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	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Kumyks in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Among the Kumyk there is strong tribal identification — in fact, until the 1970s, a group of Kumyks in the southern part of their traditional territory still identified themselves solely by their village names, not as Kumyks.
		This is probably due to the fact that few Kumyk supported such a destabilizing demand, and that the logistics of any such independent Kumyk republic would be quite unimaginable given the fact that the Kumyk account for such a small percentage of their traditional lands.
		The Kumyks are distinctly different in their Turkic traditions from the Caucasian peoples who have migrated into their lands, and the gradual loss of their numerical majority in these lands along the Caspian Sea has led to hostility between Kumyks and the migrants.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=36534 (2370 words)

	Kumyks -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The (A native or inhabitant of Russia) Russians built forts in their territory in 1559 and under (Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)) Peter I.
		The upper terraces of the Kumyk plateau, which the Kumyks occupy, leaving its lower parts to the (Click link for more info and facts about Nogai) Nogai (The Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains) Tatars, are very fertile.
		In recent years Kumyk nationalists such as Salau Aliev have agitated for Kumyk dominance within (Click link for more info and facts about Daghestan) Daghestan, citing (Click link for more info and facts about Khazar) Khazar history as their inspiration.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/K/Ku/Kumyks.htm (318 words)

	Kumyk - background information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		During the period between the occupation and the Russian revolution in 1917, the Kumyk national movement was centered mainly in Turkey.
		Because the new arrivals to the North Caucasus received a large portion of the Kumyk plains, land shortage among the indigenous Kumyks was widespread.
		The introduction of mono-culture agriculture, the exploitation of the soil and deforestation all contributed to the present situation of economic and ecological crisis in the area.
	www.unpo.ee /en/members/info/kumyk.html (849 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Kumyks in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Kumyks (as well as most Caucasian peoples since the time of Shamil) are renowned for their ability to manufacture arms in their homes.
		The Kumyk movement, Tenglik, holds a referendum among the Kumyk on establishing an autonomous republic, Kumykia, as part of Dagestan and Russia.
		The national movements of the Kumyks and Avars have condemned the use of force by Russia in Chechnya.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=36534 (1313 words)

	WRITENET Country Papers - The Russian Federation: Dagestan (Nov 95)
		The origin of the Kumyks is not clear, but it seems probable that they are rooted in an intermingling of indigenous Caucasian elements with Turkic-speaking tribes who migrated to Dagestan in the 10th century.
		The difficulties between Laks and Kumyks are a direct result of the allocation in 1992 of Kumyk territory to the Laks from Novolaksky district.
		Kumyk irritation is intensified because the Laks require large lots of land, larger than the Kumyks themselves generally dispose of.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/dagestan.html (10632 words)

	..:: Latest news ::.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		On 8 August, 2,500 copies of the Gospel of Luke in Kumyk were delivered from the printing house in Minsk, Byelorus.
		The Kumyk language belongs to the Turkic language group.
		The translation of the whole New Testament in Kumyk is in progress.
	www.ibtnet.org /latest_news/010917_kumykLuke.html (108 words)

	Kumyks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea.
		It is supposed that Ptolemy knew them under the name of Kami and Kamaks.
		During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries CE the Kumyks had an independent kingdom, based at Tarki, and ruled by a leader called the Shamkhal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kumyk (252 words)

	KUMYKS - Online Information article about KUMYKS
		long been more civilized than the surrounding Caucasian mountaineers, the Kumyks have always enjoyed some respect among them.
		The upper terraces of the Kumyk plateau, which the Kumyks occupy, leaving its See also:
		TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /KRO_LAP/KUMYKS.html (226 words)

	Kumyk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumykplateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian.
		It is certain that some Kabardians also settled later.The Russians built forts in their territory in 1559 and under Peter I.
		The upper terraces of the Kumykplateau, which the Kumyks occupy, leaving its lower parts to the Nogai Tatars, are very fertile.
	www.therfcc.org /kumyk-130081.html (170 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies
		The Kumyks comprise 13 per cent, the Lezghians and kindred groups in southern Dagestan 12.5 per cent; the Tabasarantsy, 4.7 per cent; the Rutultsy, 0.8 per cent; the Agultsy, 0.8 per cent; the Tsakhurtsy 0.3 per cent; the Laks, 5 per cent; the Nogais, 1.6 per cent; and the Tats, 0.4 per cent.
		Kumyks sided with Chechens or Azeris, and Nogais with Kumyks or Cossacks.
		They are especially popular among the Avars, Kumyks and Chechens and form the backbone of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Dagestan (SAMD), the main and most respected organization of the faithful in the republic.
	www.ca-c.org /dataeng/bk02.10.kisriev.shtml (3783 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kumyks
		Flag of the Kumyk people by Jaume Ollé, 28 Oct 1996 This image is from Gaceta de Banderas [gdb], information of Michel Lupant.
		Kumyk (also Qumuq) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers in Dagestan republic of Russian Federation.
		During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries the Kumyks had an independent kingdom, based at Tarki, and ruled by a leader called the Shamkhal.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kumyks (659 words)

	Kumyks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries CE the Kumyks had an independent kingdom, based at, and ruled by a leader called the.
		In recent years Kumyk nationalists such as have agitated for Kumyk dominance within Daghestan, citing Khazar history as their inspiration.
		Kumyk description at the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (http://www.unpo.org/news_detail.php?arg=33andpar=56)
	butte-silverbow.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Kumyks (271 words)

	The Ultimate Kumyk language Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Kumyk (also Qumuq) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation.
		Yırçı Qazaq (born 1839) is usually considered to be a founder of Kumyk literature.
		Kumyk was written using Arabic script until 1928, Latin script was used in 1928-1938, and Cyrillic since then.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Kumyk_language (78 words)

	The Background of Chechen Independence Movement V: The Dagestan Provocation
		The largest ethnic groups are the Avars (28 %), the Dargins (16 %), the Kumyks (13 %), and the Lezgins (12 %).
		In Mahachkala, the population is constituted by Avars (23 %), Kumyks (17 %), Russians (15 %), Dargins (13 %), Laks (12 %), and Lezgins (9 %).
		An actual united national Dagestani independence movement has not appeared, at least not as a significant force, but all the different ethnic groups have organized their own national organizations, which form an opposition field against the communist regime of Dagestan, dominated by Dargins.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-5.htm (3482 words)

	Turkic
		The Kipchak tribes (including the Kumyk, Karachai, Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and others) may have settled on the steppes of the northern Caucasus, pushing out several indigenous tribes.
		To the present, Kumyks live in the northeastern Caucasus along the shore of the Caspian Sea.
		Circassian tribes originating in the western Caucasus (see map 4) drove out the Kumyks relatives, the Karachai and Balkar tribes, from the steppe to the mountain ravines of the Central Caucasus, where the two groups now live.
	www.geocities.com /valentyn_ua/Turkic.html (555 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies
		The laws ‘On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations’ passed by the USSR Supreme Soviet in 1990 and ‘On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations’ passed by the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Dagestan in May 1991, opened up what was actually a new stage of the country’s re-Islamization process.
		This process is most intensive in Dagestan’s north and west, and it is much weaker in central and southern Dagestan, or, to be specific, it is intensive in the areas populated by the Avar and Dargin (excluding Kaytag) Kumyk.
		These movements were structured mainly on the ethnic principle; the Kumyk people’s Tenglik movement, the Lak people’s Gazikumukh movement, the Avar people’s movement named after Imam Shamil, the Nogay interregional Birlik movement, the Lezgin people’s Sadval movement, the Lak Tsubarz cultural society and so on.
	www.ca-c.org /dataeng/06.shikhs.shtml (4478 words)

	Kumyks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Kumyks es una gente de Turkic que ocupa la meseta de Kumyk en Dagestan del norte y Terek del sur, y las tierras que confinan el caspio.
		Las terrazas superiores de la meseta de Kumyk, que el Kumyks ocupa, dejando sus partes más inferiores al Nogai Tatars, son muy fértiles.
		Descripción de Kumyk en las naciones de Unrepresented y la organización de la gente
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/ku/Kumyks.htm (184 words)

	kumyks email (spam-free!) and website community
		It can be used for anything: the kumyks surname, the kumyks family, the kumyks fan club, the kumyks alumni group, kumyks genealogy, or any other community or group about kumyks.
		This your chance to get a matching kumyks email address, matching kumyks website and matching kumyks single sign-on "passport" (once these are commonly accepted).
		If you were looking for a different kumyks, please do a kumyks search here.
	www.kumyks.pw (359 words)

	KUMYKS - LoveToKnow Article on KUMYKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		, a people of Turkish stock in Caucasia, occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Daghestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian.
		The Russians built forts in their territory in 1559 and under Peter I. Having long been more civilized than the surrounding Caucasian mountaineers, the Kumyks have always enjoyed some respect among them.
		To properly cite this KUMYKS article in your work, copy the complete reference below:
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KU/KUMYKS.htm (145 words)

	The Christian Science Monitor \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The rest are Kumyks, who speak a language that is an ancient cousin of Turkish, and a few families of mountain Jews, who speak a form of Persian.
		Since the head of the administration and the local prosecutor are Dargins, the town sought a Kumyk to be deputy head of administration.
		He is a Kumyk, but can barely read Kumyk because the only written form is based on a different dialect.
	www.csmonitor.com /durable/1997/08/22/intl/intl.5.html (1154 words)

	Abkhazia.Org - Forum
		Thus an act that to the Russians signified submission was, in the eyes of the Kabardians, an insignificant semiprivate event.
		East of Kabarda in Daghestan the Russians pushed into the domain of the shamkhal of Tarqu, a state, or rather an agglomeration of Turkic-speaking tribes wherein the Kumyks were dominant.
		The Kumyks (Ghumuq), like the Kabardians, were Sunni Muslims, but the proximity of the Caspian and easier access to Astrakhan and Persia produced among them a more highly organized society and a rudimentary state.
	www.abkhazia.org /discus/messages/31/32.html?MondayJanuary2120020413pm (10039 words)

	Russia - Minority Peoples and Their Territories
		Besides its Russian population (9.2 percent of the total in 1989), Dagestan is home to an estimated thirty ethnic groups and eighty nationalities, who speak Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic languages and account for more than 80 percent of the population.
		The Kumyks, the largest Turkic group in the republic, are descendants of the Central Asian Kipchak tribes; they inhabit northern Dagestan.
		The Laks, a small, homogeneous group, occupy central Dagestan; their region was the original center of Islam on the upper Caspian coast.
	countrystudies.us /russia/34.htm (6057 words)

	Kumyks Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Looking For kumyks - Find kumyks and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Kumyks (414 words)

	ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT IN THE CAUCASUS(4)
		Initially, and still in the 1920's, Kumyks were the most advanced national group in Daghestan, and their language served as the 'lingua franca' for all highlanders, so that to be fluent in Kumyk meant to be sophisticated, advantaged and prepared for social mobility.
		Two other large ethnic groups, Kumyks and Lezgins, can be placed into the category of nationalities which are developing certain features of nations, like Abkhazians or Balkars.
		Avars, on the other hand, would have all the opportunities for becoming a full-scale nation, should they not be sticking to the idea of their dominant position in Daghestan, and drawing to them a dozen different ethnic entities, mostly of the so-called Ando-Didoic group.
	src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp /sympo/Proceed97/Arutiunov4.html (2354 words)

	Dagestan Needs More Than Boots
		The ensuing gunbattle between the Chechens and the local Kumyks raged all night.
		Kadyrov's reinforcements couldn't get through because the Kumyks had blocked the bridge across the river with a couple of cars loaded with gravel.
		One man was killed on each side, and the next morning Kadyrov's boys turned around and went back to Chechnya.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2005/07/21/007.html (603 words)

	Opinion - The Kremlin Is Too Fond of The Green Stuff - The St. Petersburg Times. General news from St.Petersburg and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The mayor of Makhachkala alone has survived 15 assassination attempts, and locals say that all 15 were payback.
		Dagestan is a multi-ethnic republic where Kumyks, Lezgin and especially the largest ethnic group, the Avars, aren't terribly happy with the favoritism shown by Magomedov to his fellow Dargins.
		The Kremlin summoned the leader of the Avar opposition, the mayor of Khasavyurt, to Moscow last summer and prodded him to hold a protest rally.
	archive.sptimes.ru /archive/times/1032/opinion/o_14520.htm (635 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Crescent and Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		And since their numbers are growing four times as fast as the Soviet population as a whole, Soviet Muslims are projected to outnumber Russians in 30 years.
		They are mainly Turkic peoples: Azaris, Balkars, Bashkirs, Karachays, Karakalpaks, Kazaks, Kirgiz, Kumyks, Tatars, Turkmen, and Uzbeks.
		Along with Farsi-speaking Tajiks, they occupy the vast crescent of land stretching from Europe to China along the southern rim of the USSR.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199001/crescent.and.star.htm (1025 words)

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