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	Calligraphy: Kufic Script
		Kufic script is derived from "Hijazi Script", whose origin may in order be traced to "Hirian", "Nebtian" or "Anbarian".
		In non-Arabian Muslim areas, the use of Kufic script was not practically restricted to this aspect or dimension.
		As, Kufic script was used in architectural designs on the basis and tastes in fashion of every area or vogue of time, Kufic script has been chronologically changed from viewpoint of its shape and style of inscription.
	www.caroun.com /Calligraphy/aCalligraphyGeneral/Kufic/KuficScript.html (1046 words)

	The Arabic Language
		The term Kufic means "the script of Kufah," an Islamic city founded in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) in AD 638, but the actual connection between the city and the script is not clear.
		Kufic is a more or less square and angular script characterized by its heavy, bold, and lapidary style.
		Kufic went out of general use about the 11th century, although it continued to be used as a decorative element contrasting with those scripts that superseded it.
	www.arabicbible.com /christian/arabic_language_script.htm (701 words)

	On The Origins Of The Kufic Script
		However, Kufic script cannot have originated in Kufa, since that city was founded in 17/638, and the Kufic script is known to have existed before that date, but this great intellectual centre did enable calligraphy to be developed and perfected aesthetically from the pre-Islamic scripts.
		It is written in a particular type of Kufic script which, according to modern experts in Arabic calligraphy, did not exist until late in the eighth century CE and was not used at all in Makkah and Madinah in the seventh century.
		The Christian missionaries are found to be not only incorrect in their dating of the origins of the Kufic script, but also erroneous in their opinion that Kufic is not a script that we would expect to have been employed in the Hijaz during the Caliphate of ‘Uthman.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Quran/Text/Mss/kufic.html (2948 words)

	Art on Podium: The Development of the Arts of the Book in Early Islamic Art of Persia
		The first type of writing is known as Kufic, from the town of Kafa in Mesopotamia, probably the first town in which it was put into official use; the second type is known as Naskh.
		Kufic characters were used during a period of about five hundred years for inscriptions and for copying the Qua'an.
		One type of Kufic, in which the letters are ornamented with arabesque-like designs, was frequently used in manuscript illumination during the 11th and 12th centuries under Ghaznavids and Seljuqs.
	www.iranchamber.com /podium/art/020607_development_book_persia.php (4660 words)

	::amefufuka.com ::
		No Kufic Qur'ans are known to have been written in Mecca and Medina in the very early days when the al-Ma'il and Mashq scripts were most regularly used and none of the surviving early Kufic texts are attributed by modern scholars to this region.
		In any event even the rare complete Kufic Qur'ans that have survived lack proper colophons giving the time and place of the transcribing of the text and the name of its calligrapher so that it is virtually impossible to date or locate them with any degree of certainty.
		Surviving Kufic Qur'ans can generally be dated from the late eighth century depending on the extent of development in the character of the script in each case, and it is grossly improbable that any of these were written in Mecca or Medina before the beginning of the ninth century.
	www.amefufuka.com /islam/gilchrist/chap7.php (3611 words)

	Kufic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Syriac script.
		Kufic is a form of script consisting of straight lines and angles.
		Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins and monuments and on early Ottoman coins.
	en.askmore.net /Kufic.htm (203 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CALLIGRAPY
		Kufic script was transformed into Thuluth and Naskhi by Mehmed bin Mansur, one of the Abbasid caliphs, and by "lbni Mukle", who had served Mutasam as vizier.
		Kufic is a form of script consisting of straight lines and angles.
		Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins ad monuments and on early Ottoman coins, its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the Republican period.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Calligraphy/Netscape_Calligraphy.htm (3479 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Geometry of the Spirit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kufic is usually written only in horizontal page formats, and is a totally stable form of script in which the base-line is the key element, with upward and downward strokes springing from it.
		In Persian Kufic, the decorative possibilities of the script were stretched to their limits, with the important proviso that legibility had always to be retained.
		Thus Persian Kufic employed the system used in contemporary cursive scripts like naskh, which we know was already being used to copy Qur'ans by the ninth century, though the earliest extant example is still the 1001 Ibn al-Bawwab copy of the Qur'an in the Chester Beatty Collection.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198905/the.geometry.of.the.spirit.htm (3367 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Kufa
		At this time, Kufa was an important learning center, and is where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language.
		The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hira, a city a few miles to the north).
		999), was the first to use the word 'kufic' to characterize this script, which reached a state is decorative perfection in the 8th century, when surahs were used to decorate ceramics, for representations of nature were strictly forbidden under the Islamic regime..
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Kufa (610 words)

	Exhibitions \| Museum of Art (UMMA) \| U-M
		Kufic script is an angular, monumental, and highly abstracted form of writing that is found across the Islamic world in architectural inscriptions and in copies of the Qur'an, from the eighth through eleventh century.
		Kufic script was thus set apart from other forms of writing, such as correspondence or literary, whose primary function was informative and whose form was little regulated.
		By the eleventh century, however, Kufic script began to be replaced by a variety of more legible cursive scripts, most of which have remained in use until very recently.
	www.umma.umich.edu /view/past/2005-written-word.html (686 words)

	Kufic - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Syrian script.
		At the time of the emergence of Islam this type of script was already in use in various parts of the Arabian Peninsula.
		The difference between the Kufic script used in the Arabian Peninsula and that employed in Egypt, Algiers and Morocco is very marked.
	www.jaipurgrid.com /mediawiki/index.php/Kufic (164 words)

	The Arabic Language Script
		Kufic script, a heavy monumental Arabic script suited to stone carving, appears in the earliest surviving Koran manuscripts.
		In these, the diacritical marks over the letters are sometimes painted in red, and the gold decorations between suras contrast handsomely with the heavy fl script.
		It took on some of the functions of the early Kufic script; it was used to write surah headings, religious inscriptions, and princely titles and epigraphs.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_script.htm (2367 words)

	Kufic Graphics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The name "Kufic" comes from a style of calligraphy developed in the Middle East around the 8th century A.D. The script has specific proportional measurements, along with pronounced angularity and squareness which gives it an almost futuristic style.
		Kufic calligraphy could be adapted to any space and material -- from silk squares to the architectural monuments left by Timur at Samarqand.
		Because Kufic script was not subjected to strict rules, calligraphers employing it had virtually a free hand in the conception and execution of its ornamental forms.
	www.kuficgraphics.com /html/about.htm (209 words)

	Islamic Art
		Kufic, which originated from the town of Kufa in Iraq, is geometric, with a distinct rigidness.
		Due to this physical characteristic, Kufic is ideal for chapter headings, as well as wall inscriptions on Muslim mosques and minarets.
		Basically, all other Islamic scripts are variations of the Kufic and cursive, and all of them tend to be highly inventive and frequently seem like a new style.
	www.ismaili.net /sadruddin/islamic.html (3500 words)

	Arabic typography
		The Kufic style of calligraphy can be regarded as the unique masterpiece of human calligraphy, because this style has reached every corner of the world.
		The Kufic style of calligraphy could be found everywhere ranging from the margins of Greek (Byzantine) icons and the engravings in French and Italian Churches to the inscriptions on coins and the buildings of African people.
		On the one hand Kufic is the ancient writing style of the Middle Easterners and on the other hand, the people of India and China have contributed to its spread.
	www.arabictypography.com /forum/lees.php?id=247 (447 words)

	Iransaga - Kufic scripts
		Foliated and floral Kufic was used in both religious and secular architecture, particularly when stucco or carved stone was employed.
		In foliated Kufic the verticals end in half-palmettes, and often the final letters of words are exaggerated vertically and culminate in leaves or half-palmettes.
		This pottery is associated with the Samanid dynasty and the Kufic script is painted in fl around the perimeter of a bowl or plate.
	www.art-arena.com /kufic.htm (299 words)

	The Koran Collection at the Topkapi Palace Library
		The kufic script of Iran differed from the kufic of the regions of Baghdad and North Africa.
		The first Korans written in kufic script, besides the one believed to have been recited by the Prophet's successor, Osman, at the moment of his death (H.S.32), are the Korans written in vertical form (M.3 M.74, for example).
		Kufic script was used in copying the text of the Koran until the middle of the tenth century.
	www.naqshbandi.org /ottomans/relics/quran/quran.htm (1654 words)

	Islamic Art - Early Islamic Art
		Although several styles of writing were practiced in the seventh and eighth centuries, by the ninth century so-called Kufic had supplanted these in the production of Qur'ans.
		Not only was Kufic script an ideal partner for the parchment page, but its rectilinear form was also well suited to inscriptions in a variety of media, such as wood, stone, textiles, and ceramics.
		The age of the Samanids witnessed a rebirth of Persian culture, marking the rise of modern Persian literature.
	www.lacma.org /islamic_art/eia.htm (2588 words)

	Jar with a Kufic Pattern (Getty Museum)
		It may have been used to suspend the piece for storage or possibly to tie together a group of similar drug jars on a shelf.
		Kufic calligraphy, an angular form of the Arabic alphabet, was well known in Italy, especially Tuscany, thanks to the spread of small and easily portable items decorated with the script, such as fabrics, leatherwork, and ceramics.
		This Kufic script decoration, although fancified and illegible, added an exotic decorative element to the design, which Italian consumers would have appreciated without being able to read.
	www.getty.edu /art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=1150 (168 words)

	The Institute of Ismaili Studies - Qur’ans in gold kufic script
		The technique of writing kufic script in gold (chrysography) differed from the process for brown ink.
		For gold kufic, after drawing the outlines of the letters using pale brown ink, the interiors were filled with gold that had been ground up and suspended in a solution.
		In the leaf with 10 lines, the tenth verses are marked with letters surrounded by elegant blue floral motifs; the text is Sura Qaf, vv.
	www.iis.ac.uk /text_only.php?s=%2Fview%5Farticle%2Easp%3FContentID%3D105498 (169 words)

	Kufic Graphics, Web Design, Multimedia, Audio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kufic Graphics is your #1 company for graphics and web design.
		Since 1995 we have been dedicated to delivering the highest quality websites and graphic design for the lowest prices on the market.
		Kufic Graphics also has years of experience designing logos, print materials and producing multimedia CD-ROMS and presentations.
	www.kuficgraphics.com /html (110 words)

	Visual Training: Kufi Blocks
		The Kufic pattern represents a catch-all module that can be assembled to compose complicated patterns.
		Its power lies in its proportion—were it larger or more complex, its adaptability would be compromised, while at the same time a smaller pattern would require too much building-up to develop anything significant.
		A later example was produced in the 1960s by Cyril Stanley Smith, more famous as a metallurgist, as a square with arcs across 2 of its diagonal corners.
	www.iit.edu /~kufiblck/index.html (394 words)

	MFA-The Koran Collection at the Topkapi Palace Library
		The first Korans written in kufic script, besides the one believed to have been recited by khaliph Osman (RA) at the moment of his death (H.S.32), are the Korans written in vertical form (M.3 M.74, for example).
		This script began to be characterised in the first ten years of the tenth century when a calligrapher named Ibn al-Muqla used the length of the letter alif as a proportional guide At the beginning of the eleventh century another calligrapher named Ibn al-Bawwab created a freer naskhi.
		The multitude of samples of kufic and maghribi kufic script, the works of the well-known Islamic calligraphers Yakut, Abdullah Sayrafi and Argun Kamili, the exquisite Safevid Korans together form a precious legacy.
	www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr /~history/Ext/Koran.html (1649 words)

	QUR'AN'S MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE
		With the enormous number of manuscripts available for the Christian scriptures, all compiled long before the time Muhammad was born, it is incredible that Islam cannot provide a single corroborated manuscript of their most holy book from even within a century of their founder's birth.
		It would be rather odd for this script to have been adopted as the official script for the "mother of all books" as it is a script which had its origins in a city that had only been conquered by the Arabs a mere 10-14 years earlier.
		Therefore, it stands to reason that both the Topkapi and Samarkand Manuscripts, because they are written in the Kufic script, could not have been written earlier than 150 years after the Uthmanic Recension was supposedly compiled; at the earliest the late 700s or early 800s (Gilchrist 1989:144-147).
	debate.org.uk /topics/history/bib-qur/qurmanu.htm (2161 words)

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