says Krumbein, "Ten microseconds was chosen rather arbitrarily as a challenging but reachable goal.
		But if the changes can be kept to a minimum, companies can incorporate them into their operating system so that they can be "NOW ready." For example, they might replace the swap device driver for virtual RAM to enable network RAM or replace the kernel communication software with a low overhead version.
	sunsite.uakom.sk /sunworldonline/swol-12-1996/swol-12-now.html (3199 words)

	Precipitation and Growth Morphology of Calcium Carbonate Induced by Myxococcus Xanthus: Implications for Recognition of ...
		in the presence of bacteria are distinctive (Krumbein 1979;
		scale, variations are produced in supersaturation and in nucleation
		Krumbein, W.E., 1979, Photolithotrophic and chemoorganotrophic activity of bacteria and algae as related to beachrock formation and degradation (Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai): Geomicrobiology Journal, v.
	jsedres.sepmonline.org /cgi/content/full/74/6/868 (5631 words)

	La Sierra University: News & Events: Solo Art Exhibit for Mejia-Krumbein
		This asymmetry is symbolic of individuals who pierce their lives together - an activity that can be successful only to varying degrees, the artist reminds.
		The video also includes a Mejia-Krumbein poem and violin music composed by the artist's son, Jack Krumbein, a professional violin performer.
		The exhibit opening will be held today, from 5 to 7 p.m., at the Robert V. Fullerton Gallery in the university's Visual Arts building on the north side of the campus.
	www.lasierra.edu /news/2000/may2000/mejia-krumbein.html (470 words)

	Siliciclastic Stromatolites and Other Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures in an Early Devonian Barrier-Island ...
		from temperate to tropical and from humid to arid (Gerdes and Krumbein 1994;
		Krumbein, W.E., 1983, Stromatolites—The challenge of a term in space and time: Precambrian Research, v.
		Krumbein, W.E., and Werner, D., 1983, The Microbial silica cycle, in Krumbein, W.E., ed., Microbial Geochemistry: Oxford, U.K., Blackwell, p.
	jsedres.sepmonline.org /cgi/content/full/74/2/191 (6807 words)

	VG Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As shown in Figure 4.5, a curve of hydraulic conductivity, K, versus void ratio e can then be plotted on semilogarithmic paper, with void ratio on the arithmetic scale and permeability on the logarithmic scale.
		Table 4.2 compares the hydraulic conductivities obtained by the Hazen's method, Krumbein and Monk equation, and falling head permeability test for these samples, and the porosities measured (Table 4.1) before these practices.
		The hydraulic conductivities from the falling head permeability test (0.297, 0.076, and 0.031 cm/sec) were much closer to Hazen's approximation (0.312, 0.075, and 0.033 cm/sec) than to the Krumbein and Monk equation (0.262, 0.314, and 0.179 cm/sec).
	www.vadose.net /CHAP4E.htm (979 words)

	Summary of Citation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Publication: Sloss, L.L., Krumbein, W.C. and Dapples, E.C., 1949, Integrated facies analysis, IN Longwell, C.R., chairman, Sedimentary facies in geologic history [symposium]: Geological Society of America Memoir, 39, p.
		Gradation of Sauk rocks noted from predominant sandstone in WI to predominant carbonates in MO. Age of strata in the sequence in most cases is Late Proterozoic to Late Cambrian.
		Isopach and lithofacies map of the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician part of the Sauk sequence in the northern Midcontinent area (bounded by latitudes 36 deg-46 deg N and longitudes 88 deg-100 deg W).
	ngmdb.usgs.gov /Geolex/Refsmry/sumry_9983.html (507 words)

	David E. Culler's CS 258 Course Material
		Scaling Parallel Programs for Multiprocessors: Methodology and Examples.
		Lecture 6a : Towards Workload-Driven Architectural Evaluation: Scaling
		Chapter 4A : Large Scale Distributed Memory Multiprocessors, Part A. Reading for Lecture 13
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~culler/cs258 (574 words)

	[No title]
		Bownocker, J.A., 1947, Geologic map of Ohio: Ohio Division of Geological Survey, 1 sheet, scale 1 inch equals approximately 8 miles.
		Hardeman, W.D., Miller, R.A., and Swingle, G.D., 1966, Geologic map of Tennessee: Tennessee Division of Geology, 4 sheets, scale 1:250,000.
		Sloss, L.L., Dapples, E.C., and Krumbein, W.C., 1960,Lithofacies mapsAn atlas of the United States and southern Canada: New York, John Wiley, 108 p.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/pub/ch_k/k-refer.ascii (4513 words)

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