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Topic: Kuchean language

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	Tocharian languages. Who is Tocharian languages? What is Tocharian languages? Where is Tocharian languages? Definition ...
		The language was already old enough by the 6th century to have split into the two dialects, or separate languages, that are preserved in the manuscripts.
		The existence of the Tocharian languages and alphabet was not even guessed at, until chance discoveries in the early 20th century brought to light fragments of manuscripts in a then unknown alphabetic syllabary that proved, astonishingly, to be in a hitherto unknown branch of the Indo-European family of languages, which has been named 'Tocharian'.
		The Tocharian languages are a major geographic exception to the usual pattern of Indo-European branches, being the only one that spread directly east from the theoretical Indo-European starting point in southern Russia.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Tocharian_languages (422 words)

	Tocharians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tarim mummies suggest that precursors of these easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language may have lived in the region of the Tarim Basin from around 1800 BCE until finally they were assimilated by Uighur Turks in the 8th century CE.
		Tocharian A speakers probably yielded their original language to Turkic languages of immigrating Turkic peoples, while Tocharian B speakers were more insulated from outside linguistic influences.
		The native name of the historical Tocharians of the 6th to 8th centuries was, according to JP Mallory, possibly kuśiññe "Kuchean" (Tocharian B), "of the kingdom of Kucha and Agni", and ārśi (Tocharian A); one of the Tocharian A texts has ārśi-käntwā, "In the tongue of Arsi" (ārśi is probably cognate to argenteus, i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tocharians (1650 words)

	Languages : Indo-European Family
		Languages that are scattered around the world as their speakers are part of diasporas.
		Lithuanian is one of the oldest of the Indo-European languages.
		Armenian is spoken in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (an enclave in Azerbaijan).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_indoeuro.html (1825 words)

	Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Tokharian is classified as an archaic Indo-European language, belonging to the so-called Centum branch of Indo-European languages.
		As Tokharian languages have an archaic form showing relatively early separation from the other Indo-European languages, Henning suggested that the proto-Tokharians, originating from South Russia, were the first Indo-Europeans in history, appearing as "Guti" in Akkadian and Babylonian records of Mesopotamia.
		The issues we are concerned with here are the school affiliation of Kuchean Buddhism in its relation to Indian and Chinese Buddhism, and the relationship between the Kuchean kings and the Buddhist samgha.
	spp.pinyin.info /abstracts/spp085_tocharian_buddhism.html (718 words)

	Tocharian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These languages were spoken roughly from the 6th to 8th centuries, before they became extinct, their speakers being assimilated by the expanding Uighur tribes.
		The name of the language is taken from the Tocharians (Greek: Τόχαροι, "Tokharoi") of the Greek historians (Ptolemy VI, 11, 6).
		The alphabet the Tocharians were using is derived from the North Indian Brahmi alphabetic syllabary and is referred to as slanting Brahmi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tocharian_languages (661 words)

	The Bangani Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 1980s, vestiges of an ancient Kentum Indo-European language were reported in the western Himalayas in the form of an apparent substrate in a modern Western Pahari language known as Bangani.
		Bangani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, in the Indian Himalayas.
		The published evidence indicated that a Kentum group had penetrated South Asia, whereas all known Kentum Indo-European languages were limited to Western Europe and the Mediterranean basin, with the exception of the extinct languages Turfanian (Tocharian A) and Kuchean (Tocharian B) spoken in distant Chinese Turkestan until the eighth century.
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /host/himalaya/individ/enigma.html (328 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Indo-European is the name of a family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken over most of Europe and in much of Southwest and South Asia; from the second half of the 15th century the Indo-European tongues have spread to most other inhabited parts of the world.
		Iranian languages were spoken in the 1st millennium BC in present-day Iran and Afghanistan and also in the steppes to the north, from modern Hungary to East (Chinese) Turkistan.
		The Hittite language is known from the approximately 25,000 tablets or fragments of tablets preserved in the archives of Bogazköy-Hattusa, excavated by German archaeologists beginning in 1905.
	stp.ling.uu.se /~kamalk/language/indo_eur%20lang2.html (13841 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm's law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		Lastly, vocabulary furnished evidence of a common origin for the Germanic languages in that a number of the basic words in these languages are similar in form; however, while word similarity may indicate the same original source for a group of languages, it can also be a sign of borrowing.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	Tocharian languages - TheBestLinks.com - Kuchean, Buddhism, Central Asia, Indo-European, ...
		Kuchean, Tocharian languages, Buddhism, Central Asia, Indo-European, Language...
		The languages themselves bear a closer relationship to the Celtic or early Germanic languages than to other Indo-European languages.
		The speakers of these languages have been identified with the 'Tocharoi' mentioned in Greek sources.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Kuchean.html (510 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS AND GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH
		Avestan, the language of the religious poetry or Gathas of Zoroaster, and Old Persian, the language of the official inscriptions of the Achaemenid rulers, are the two ancient languages known from texts or inscriptions dating from the sixth century BCE.
		In the northeast and northwest, the language spoken was Parthian.
		Russian, Belarusan, and Ukrainian became the languages of the eastern Slavs: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian became the languages of the southern Slavs; Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Wendish, and the extinct Polabian became the languages of the western Slavs.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/languages.htm (11251 words)

	European Languages
		You may have noticed that a few languages spoken on the European continent are not included in the Indo-European family of languages.
		The western languages generally use /s/ as a plural marker, though it is silent in spoken French, while the eastern languages use vowels.
		The Slavic languages are spoken in Eastern Europe and Russia and are the harder of the three language groups analyzed to learn.
	www.ielanguages.com /eurolang.html (1517 words)

	Everything You Wanted to Know about Tocharian
		Tocharian is an extinct Indo-European language which stands by itself as one of the eleven major groups in the IE language family.
		Linguistic analysis of the language by European linguists showed that the newly discovered language was Indo-European, although it seemed to bear little resemblance to the other known IE branches, especially the geographically close Iranian branch.
		However, much of the information that was gleaned from analysis of the language ended up having a "negative" effect, in that the data upset a number of neat and convenient isoglosses that linguists studying IE languages had come up with.
	www.oxuscom.com /eyawtkat.htm (4307 words)

	Paul Pelliot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The team arrived in Kashgar at the end of August, staying with the Russian consul-general (the successor to Nikolai Petrovsky).
		His efforts were to pay off shortly, when his team began obtaining supplies (like a yurt) that were previously considered unobtainable.
		From there, he proceeded to Kucha, where he found documents in the lost language of Kuchean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paul_Pelliot (575 words)

	Tocharian languages - China-related Topics Q-T - China-Related Topics
		These languages are attested for roughly the 6th century6th to 8th century8th centuries, before they were extinct, their speakers becoming assimilated to the expanding Uighur tribes.
		Tocharian is documented in manuscript fragments, mostly from the 7th century7th and 8th century8th centuries (with a few earlier ones) that were written on palm leaves, wooden tablets and Chinese paper, which had been preserved by the extremely dry climate of the Tarim Basin.
		The Tocharian languages are a major geographic exception to the usual pattern of Indo-European branches, being the only one that spread directly east from the theoretical Indo-European starting point in the KurganPontic steppe.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Tocharian_languages (582 words)

	Learn a new language in a flash, by downloading a language directly into your brain. Speed learn and speak Spanish, ...
		More important: without language all the dimensions of our feelings, beliefs, joys, longings and sufferings of our souls could not be expressed.
		Language is what we use to reveal our conectiveness to others.
		Language is what we use to remind ourselves of this connection.
	www.claritaslux.com /language-history.html (684 words)

	Tocharian (from Indo-European languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Two distinct languages are known, labeled A (East Tocharian, or Turfanian) and B (West Tocharian, or Kuchean).
		From their origins in East-Central Europe, the Slavic languages spread widely and are now spoken throughout most of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, parts of Central Europe, and the northern portion of Asia.
		The Slavic languages are a group of related languages within the Indo-European family.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-74545 (898 words)

	Tocharian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is evidence both from mummies and chinese writings that these people had red hair and blue eyes.
		Everything about Tocharian Article by Mark Dickens on the language's discovery, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, dialects, and Indo-European context.
		Tokharian and Baltic - William R. Schmalstieg An essay drawing paralells between the Tokharian and the Baltic subfamilies of Indo-European languages.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Tocharian.html (332 words)

	Tocharian languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Two extinct Indo-European languages, Tocharian A and Tocharian B, formerly spoken in the Tarim River Basin in China.
		Their use of the word Tocharisch is largely based on the statement in a copy of a Buddhist drama written in a form of Turkish that it had been translated from “Twgry,” and, because the work is otherwise known only in Tocharian A, it was...
		English is the national language of the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9380863 (816 words)

	AllRefer.com - Indo-European Family of Languages, The (table) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Indo-European Family of Languages, The (table) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Language And Linguistics > Indo-European Family of Languages, The (table)
		Indo-European Family of Languages, The (table), Language And Linguistics
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/IndEurTABLE.html (158 words)

	Section 13 â“ The Kingdom of the Da Yuezhi 大月氏 (the Kushans) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As far as the Tochari, those who had migrated west to the valleys of the Ili and Chu and then to Tukharestan should be different from those who remained in the Hexi region, dur to being affected by different surrounding tribes.
		It is difficult to distinguish the material cultures of the Sakas and the Kushans, as they both had the background of steppe life.
		Differences between the two groups before they were absorbed into the sedentary population, however, were clearly discerned by both the Chinese and the Indians, probably through differences in language.â Liu (2001), p.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes13.html (9546 words)

	Bambooweb: Kucha
		He translated six Buddhist texts to Chinese in 258 at China's famous White Horse Temple, including the Infinite Life Sutra, an important sutra in the Pure Land Buddhism.
		Po-Śrīmitra was another Kuchean monk who traveled to China from 307-312 and translated three Buddhist texts.
		A second Kuchean Buddhist monk known as Po-Yen also went to Liangzhou (the Wuwei region of modern Gansu), China and is said to have been well-respected, although he is not known to have translated any texts.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/k/u/Kucha.html (405 words)

	APPENDIX A:_LANGUAGE CODES
		Where one spoken language is written in two different sets of characters, both written languages were included in the list.
		An ancient or old language form that does not have a unique code will be assigned the code for the major language group to which it belongs instead of the code for the modern form.
		In the case of the modern and the older forms of some languages, the initial letters of each part of the language name were used to form the code.
	www.ifla.org /VI/3/p1996-1/appx_a.htm (3278 words)

	Tocharians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is evidence both from the mummies and Chinese writings that some of them had blond or red hair and blue eyes, characteristics also found in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Central Asia, due to the populations' high genetic diversity.
		The Tocharians spoke a group of Indo-European languages called the Tocharian languages, also sometimes referred to as Kuchean.
		Based on a Turkic reference to Tocharian A as twqry, these langauages were associated with the Kushan ruling class, but the exact relation of the speakers of these languages and the Kushan Tokharoi is uncertain, and some consider the "Tocharian languages" a misnomer.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Tocharian (1448 words)

	Indo-European Family of Languages, The on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Horse, wagon and chariot: Indo-European languages and archaeology.
		Pictures and Maps for: Indo-European Family of Languages, The
		Social identity and leadership in the Basque region: a study of leadership development programmes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/I/IndE1urT1A1B1L1E1.asp (344 words)

	Indo-European Language Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		AD were found at sites surrounding the Tarim Basin west of China and north of Tibet early in the twentieth century.
		The language of these texts proved to an Indo-European language, one however that was quite separate from the neighboring Iranian and Indic languages.
		As the manuscripts were deciphered, it turned out that they contained two different Tocharian languages.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/Tocharian.html (82 words)

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