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Topic: Krummholz

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	Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Krummholz trees are often found hunkered down in swales and hollows where the snow is deeper and lasts longer than on the open tundra slopes.
		The mountain hemlock krummholz zone is well developed on the northeast flank of the mountain at 650 to 800 meters elevation.
		She found that krummholz whitebark pines produced vertical branches (“flags”) primarily during the period of 1945 through 1976, when the PDO was in its cool phase.
	www.r7.fws.gov /nwr/kenai/overview/notebook/2004/july/30jul2004.htm (1225 words)

	[No title]
		The krummholz east and northeast of the Martinelli slope and the krummholz north of T-van were surveyed for the abundance of gopher eskers.
		Using a tape measure, the minimum and maximum distances of the eskers from the krummholz vegetation were measured, with a value of 0 m indicating that the nearest soil core was immediately adjacent to or actually underlying a branch of the tree.
		The krummholz were tagged at the northeasternmost point whenever possible for consistency, or the northernmost branches of the leeward side of the tree island.
	culter.colorado.edu:1030 /exec/.extracttoolA?krumgoph.ss (1139 words)

	spruce growth forms at treeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Krummholz trees are produced when the leader, or main stem, of the tree is killed repeatedly.
		One consequence of an increase in temperature, then, may be that growth rates increase enough to allow krummholz spruce to successfully produce upright leaders.
		In this case, areas that are currently occupied by a 'forest' of prostrate krummholz trees may become occupied by a forest of upright trees.
	community.middlebury.edu /~lloyd/new/krummholz.html (280 words)

	[No title]
		If it were possible to view a time-lapse movie spanning hundreds of years in just a few minutes, the groves would be seen to move across the knolls and swales of the alpine tundra like ships pushed by the wind across a storm-tossed sea.
		Krummholz is found in the transition zone, or “ecotone,” between the forest and treeless tundra in alpine and arctic areas throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
		And Krummholz may be important for scientists monitoring global warming’s effects on vegetation in far northern regions.
	stripe.colorado.edu /~yulsman/Trees.html (1941 words)

	Spatial Changes in Alpine Treeline Patterns, Glacier National Park, Montana
		Vegetation types were assigned through an unsupervised classification as tree (krummholz, patch forest, or continuous canopy), moist or shrubby meadow, dry meadow, rock, or water (derived from the alpine classification developed by Habeck, 1970), and based on reflectance and spatial patterns.
		Changes in patch forest and krummholz attributable to the presence of a trail were identified by pairing the area within 100-m of a segment of trail with a nearby region of identical size and shape.
		Growth and establishment of krummholz and patch forest are correlated with soil moisture, while annual variability of soil moisture is primarily dependent upon precipitation and summer temperatures.
	www.nrmsc.usgs.gov /research/treeline_rsrch.htm (1925 words)

	Effects of hiking trails on alpine treeline vegetation patterns, Glacier National Park, Montana
		However, the hypothesized preclusion by human activity of krummholz and patch forest growth and regeneration was not convincingly evident from aerial photography repeated after 46 years.
		Such changes were not observed, and the expansion of krummholz and patch forest (as measured by area, edge density, and segment proportions) was not found to be inhibited along trails.
		This fragmentation of krummholz was identified within a 100-m buffer distance of trails.
	www.nrmsc.usgs.gov /research/ms_summary.htm (1296 words)

	Krummholz - New England Trail Review
		Krummholz can be over a hundred years old, and, if these trees were in the valley, they might be over fifty feet high.
		The krummholz forms a fairly secure shelter across the top of this giant crack in the rock.
		Not quite abused by weather enough to become krummholz, this transitional zone still shows significant stunted growth and distortion in the remaining trees.
	www.newenglandtrailreview.com /smallimages.asp?TID=24 (255 words)

	SEARCH : Study of Environmental Arctic Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As the treeline is approached, the forest canopy thins and the physiognomy of the trees changes from an arboreal growth form to a mat-like growth form called krummholz.
		Krummholz trees tend to have their foliage concentrated at the top of the canopy, whereas dwarf-trees have more foliage near the bottom of the canopy.
		During the summers of 2000 and 2001 vertical gradients in light and temperature were measured within krummholz and dwarf tree canopies of Abies lasiocarpa and Pinus contorta at the forest-tundra boundary (treeline) in northwestern Montana.
	siempre.arcus.org /4DACTION/wi_pos_displayAbstract/7/807 (391 words)

	Cold winter climbs, backpacking and skiing trips, not all of them successful, along with articles on mountaineering, ...
		The Krummholz Zone features tales of cold winter climbs and backpacking trips, not all of them successful.
		Krummholz (German for crooked wood) is found at treeline where the trees grow as low, dense, twisted mats or shrubs.
		By forming krummholz as a defense against harsh weather and severe winds, trees are able to survive in this rugged terrain.
	www.headbaby.com (217 words)

	Homer News OnlineAncient bent trees at treeline tell of climate change 08/12/04
		Ed Berg examines a krummholz trunk, released for upright growth by a warming climate at alpine treeline in the Mystery Hills.
		When we see many krummholz trunks turning upright, and their offspring all growing upright, we can infer that climatic conditions have somehow moderated or ameliorated to allow this upright growth Ultimately this amelioration is probably due to increased temperature, but exactly how this increase translates into improved tree growth needs further study.
		In California, U.S. Forest Service ecologist Connie Millar has studied krummholz changes with whitebark pine in the high Sierras and has correlated these changes with 20th century climate patterns.
	www.homernews.com /stories/081204/out_081204out002001.shtml (1334 words)

	From Rainforest to Grassland, Timberline & Alpine
		These oddly shaped trees are known by their German language name: krummholz, which means literally 'crooked timber.' Near our transect, we can visit Mt. Rainier National Park to explore timberline.
		On the rocky slopes among the krummholz trees are low, spreading plants with woody stems, such as the mountain heathers (Phyllodoce empetriformis and P.
		A subalpine fir with a short, twisted trunk and branches shaped by the wind that is typical of krummholz.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~wsherb/edpages/raingrass/timberline.html (511 words)

	ESA 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We hypothesize that nutrient availability decreases with elevation in this ecotone, thus contributing to stunted tree growth (krummholz) and the inability for trees to grow above treeline.
		Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) root nutrient (N and P) contents were determined and root N and P uptake bioassays were performed for use as a comparative index of nutrient availability in surface soils at Mt. Goliath, Rogers Peak, and two transects at Niwot Ridge, Colorado.
		These results are surprising because previous studies of Engelmann spruce needles have shown less phosphorus in krummholz than upright trees.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/esa2003/document?ID=26461 (264 words)

	Sean's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Our research is an effort to employ the penetrating properties of SAR to distinguish between krummholz vegetation and upright forest near the treeline ecotone in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA.
		Additionally, we will use Monte Carlo simulations to account for variability of the sampled vegetation (specifically krummholz) and for variations in the proportion of background in rock and tundra.
		Through backscatter modeling, we begin to address the question, "should we be able to distinguish between krummholz and upright vegetation using SAR?" Modeling, however, does not sufficiently account for the complex alpine terrain.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~sesavage/thesis.html (294 words)

	A Definition of Treeline relative to Timberline and Krummholz Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Krummholz Line: Krummholz is a growth form followed the trees at locations of great environmental stress, such as high wind.
		At lower elevations, where more favorable conditions exist, the same species that form into krummholz grow upright.
		The krummholz line is the upper-most limit in elevation that trees in krummholz form exist.
	www.ltrr.arizona.edu /sngc/studies/treeline.htm (85 words)

	Forestry Glossary: K is for keystone krummholz kingdom
		Forestry Glossary: K is for keystone krummholz kingdom
		In cushion krummholz, Alpine trees exposed to severe wind conditions are wind-pruned to a cushion-like mat.
		In flagged krummholz, the tallest trees protrude from the protective snow pack and become wind-battered.
	www.icogitate.com /~tree/treeglossary.w11.htm (236 words)

	Krummholz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Along the face of Park Ridge, stunted "krummholz" trees grow in protected pockets that provide a slighly more hospitable climate.
		This krummholz is typical of these ancient trees, which usually grow in the shelter of rock outcrops and are profoundly shaped by wind and ice.
		In German, the name "krummholz" literally means "crooked wood."
	www.splintercat.org /JeffParkRidge/ParkRidgeImages/7bKrummholz.html (67 words)

	Tundra -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Alpine tundra also lacks trees, but does not usually have permafrost, and alpine soils are generally better drained than permafrost soils.
		Alpine tundra transitions to subalpine forests below the (additional info and facts about tree-line) tree-line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra (additional info and facts about ecotone) ecotone are known as Krummholz.
		Alpine tundra does not map directly to specific WWF ecoregions.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tu/tundra.htm (1020 words)

	(GC6469) Camp Krummholz by sparklehorse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The camping spot at the top of the rim however is spectacular and it’s become one of our all time favorites.
		Krummholz is German for "crooked wood"; you'll understand the nickname when you see the place.
		To reach it you will need a high-clearance vehicle at a minimum, with 4-wheel drive being highly recommended.
	www.geocaching.com /seek/cache_details.aspx?ID=25705 (1302 words)

	The Krummholz Zone - The guys rescue a fellow caver
		The Krummholz Zone - The guys rescue a fellow caver
		All original code, photos, art and text for The Krummholz Zone are Copyright © 1994-2001.
		Each year the NCRC attempts to increase the number and proficiency of cave rescuers across the U.S. by sponsoring training sessions, seminars, and workshops in each region and by encouraging other cave rescue organizations to conduct similar educational programs.
	www.headbaby.com /cave.htm (1382 words)

	Navajo meadow stream water quality. -- NWT
		Long-term carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics of leaf and fine root litter in North American ecosystems (LIDET).
		Growing season soil temperatures in alpine tundra and adjacent krummholz.
		The effects of tree islands and timberline on soil carbon, soil nitrogen, and soil phosphorus in high montane systems.
	atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu /nis/keywords/K.html (8444 words)

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - krummholz
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		wood of stunted trees: a high-altitude zone in which krummholz grows
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861624448_1861624461/nextpage.html (64 words)

	AGPix.com Subject Index
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	CiteULike: Tag krummholz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		posted to climate krummholz by EvanHammer and 1 other...
		posted to krummholz by EvanHammer on 2004-12-02 23:34:54
		Spatial pattern of subalpine forest-alpine grassland ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees
	www.citeulike.org /tag/krummholz (67 words)

	Effect of krummholz establishment on soil ...
		Effect of krummholz establishment on soil previously occupied by tundra: carbon and nitrogen properties.
		Effect of krummholz establishment on soil previously occupied by tundra: inorganic and organic properties.
		Seedling and sapling dynamics of treefall pits and undisturbed florest floor in El Verde, Puerto Rico ---LUQ
	lternet.lternet.edu /DTOC/keywords/D.html (7580 words)

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