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	Kulturkampf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is generally accepted amongst historians that the Kulturkampf measures have targeted the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX with discriminatory sanctions.
		Needing to counter the Social Democratic Party, Bismarck softened his stance, especially with the election of the new Pope Leo XIII in 1878, and tried to justify his actions to the now numerous Catholic representatives by stating that the presence of Poles (who are predominantly Catholic) within German borders required that such measures be taken.
		A lasting result of Kulturkampf was a heightened alienation of the craft and the state and the remaining population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kulturkampf (1918 words)

	Kulturkampf on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		KULTURKAMPF [Kulturkampf] [Ger.,=conflict of cultures], the conflict between the German government under Bismarck and the Roman Catholic Church.
		The promulgation (1870) of the dogma of the infallibility of the pope in matters of faith and morals within the church sparked the conflict; it implied that the pope was the defender of the church against incursions by states.
		In evaluating the Kulturkampf in Germany it is important to remember that the church was at odds with a number of European states during this period.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/K/Kulturka.asp (542 words)

	Kulturkampf
		The first was laid before the Landtag in November, 1872, the other three in January, 1873, though the royal consent was obtained with difficulty and only after insistence on the severity of the aforesaid papal allocution at Christmas of 1872.
		He believed, apparently, that the Kulturkampf agitation would gradually die out, and the Catholic people grow weary of their struggle for "a constitutional and legal independence of the Church", now that the most burdensome of the May Laws had been withdrawn and a somewhat orderly ecclesiastical life was again possible.
		In turn the discussions awakened and fed by this movement soon led to a vigorous self-questioning among the Catholic masses as to the fact of, and the reasons for, their backwardness in academic, literary, and artistic life, also in the large field of economic activities (industry, commerce, etc.).
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/k/kulturkampf.html (7389 words)

	Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The German Empire was dominated by Kingdom of Prussia like most of northern Germany a Protestant state but after a century of one with a large Catholic minority especially the Rhineland and the Polish regions.
		In the United States the term kulturkampf has been used by Patrick Buchanan among others to describe what he as an analogous conflict starting in the 1960s and continuing to the present between social conservatives and secular social liberals.
		This theme of cultural war was basis of Buchanan's fiery keynote speech at 1992 Republican National Convention which was seen political commentators as alienating many social moderates the Republican party and helping to elect Bill Clinton.
	www.freeglossary.com /Kulturkampf (448 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The principal leaders in the Kulturkampf were Bismarck, the Chancellor, and Falk, minister of worship, both of whom were supported by the enemies of the Church within and without Parliament.
		The progress of the Kulturkampf briefly was as follows: Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of Worship, 8 July, 1871, and appointed mostly Protestant officials to conduct all matters pertaining to the Catholic Church and her schools.
		Under William II Catholic students of Divinity were again declared exempt from military service in time of peace; in 1891 the accumulated funds of the dioceses were restored to their owners; the Redemptorists were readmitted in 1894, and the laws against the Jesuits were modified in 1905.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd04572.htm (872 words)

	Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The German term Kulturkampf (literally,"cultural war") commonly refers to the early years of the 1871 German Empire, when Reichskanzler Otto vonBismarck attempted to reduce the influence of the Catholics in Germany.
		One of the persistent results of the Kulturkampf was alienation of the Catholics in the Eastern provinces of Germany (East Prussia, West Prussia, Provinz Posen, Silesia) fromthe state, which helped them to rediscover their Slavic roots.
		In the United States, the term kulturkampf has been used by Patrick Buchanan, among others, to describe what he saw as ananalogous conflict starting in the 1960s and continuing to the present between religious social conservatives and secular social liberals.
	www.therfcc.org /kulturkampf-25759.html (373 words)

	Kulturkampf Editorial @ AlienArtifacts.com (Alien Artifacts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the newly founded German Empire, Bismarck sought to bolster the power of the secular state and reduce the political and societal influence of the Catholic Church by instituting political control over Church activities.
		In November 1872 minister Folk ordered all classes of religion to be held in German by the spring of the following year.
		This theme of "culture war" was the basis of Buchanan's fiery keynote speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention, which was seen by political commentators as alienating to many social moderates in the Republican party and as aiding the election of Bill Clinton.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Kulturkampf (1626 words)

	Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf
		Kulturkampf (a hard word to translate perfectly) means “a struggle for control of the minds of Germans”; or as most have translated, “the battle of civilizations.”
		The outcry of the Kulturkampf finally came on July 13, 1874 as Bismarck rode by in his carriage in Kissingen.
		The episode with Kulturkampf “was for all practical purposes a nervous breakdown on the part of the man who could have presided as a tranquilizing influence but instead...
	members.aol.com /megxyz/heather.html (2031 words)

	Kulturkampf
		The German term Kulturkampf (literally, "culture struggle", invented by Rudolf Virchow [1]) refers to German policies in relation to the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by...
		Kulturkampf A system of reforms implemented in the 1870s by Bismark's government in order to create a secular culture.
		This paragraph is a synecdoche of the tragic flaw of contemporary conservatism: in their zeal to fight the Kulturkampf, the "culture war," against the forces of radical secularism -- who would burn...
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Kulturkampf (303 words)

	Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The German Empire was dominated by Kingdom of Prussia, like most of northern Germany a Protestant state, but after a century of expansion one with a large Catholic minority, especially in the Rhineland and the Polish regions.
		One of the persistent results of the Kulturkampf was alienation of the Catholics in the Eastern provinces of Germany (East Prussia, West Prussia, Provinz Posen, Silesia) from the state, which helped them to rediscover their Slavic roots.
		His attempts to restrict the impact of the Catholic Church, represented in politics by the Centre Party, did not prove very successful however; after 1878, Bismarck rather joined forces with the Catholics to oppose socialism.
	www.wikiverse.org /kulturkampf (468 words)

	'I Thought I Saw a Kulturkampf'
		Evans ("The court has mistaken a Kulturkampf for a fit of spite") may be the gold standard in judicial glibness.
		Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's kulturkampf -- a legislative program that removed Catholics from teaching positions and public office and that resulted in the incarceration of dissenting clerics -- aimed to erase the very idea of Catholicism from German minds.
		The result, an array of films appropriating a variety of styles and genres, is not simply visual proof that these artists existed, but a record of the extent to which their legal insignificance permeated their daily lives.
	www.law.com /regionals/ca/opinions/stories/edt1017_diggs.shtml (541 words)

	Kulturkampf
		The German term Kulturkampf (literally, "culture struggle", invented by Rudolf Virchow) refers to German policies enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Chancellor of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck, which are generally accepted amongst historians to have targeted the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX with discriminatory sanctions.
		In the newly founded German Empire, Bismarck sought to bolster the power of the state and reduce the political and societal influence of the Catholic Church by instituting political control over Church activities.
		Needing to counter the Social Democratic Party, Bismarck softened his stance, especially with the election of the new pope in 1878, and tried to justify his actions to the now numerous Catholic representatives by stating that the presence of Polish (who are predominantly Catholic) within German borders required that such measures be taken.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/k/ku/kulturkampf.html (1759 words)

	Rudolf Virchow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One area where he co-operated with Bismarck was in the Kulturkampf, the anti-clerical campaign against the Catholic Church
		It was, in fact, a Progressive party deputy in the Prussian legislature - the distinguished medical scientist and pioneer of public health methods, Rudolf Virchow - who coined the term Kulturkampf to describe the stakes.
		Virchow meant it as a term of praise, signifying the liberation of public life from sectarian impositions (though the term was later taken up by Catholic leaders in a spirit of bitter derision)." From A Supreme Court in the culture wars by Jeremy Rabkin in the Fall edition of the Public Interest
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rudolf_Virchow (800 words)

	Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As evidenced by some of his remarks and speeches, for instance the one to the Lower House of the Prussian Parliament of January 28, 1886, in:
		Contrary to other parts of the German Empire, in Greater Poland - then known under the German name of ' Provinz Posen' - the Kulturkampf did not cease after the end of the decade.
		* Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10th 1873 Kulturkampf Kulturbatalo Kulturkampf 文化闘争 Kulturkampf Kulturkampf Kulturkampf Kulturni boj Kulturkampf
	www.paloweb.com /wikipedia.asp?l=en&pages=Kulturkampf (1852 words)

	On the Word "Kultukampf"
		As part of his effort to consolidate power in the empire, he attempted to reduce the power of the Catholic church by requiring that education be the responsibility of the state.
		kulturkampf, as he dubbed it, was a failure.
		kulturkampf, Justice Scalia might be conceding that this legislative attempt was doomed to fail, even though its founders had what they considered good intentions.
	www.rdrop.com /users/half/Creations/Writings/Romer-v-Evans/kulturkampf.html (291 words)

	Kulturkampf - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The German Empire was dominated by Kingdom of Prussia, like most of northern Germany a Protestant state; having evolved from the 1866 North German Confederation, the addition of the southern, Catholic states (especially Bavaria) caused Bismarck to perceive a danger to the stability of his system.
		His attempts to restrict the impact of the Catholic Church, represented in politics by the Center Party, did not prove very successful however; after 1878, Bismarck rather joined forces with the Catholics to oppose socialism.
		However, one of the persistent results of the Kulturkampf was alienation of the Catholics from the Eastern provinces of Germany (East Prussia, West Prussia, Provinz Posen, Silesia), that helped them to find again their Slavic or Polish roots.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Kulturkampf (391 words)

	Kulturkampf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The German term '''Kulturkampf''' (literally, "culture struggle", invented by Rudolf Virchow) commonly refers to the political clash from 1871 to 1878 between the government of the German Empire under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX.
		The attempts of the government at germanisating the national minorities in the German Empire included unsuccessful efforts intended to weaken the Polish language and culture in favour of the German, which had the result of further inflaming the Polish longing for national independence.
		Bismarck, in his January 28, 1886, speech to the lower house of the Prussian Parliament, emphasized that a principal purpose of ''Kulturkampf'' was to counter the influence of Polish culture in Germany.[http://h-net.org/~german/gtext/kaiserreich/speech.html]
	goc.subdomain.de /Kulturkampf (927 words)

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