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	Kufic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Syriac script.
		The difference between the Kufic script used in the Arabian Peninsula and that employed in Egypt, Algiers and Morocco is very marked.
		Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins and monuments and on early Ottoman coins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kufic (235 words)

	The Arabic Language Script
		Arabic script has a genetic relationship with the Latin alphabet, since both are historically traceable back to a script current on the Levant coast around 1000 B.C. and used for the notation of the language which we call Old Phoenician.
		The length of consonants in Nabataean script is not marked at all, and it is still limited to the repertory of the Aramaic script, which is inadequate for the consonant phonemes of Arabic.
		Kufic script, a heavy monumental Arabic script suited to stone carving, appears in the earliest surviving Koran manuscripts.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_script.htm (2367 words)

	The Arabic Language
		Rapidly executed, the script does not appear to have been subject to formal and rigorous rules, and not all the surviving examples are the work of professional scribes.
		Kufic went out of general use about the 11th century, although it continued to be used as a decorative element contrasting with those scripts that superseded it.
		In Spain the maghribi ("western") script was evolved and became the standard script for Qurans in North Africa.
	www.arabicbible.com /christian/arabic_language_script.htm (701 words)

	QURAN_COLLECTION_TOPKAPI
		Kufic script was used in copying the text of the Qur'an until the middle of the tenth century.
		This script began to be characterised in the first ten years of the tenth century when a calligrapher named Ibn al-Muqla used the length of the letter alif as a proportional guide At the beginning of the eleventh century another calligrapher named Ibn al-Bawwab created a freer naskhi.
		The fundamentals of Ottoman Qur'anic script were set down in the Qur'ans produced in naskhi by the famous calligrapher Sheikh Hamdullah at the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century.
	www.geocities.com /re_kts7/QURAN_COLLECTION_TOPKAPI.html (1678 words)

	Islamic calligraphy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first of those to gain popularity was known as the Kufic script; it was angular, made of square and short horizontal strokes, long verticals, and bold, compact circles.
		It would be the main script used to copy the Qur'an for three centuries; its static aspect made it suitable for monumental inscriptions, too.
		The Diwani script is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th and early 17th centuries).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islamic_calligraphy (1066 words)

	Calligraphy: Kufic Script
		Kufic script is derived from "Hijazi Script", whose origin may in order be traced to "Hirian", "Nebtian" or "Anbarian".
		As, Kufic script was used mostly in writing Koran, different kinds of Kufic script became as sacred phenomenon and got holy aspect.
		As, Kufic script was used in architectural designs on the basis and tastes in fashion of every area or vogue of time, Kufic script has been chronologically changed from viewpoint of its shape and style of inscription.
	www.caroun.com /Calligraphy/aCalligraphyGeneral/Kufic/KuficScript.html (1046 words)

	Art on Podium: The Development of the Arts of the Book in Early Islamic Art of Persia
		Kufic characters were used during a period of about five hundred years for inscriptions and for copying the Qua'an.
		This script was used in Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia during the 9th century and part of the 10th century.
		One type of Kufic, in which the letters are ornamented with arabesque-like designs, was frequently used in manuscript illumination during the 11th and 12th centuries under Ghaznavids and Seljuqs.
	www.iranchamber.com /podium/art/020607_development_book_persia.php (4660 words)

	Dari Classics: KUFIC SCRIPT
		In fact Kufic Script can be known as the first and earliest calligraphy used in writing many copies of the Glorious Qur’an, which are still found here and there in every part of today’s world.
		Thence the Arab Scribes only used Kufic Script in writing the rubrics of the Qur’anic Chapters and on the margins, which were mostly as decorative designs consisting of ceruse or gold work traces done on azure background.
		In non-Arab Muslim lands, the use of Kufic script was not practically restricted to this aspect or dimension; instead in the course of time, it got evolution and was used in inscribing many epigraphs and writing books in a vast area stretching between the borders of China and Spain.
	asef-fekrat.blogspot.com /2006/10/kufic-script.html (1296 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CALLIGRAPY
		The type of Arabic script in use at the time of the first emergence of Islam was a slightly modified form of the old Syrian script and became known as Kufic on account of its first being taught and used in the city of Kufe in Iraq.
		Kufic script was transformed into Thuluth and Naskhi by Mehmed bin Mansur, one of the Abbasid caliphs, and by "lbni Mukle", who had served Mutasam as vizier.
		Kufic is commonly seen on Seljuk coins ad monuments and on early Ottoman coins, its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the Republican period.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Calligraphy/Netscape_Calligraphy.htm (3479 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Calligraphy: A Noble Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For inscriptions on stones, kufic script proved to be at once the easiest to incise and the most majestic in appearance.
		Kufic script supplied artists with another medium of expression, which was and is widely used for the decoration of building spandrels and entablatures.
		Not only is the Holy Koran written with a script which is, for all practical purposes, the same as that used in daily life, but the vast treasury of Arabic poetry, which every Arab reveres, is inseparably associated with the script in which it was originally written.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196404/calligraphy-a.noble.art.htm (1738 words)

	Iransaga - Kufic scripts
		This script was named after the city of Kufa in Iraq, where it is said to have been invented and it is claimed that the fourth Calif of Islam (the Prophet's cousin), was the first to write in Kufic scrip.
		In foliated Kufic the verticals end in half-palmettes, and often the final letters of words are exaggerated vertically and culminate in leaves or half-palmettes.
		This pottery is associated with the Samanid dynasty and the Kufic script is painted in fl around the perimeter of a bowl or plate.
	www.artarena.force9.co.uk /kufic.htm (299 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Arabic
		The Kufic script is angular, which was most likely a product of inscribing on hard surfaces such as wood or stone, while the Naskhi script is much more cursive.
		The Kufic script appears to be the older of the scripts, as it was common in the early history of Islam, and used for the earliest copies of the Qu'ran.
		By the 11th century CE, the Naskhi script appeared and gradually replaced the Kufic script as the most popular script for copying the Qu'ran as well as secular and personal writings.
	www.ancientscripts.com /arabic.html (588 words)

	Kufa
		At this time, Kufa was an important learning center, and is where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language.
		From it evolved all the present hands." The angular script which later came to be known as Kufic had its origin about a century earlier than the founding of the town of Kufa, according to Moritz in the Encyclopaedia Of Islam.
		The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hira, a city a few miles to the north).
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/k/ku/kufa.html (466 words)

	Arabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (Nabataean), to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of Coptic or Cyrillic script to Greek script.
		After the definitive fixing of the Arabic script around 786, by Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Qur'an and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.
		Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin alphabet, Arabic script is used to write down a verse of the Qur'an, a Hadith, or simply a proverb, in a spectacular composition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_language (3319 words)

	The Koran Collection at the Topkapi Palace Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first Korans written in kufic script, besides the one believed to have been recited by khaliph Osman (RA) at the moment of his death (H.S.32), are the Korans written in vertical form (M.3 M.74, for example).
		Kufic script was used in copying the text of the Koran until the middle of the tenth century.
		Besides naskhi and rayhani scripts, the more majestic thuluth and muhaqqaq scripts were the styles to gain more popularity and appear more frequently in the Korans that have come down to us from the twelfth century.
	www.quran.org.uk /articles/ieb_quran_topkapi.htm (1670 words)

	Kufi Style
		The script often is chosen for use on oblong surfaces.
		Because Kufi script was not subjected to strict rules, calligraphers employing it had virtually a free hand in the conception and execution of its ornamental forms.
		These ornamental Kufic versions were applied to the surfaces of artistic and architectural objects including surfaces of stucco, wood, tile, metal, glass, ivory, textiles, and bricks.
	www.islamicart.com /main/calligraphy/styles/kufi.html (304 words)

	Kufic - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This angular, slow-moving, dignified script was also used on tombstones and coins as well as for inscriptions on buildings.
		The script was called Kufi because it was thought to have been developed at Kufah in Iraq--an early Islamic centre of culture.
		It went out of general use about the 12th century, although it continued to be used as a decorative element to contrast with the scripts that superseded it.
	www.crystalinks.com /kufic.html (156 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Arabic language
		International organizations: United Nations, Arab League, Organization of Islamic Conference, African Union Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Syrian script.
		Arabic writing is an alphabetic script, based upon distinct characters, adjoined to other characters, which in most cases change their looks depending on where they stand in the word.
		The expressions Arabic and Classical Arabic usually refer to the pure Arabic language which is, according to Arabic speakers, both the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and the language of the Qur'an.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Arabic-language (1789 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By the twelfth century kufic was obsolete as a working script except for special uses and in northwest Africa, where it developed into the maghribi style of writing still used in the area today.
		This is not really a type of script in itself but consists of a text in one of the standard scripts such as naskhi worked into a pattern in which one half is a mirror image of the other.
		A Quranic verse in the kufic script, for example, may be written so that it forms the picture of a mosque and minarets.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref3.htm (1808 words)

	Art of Arabic Calligraphy
		The North Arabic script, which eventually prevailed and became the Arabic script of the Quran, relates most substantially and directly to the Nabatian script, which was derived from the Aramaic script.
		The North Arabic script, which was influenced by the Nabatian script, was established in north-eastern Arabia and flourished in the 5 th century among the Arabian tribes who inhabited Hirah and Anbar.
		Cursive scripts coexisted with Kufic and date back to before Islam, but because in the early stages of their development they lacked discipline and elegance, they were usually used for secular purposes only.
	www.sakkal.com /ArtArabicCalligraphy.html (1979 words)

	Showcases :: Kufic Qur'an
		The characteristics of the script influenced the shape of the manuscripts produced.
		Because the script's vertical strokes were very short but its horizontal strokes elongated, it was written on materials in a landscape (wide) format.
		Kufic Qur'ans of the ninth and 10th centuries AD were also characterized by the use of red dots to represent the vowels of the text and of short fl diagonal strokes to distinguish different letters of similar shapes.
	www.bl.uk /onlinegallery/themes/asianafricanman/arabquran.html (227 words)

	Early Calligraphic Development
		These scripts were variants of the Jazm script and were named for cities--Makki for Mekka, and Madani for Medina.
		These two scripts had their impact on the development and creation of new styles, the most important being Ma'il (slanting), a kind of primitive Kufic script; Mashq (extended); and Naskh (inscriptional).
		The Ma'il script failed to achieve relative celebrity and was replaced by the angular Kufic script.
	www.islamicart.com /main/calligraphy/early.html (702 words)

	دانشنامه کوفی "Kufic Encyclopedia", The World of Kufic Art
		In 1992 he began researching on the Kufic script and practically experienced Kufic calligraphy.
		It was in 1994 when he managed to discover the special pen or quill for writing in the primary Kufic style.
		His eastern outlook as a calligrapher, and his knowledge of graphics enabled him to design Latin characters and logotypes in script at even at his early experiences.
	www.kuficpedia.com /author_E.htm (290 words)

	Kufic Script
		The Kufic script is named after the town of Kufa in Iraq which was one of the main Islamic
		This script was often used for the calligraphy of Qur’ans.
		Kufic script is characterized by its geometrical synthesis with letters appearing in square or
	www.jerusalemites.org /jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/25.htm (323 words)

	The Calligraphy of Islam
		The Arabic script belongs to the group of Semitic alphabetical scripts in which the consonants are represented in writing while the marking of vowels is optional or used as diacritics.
		The north Arabic script, which became the Arabic script of the Holy Qur’an, relates from the Nabatean script which was derived from the Aramaic script.
		Finally, the Rihani script is a “dry” style with sharp edges and a marked contrast between the very high alif and the flat, pointed lower ending.
	members.fortunecity.com /calligraphy (2605 words)

	The Schoyen Collection: Palaeography --4.7. Arabic scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Possibly it was found in the Omayyad period, and due to its beauty and unknown unreadable script, it was turned into an object with magical powers.
		James writes that the MS from which this leaf originates must have been one of the finest of its type to have been produced in the late 14th or early 15th c.; and according to an uncorroborated source, the calligrapher was a master called Karamshah Tabrizi-.
		The script is a magnificent fl muhaqqaq outlined in gold and unusually thin, given its large size.
	www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/4/4.4/47.html (1175 words)

	Untitled
		One form is the Kufic script that employs shafts of high letters which gradually and considerably became elongated because of aesthetic considerations.
		The Kufic script probably came from Kufa but, in fact, there is no sufficient manuscript urvival to distinguish the four branches of calligraphy by town.
		Ceramics: Tiles from Syria in the twelfth century that hold indecipherable Kufic script, luster-painted tiles used to decorate mosques and tombs from Iran (Kashan) in the Khanid period dated March 1308, and dishes all hold their place in the MMA also.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/medny/mmaislam1.html (1555 words)

	The Institute of Ismaili Studies - Qur’ans in gold kufic script
		The technique of writing kufic script in gold (chrysography) differed from the process for brown ink.
		For gold kufic, after drawing the outlines of the letters using pale brown ink, the interiors were filled with gold that had been ground up and suspended in a solution.
		In the leaf with 10 lines, the tenth verses are marked with letters surrounded by elegant blue floral motifs; the text is Sura Qaf, vv.
	www.iis.ac.uk /text_only.php?s=%2Fview%5Farticle%2Easp%3FContentID%3D105498 (169 words)

	Jar with a Kufic Pattern (Getty Museum)
		The decoration on this drug jar, including Chinese scrolling patterns, Islamic knotwork and hatched fields, and Kufic script, shows an interesting mixture of Near and Far Eastern influences.
		Kufic calligraphy, an angular form of the Arabic alphabet, was well known in Italy, especially Tuscany, thanks to the spread of small and easily portable items decorated with the script, such as fabrics, leatherwork, and ceramics.
		This Kufic script decoration, although fancified and illegible, added an exotic decorative element to the design, which Italian consumers would have appreciated without being able to read.
	www.getty.edu /art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=1150 (168 words)

	Iran
		Note that this distinction between "alphabet" and "script" is not clear cut and indeed these words are interchangeable or synonyms in some contexts.
		The Kufic script used on the Iranian flag is one of two main branches of Arab scrips.
		It is mainly used for monumental inscriptions on buildings, tombstones, etc. Some experts distinguish the Kufic script as an independent script.
	www.fotw.net /flags/ir.html (853 words)

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