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Topic: Kun readings

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	Kanji. Who is Kanji? What is Kanji? Where is Kanji? Definition of Kanji. Meaning of Kanji.
		Kanji have two categories pronunciations, referred to as "readings": on readings (音読み or onyomi) and kun readings (訓読み or kunyomi).
		On readings are derived from the original Chinese pronunciations of the character, and are typically used when a kanji is part of a compound.
		Kun readings are typically used when kanji are used on their own, either as complete nouns or as adjective and verb stems.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Kanji (471 words)

	Kanji - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Go-on (吳音; literally Wu sound) readings derive from the pronunciation the Wu region (in the vicinity of modern Shanghai), during the 5th and 6th centuries.
		Kan-on (漢音; literally Han sound) readings derive from the pronunciation during the Tang Dynasty in the 7th to 9th centuries, primarily from the standard speech of the capital, Chang'an.
		The kun'yomi (訓読み) of a kanji (also called its kun reading, Japanese reading, or somewhat misleadingly its native reading) is a reading based on the pronunciation of a native Japanese word, or yamatokotoba, that closely approximated the meaning of the Chinese character when it was introduced.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kanji (3626 words)

	Kanji kentei - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The test examines ability to read and write kanji, to understand their meanings and use them correctly in sentences, and to identify correct stroke order.
		Tests the 440 kanji learned up to the third grade of elementary school, including on readings and kun readings, stroke order, writing ability, ability to use in sentences, and the names of radicals.
		Tests the 1006 kanji learned up to the sixth grade of elementary school (the kyoiku kanji), including on readings and kun readings, stroke order, writing ability, ability to use in sentences, and the names of radicals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kanji_kentei (739 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Kanji (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These pronunciations, or readings, are typically categorized as either on'yomi or kun'yomi (often abbreviated on and kun).
		Again, there can be multiple kun readings for the same kanji, and some kanji have no kun'yomi at all.
		Some kanji also have lesser-known readings called nanori, which are mostly used for people's names (often given names), and are generally closely related to the kun'yomi.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Kanji (3591 words)

	Outline of the Japanese Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Originally, the kun reading was a kind of explanation assigned to a character that was used to interpret its meaning in a Chinese text.
		For each reading, a character may function as an independent word (any free word that can be used on its own) or as a word element (bound form used only in combinations).
		Each character may have several on and kun readings, and each reading may have several derived words associated with it, which in turn have many meanings; or the character may function as a word element with one or more meanings.
	www.kanji.org /kanji/japanese/writing/outline.htm (4704 words)

	Kanji Consonant Networks and Word Families. History of kanji, ON and KUN readings of Japanese kanji, particular ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		KUN (P) readings are native Japanese terms that were assigned to kanji of like meanings.
		GO readings take their name from the à Wu (Japanese: S) Kingdom (C.E. The Wu Kingdom was one of the trio of entities that comprise the Three Kingdoms Period (C.E. 220-280) of Chinese history, the others being the é° Wei (220-265) and the å Shu (221-263) Kingdoms.
		The KAN readings are based on the language spoken in the capital of the Sui and the Tang, Changan (’·À: present-day Xian [¼À] in Shaanxi [è¼] Province).
	www.kotoba-project.com /moreonkanji.html (3410 words)

	Kanji (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Over time, asystem of reading or understanding Chinese texts in Japanese developed; a system of special marks was employed which allowedspeakers of Japanese to read the Chinese characters in accordance with the rules of Japanese grammar.
		On readings are derived from the original Chinese pronunciations of the character, and are typically used when a kanjiis part of a compound.
		Kun readings are uniquely Japanese readings mostly used to read single kanji, either as completenouns or as adjective and verb stems.
	www.therfcc.org /kanji-49650.html (1079 words)

	Kanji - InformationBlast
		Over time, a system of reading or understanding Chinese texts in Japanese developed; a system of special marks was employed which allowed speakers of Japanese to read the Chinese characters in accordance with the rules of Japanese grammar.
		Unlike the kana, which are phonetic syllables with no intrinsic meaning, kanji are logographs (also called logograms, pictograms, pictographs or glyphs), meaning "symbols used to represent entire words," or ideograms which represent abstract concepts, such as "up" or "down".
		Kun readings are uniquely Japanese readings mostly used to read single kanji, either as complete nouns or as adjective and verb stems.
	www.informationblast.com /Kanji.html (844 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Kanji kentei
		Tests the kanji learned through high school: requires the ability to read and write all of the 1945 daily use kanji (jōyō kanji), and knowledge of the 284 kanji used in names (jinmeiyō kanji), 人名用漢字)
		Tests the ability to read and write approximately 3000 kanji, with their on readings and kun readings and stroke order
		Tests the ability to read and write approximately 6000 kanji, with their on readings and kun readings and stroke order
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Kanji_kentei (884 words)

	The Kanji SITE - A guide for students of Japanese Kanji
		ways of being pronounced: "on" readings and "kun" readings.
		The "on" readings are based loosely on the original Chinese pronunciation of the kanji, and are typically used when a kanji is part of a compound, i.e.
		The "kun" reading is used when kanji are used on their own, either as complete nouns in their own right or as adjective and verb stems.
	www.kanjisite.com /html/wak/wak5.html (84 words)

	Kanji Aptitude Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Knowledge of the On-Kun readings, as well as the function of these readings in sentences, for the 826 Kanji taught through the 5th Grade.
		Knowledge of the On-Kun readings, as well as the function of these readings within sentences, for the 640 Kanji taught through the 4th Grade.
		Knowledge of the On-Kun readings for 80 Kanji taught in Japanese elementary school, as well as an ability to correctly use Hiragana and Katakana.
	www.soas.ac.uk /languagecentre/japanese/kanjiapt.html (453 words)

	Kanji: Chinese Characters
		Kun is a Sino-Japanese word for "meaning" or "semantic gloss": The Japanese reading too for "ten" is none other than the Japanese native word for "ten," so that it is akin to providing a gloss on a Sino-Japanese word.
		To get the flavor of the differences between Kun and On, imagine that English speakers were to adopt the Chinese character for "ten" and pronounce it either as ten using an English reading or as shi using a Chinese reading.
		On/Chinese readings and the sounds now used in Chinese resemble each other very little for some characters, as between juu and shi ('ten'), and are very similar for some other characters, as between san and shan ('mountain').
	www.mmtaylor.net /Literacy_Book/DOCS/18.html (661 words)

	J-List side blog: Japanese language overview: Kanji
		As a general rule, kanji have two pronunciations, the "on" (rhymes with bone) or Chinese reading, and the "kun" (rhymes with spoon) or Japanese reading.
		When both the kun and the on readings are given, they're often given in hiragana and katakana, respectively, so you can tell which is which.
		Unfortunately, the use of the "two" readings (actually, some words have many more, but in general there are two) is a system riddled with many exceptions.
	www.peterpayne.net /2003/03/japanese-language-overview-kanji.html (997 words)

	The Price of Tradition
		The result of investigation seems to show that the vocabulary and the reading capacity of an ordinary Japanese youth at the age of fifteen is about on a level with the average German child of eight.
		Because the kun readings of kanji are more or less just Japanese morphemes, and since learning how to "spell" Japanese entails memorizing kun readings, Suzuki thinks that Sino-Japanese compounds are more "transparent" than English compounds that make use of Latin and Greek roots.
		Reading theorists are perhaps best represented by Sakamoto and Makita, whose 1973 survey article is a classic in the genre of supposedly scientific defenses of kanji.
	www.pinyin.info /readings/texts/japanese_language.html (12492 words)

	Reading Japanese
		The readings are folktales (mukashi banashi) and short essays on historical topics.
		There is a reference book which provides the kun and on readings, definitions, and example compounds for all 1947 joyo kanji, and two workbooks which provide example sentences and act as graduated readers.
		It provides mnemonic devices for learning all 1,945 standard kanji, the on and kun readings for them (including different ways they are used as verbs), it provides etymologies for the kanji, and it discusses in many cases how and when a Japanese character has departed from its Chinese predecessor.
	ww2.lafayette.edu /~barclayp/readjapn.html (1625 words)

	RFFC: Names in Kanji (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It's just one of those things; a character may have readings that are only ever used in names, and which aren't listed in the dictionaries.
		On-readings (the imported Chinese readings) are given in uppercase.
		Kun-readings (the native Japanese readings) are given in italicised lowercase, with additional kana parenthesised.
	www.rffc.org /kanji-names.htm (1194 words)

	Origin of the Term Reiki
		Later the kanji were assigned the native Japanese sounds (known as kun readings).Two phonetic syllabaries known as hiragana and katakana to filled in the gaps and the sequence of writing the kanji was changed to more closely follow Japanese grammar.
		The ON reading is KI or KE and the kun reading is iki.
		The ON reading is REI or RYO and the kun reading is tama.
	www.threshold.ca /reiki/Origin-of-the-Term-Reiki.html (1092 words)

	Kunyomi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kunyomi (訓読み) is the reading of a word that originates from Japanese prior to the introduction of Kanji characters (and their Chinese readings) from China.
		For instance the word east (東) is pronounced "tou" in onyomi (the Chinese reading).
		The Kunyomi reading system is characterized by its balanced consonant-vowel structure (similar to that of Spanish).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/kunyomi (186 words)

	Japan Forum - ON and KUN
		If someone could explain to me what ON and KUN readings are and if it is necessary to learn both, than I would appreciate it.
		The kanji for car which has the kun reading of 'kuruma' also has the on reading of 'sha'.
		so I understand that the On reading is used when the kanji is a compound (used with another kanji or kana to form a word) and that the Kun reading is when the kanji is used alone.
	www.jref.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-7320.html (804 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the case of readings then the user is given the opportunity to set the maximum field width.
		This may cause the reading to be truncated.
		In the famous last words of a general whose name I cannot remember "Nonsense man! They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist..." The Romaji versions of the ON and kun yomi are produced using a rather simple algorithm, and cannot be entirely relied upon, but may prove useful.
	ftp.sedl.org /pub/mirrors/nihongo/KDCOLDOC.TXT (485 words)

	Japan Forum - Kanji... When to read Kun, when to read On...
		Words with multiple kanji (not separated by kana) are read with On readings, except when they aren't.
		Of course there are lots of exceptions to the rule, such as words like "oosouji" (spring cleaning) where the "oo" is kun reading and the "souji" is on reading, and of course names, which totally defy the aforementioned rules of thumb.
		Non-suru verbs and i-adjectives are read with Kun readings, except when they aren't.
	www.jref.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-11013.html (489 words)

	Kanji - TheBestLinks.com - Kunyomi, Asia, Buddhism, Computer, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Over time, a system known as kanbun (漢文) emerged: this was essentially Chinese text with diacritical marks to allow Japanese speakers to read it in accordance with the rules of Japanese grammar.
		Eventually a writing system called manyogana (used in the ancient poetry anthology Manyoshu) evolved that used a limited set of kanji for their phonetic value alone, not for their semantic value, which was necessary for writing Japanese poetry.
		The ideographic iteration mark (々) is used to indicate a plural meaning; it is pronounced as though the kanji were written twice in a row.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Kunyomi.html (2265 words)

	Japanese Writing Systems
		ON readings are derived from Chinese pronounciations taken from the time the character was borrowed (often more than a thousand years ago) and are now a part of the Japanese language.
		KUN readings come from Japanese roots, or Japanese adaptations from non-Chinese languages--and not from the Chinese pronounciation.
		My daughter, Karen, who is in Japan, tells me that she has been told that these variant name readings may be linked to numerological features of kanji (involving stroke numbers) which may be chosen for names (more on this when I know more--or think I do!).
	www.duluth.umn.edu /~jbelote/japanwritingpart3.html (3827 words)

	Java Kanji Flashcards 500
		You can search the cards for kanji based upon the English meaning, on reading, or kun reading.
		On readings for kanji are based upon Chinese sounds.
		The kun readings for kanji are based upon Japanese words.
	www.nuthatch.com /kanjicards/help.html (1363 words)

	Japanese Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The on reading is fairly easy to grasp: it's used for that large segment of the Japanese vocabulary that was originally borrowed from Chinese.
		1) Phonetic element is useless: Because the kun reading is native Japanese, the phonetic element of the character is useless for guessing the pronunciation.
		Once the principle of on readings and kun readings is understood, the system falls into place and it is much easier to decide which reading is required.
	www.cjvlang.com /Writing/writsys/writjpn.html (3605 words)

	Sorting It All Out : Why is there no pronunciation-based sort for Japanese? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are three different types of pronunications, called readings (on, kun, and nanori) and individual Kanji can have one, two, or all three of these (and in most cases at least the first two).
		The third reading type (nanori) is for name and there is in most cases no way to know what it is without being told (this is in fact how phonebooks work -- someone giving the pronunciation in Kana to the phone company or list creator).
		I have read that in some cases it is possible to reconvert a Kanji string after mistakenly converting an undesired Kanji string with the same pronunciation.
	blogs.msdn.com /michkap/archive/2004/12/27/332618.aspx (1412 words)

	Using Dokusha as a Kanji dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Note that on (Chinese) readings are shown in katakana, while kun (Japanese) readings are shown in hiragana.
		Note that a small dot in the middle of a reading indicates okurigana (kana appended after the Kanji character in writing; for example, the inflected part of verbs and adjectives).
		A horizontal stroke before a reading indicates that the reading is used as a suffix.
	www.geocities.com /andrew_brault/dokusha/manual/kanji.html (1226 words)

	About Kanji
		In modern times, when Kanji are used in a word of native Japanese origin, the pronunciation of that character is called a Kun-yomi "reading", and is usually followed by an inflectional stem written with Hiragana script known as the Okurigana (or kana which follow).
		Attempts to pronounce the Chinese reading, or On-yomi reading, also entered into the Japanese linguistic system, along with the Chinese meaning.
		A little contemplation of this situation should shed some insight as to the reason why Kanji alone usually have Kun-yomi readings, and Kanji in compounds usually have On-yomi readings.
	www.joyo96.org /Kanji.html (792 words)

	Nihongo Study Dictionaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On and Kun readings are given as are kanji reference numbers, definitions, usage notes, special readings, name readings etc.
		If you really want to learn to read Japanese, once you have mastered the basics and can read hiragana then you ought to consider using one of these dictionaries instead of relying on English definitions and explanations of everything.
		This dictionary uses FURIGANA (hiragana readings for kanji) so that you can easily look up any word you do not understand to find the kanji character reading and a short definition of the word (which also makes excellent reading-comprehension practice).
	www.hirohurl.net /nihongo.html (1451 words)

	On and Kun Readings
		Below is a listing of readings of the kanji, presented in alphabetical order.
		On readings are the Sino-Japanese readings for Kanji, and they are presented in normal characters.
		Kun readings are the pure Japanese readings for Kanji, and they are presented in italics.
	webpages.acs.ttu.edu /jzarate/kun.htm (65 words)

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