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Topic: Kuna Yala

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	Kuna Yala
		The Autonomous Territory of Kuna Yala is found in the western part of the Caribbean coast of Panama.
		The Autonomous Territory of Kuna Yala was recognized by Panama´s Law 16 of 1953.
		With the Law 16 of 1953, the Panamanian government defined the internal autonomy based on a document negotiated with the Kunas since 1945; with Law 20 in 1957 the Territory was designated an Indigenous Reserve, known today as Kuna Yala or Territory of the Kunas.
	deleonkantule.tripod.com /kunayala.htm (771 words)

	San Blas Archipelago, The Kunas call it Kuna Yala
		Kuna Yala or San Blas is a relatively narrow strip of land that extends about one third of the northern Atlantic coast of Panama.
		The Autonomous Territory of Kuna Yala was recognized by Panama's Law 16 of 1953.
		The Kuna General Congress is the highest political authority of Kuna Yala.
	www.panama-travel-bureau.com /San-blas.html (491 words)

	{ The Kuna dossier of Cultures del Món }
		Kuna semi-autonomy meant nothing to the Panamanian state, since the "Indians" had to be incorporated into the national society.
		The traditional Kuna institutions were not in a position to deal with these new agents, as they did not have access to the new technologies or to the codes that allow communication to be established.
		Young Kuna university students, who were in a position to talk and to pass on their demands to the international scene, saw this path as an alternative to limited national funding.
	www.unescocat.org /cultmon/en/dossiers/kuna3.html (1460 words)

	Kuna Yala, Panama
		Kuna territory also encompasses a mountainous strip of mostly virgin forest on the mainland, along the Caribbean slope of the Darién.
		The chance to meet the Kuna, who have one of the most vibrant indigenous cultures in Latin America, is reason enough to visit the San Blas Islands.
		The Uninhabited Cays: The Cayos Hol-andéses, Cayos Limónes, and Cayos Coco Bandero are among the archipelago’s remote and stunning string of sparsely inhabited islands, with clear water and spectacular coral.
	www.moon.com /planner/panama/regions/kunayala.html (504 words)

	TED Case Study Template
		Nevertheless, the Kuna’s in Panama is one group that has been relatively successful in maintaining a balance between western influences and their traditional culture by limiting and regulating tourism within their own autonomous territory.
		Kuna political life is dominated by a congress conducted by a chief and the interpreter.
		The Kuna are well aware of the dangers of uncontrolled tourism as they witness this phenomenon themselves when foreign hotels were allowed to own operations within the Kuna jurisdiction in the past.
	www.american.edu /ted/kuna.htm (3362 words)

	san blas kuna yala panama country of panama kuna indians molas
		The comarca of Kuna Yala(San Blas) stretching from the Gulf of Kuna Yala eastward to the Colombian border, and is comprised of over 360 distinct islands and a relatively thin stretch of mainland that runs along the Atlantic coast.
		Formerly of Colombia, the Kunas have inhabited this region of Panama for hundreds of years, and were, in fact, there to greet the first European explorers to discover the Americas in the early 1500's.
		While Kuna history recognizes 4 distinct revolutions, it was the fourth, celebrated in February, 1925, that lead to the creation of the current Comarca.
	www.worldheadquarters.com /panama/destinations/san_blas/index.html (1233 words)

	Defending Kuna Yala
		Kuna Yala is framed by the Continental Divide of the Serranía de San Blas to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the North, and the Kuna control the entire watershed.
		Not only were the Kuna in Panama City taking an interest in environmental matters, concern in the communities of Kuna Yala over the disappearance of sea turtles and lobsters and the decline in fish populations and the degradation of coral reefs was now being cast for the first time in the language of Western science.
		Kuna Yala has been a "decentralized" territorial unit since the 1930s and a Comarca, which combines a defined territory with an autonomous political government, since 1953 when Law 16 was ratified by the Panamanian National Assembly.
	www.worldwildlife.org /bsp/publications/aam/panama/panama.html (12290 words)

	Making Marine Resource Use in Kuna Yala Sustainable
		In the case of Kuna Yala, today’s youth see degraded coral reefs, as if they were natural and are unaware that only one or two generations ago the same reefs were healthy, well developed and teaming with life.
		Kuna Yala is a semi-autonomous indigenous territory in the North of Panama, encompassing 200 km of Caribbean coastline.
		Marine ecosystems of Kuna Yala are considered to be among the most pristine in the Caribbean, harboring a number of particularly complex and biologically diverse coral reefs (Guzman et al.
	www.lighthouse-foundation.org /index.php?id=121&L=1 (1026 words)

	The Kuna Indians
		The Kuna Indians inhabit the 'Comarca de San Blas or, Kuna Yala'.
		This is an autonomous region that comprises the Archipelago de San Blas and a thin strip of the coast of eastern Panama, 226 km long, from Colon in the west to Colombia in the east.
		The Kuna Indians have governed the 2360km2 region since the 1920's, although its evolution was not without problems and even periods of violence.
	www.ms-starship.com /sciencenew/kuna_indians.htm (1411 words)

	Kuna Yala or Dulenega
		The indigenous Kuna or Dule people are the most widely known of the Panamanian indigenous groups, but especially in the sense that when a dule or kuna says that they are going to Kuna Yala, they say "An Duleneg(se) an nae" - "I'm going to Dulenega".
		The Dule or Kuna people collectively own the Kuna Yala region which is in the north-east of Panama, comprising approximately 5,500 sq.km.
		It stretches from the south-east to the north-east, from the Colombian border and the edge of the Darién National Park to the Gulf of San Blas.
	dulenega.nativeweb.org /dulenega-en.html (855 words)

	Kuna Yala o Dulenega
		Los indígenas kunas o dules son los más conocidos dentro y fuera del contexto panameño, como KUNAS; pero da la particularidad que cuando un dule o kuna dice que va ha Kuna Yala, siempre dice, "An Duleneg(se) an nae" - Voy a Dulenega.
		Kuna: es otra de las denominaciones que hace el dule de si mismo, pero ese termino en su acepcion alude a: llanura, superficie, de alli que se adopte ese termino, como originario de lo primario o primera capa de la tierra, de las grandes llanuras y habitat del hombre (dule) que es la superficie terrestre.
		Yala en cambio su traduccion literal es: montana, colina, valle.
	dulenega.nativeweb.org /dulenega.html (1017 words)

	Panama's Kuna and the Perils of Modernity - National Zoo\| FONZ
		“It is the Kuna who continue to steal eggs from the dwindling numbers of turtles intent on reproducing; it is the Kuna who loot the coral reefs with their spear guns and turn them into submarine deserts; it is the Kuna who are neglecting their responsibilities,” he says.
		No one who is not Kuna may own land or resources in Kuna Yala.” The Kuna set aside nearly 400 square miles of virgin rainforest and coral reefs in adjacent waters for management and strict supervision, becoming the first indigenous group in Latin America to manage a protected area.
		The Kuna were supposed to manage the project, using their traditional knowledge of the ecology to ensure the reserve was functioning.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Publications/ZooGoer/2001/6/panamaskuna.cfm (3242 words)

	A trip to Ukupseni in Kuna Yala
		We slept in comfy hammocks in a thatched hut in the populated island of Playon Chico (Ukupseni).
		The kuna have lots of traditions which were apparent at every corner of our three day tour.
		Marina told me she sailed in one of these all down the coast when she was young and vomited from the roof onto a Kuna's head when the seas rose up.
	www.aaronojo.com /foto/Sanblas2006/sanblas.htm (825 words)

	Yak's Corner
		Kuna Yala includes about 300 Caribbean islands as well as the long strip of rainforest on the neighboring mainland.
		From the shore, Kuna Yala stretches uphill to the crest of the San Blas and Darien mountains, about 15 miles inland.
		But it can be dangerous at night, which is why the Kuna say most of their ancestors moved to the islands beginning in the mid-19th Century.
	www.yakscorner.com /stories/people_kuna.htm (888 words)

	Cruising World - Characters In Kuna Yala
		Kuna women are proud of their thin legs, and accentuate them by wearing anklets made of hundreds of beads.
		Kuna Yala is a different universe than official Panama, and everyone, especially the cruisers and the Kuna, seem compelled to keep it that way.
		Kuna women, in the dramatic native costumes and beads they wear every day, are extremely photogenic.
	www.cruisingworld.com /article.jsp?ID=201028&typeID=391&catID=553 (3215 words)

	Cultural Survival
		The Kuna General Congress' (CGK) Statute on Tourism in Kuna Yala is the latest determined effort by the Kuna to define their own terms for interaction with outsiders and gain a measure of control over the burgeoning tourist industry.
		The Kuna gained their comarca in 1938, and the Panamanian constitution of 1945 vested most decision-making powers therein to the Kuna General Congress (CGK), a body made up of democratic councils attended by delegates from all Kurta communities, who in turn elect an executive body of three leaders.
		Tourism in Kuna Yala has grown dramatically since the 1970s, and until recently was most often under the control of ladino (non-Indian) Panamanians, for whom the Kuna usually worked as menial employees.
	www.cs.org /publications/CSQ/csq-article.cfm?id=1335 (1736 words)

	Kuna Yala Systems for prior-informed consent at the community-level and their development and accommodation under ...
		For example, when a Kuna community needs to develop a new road they will inform, consult and make a decision with all the members of the community as to whether this project is feasible for the well-being of their members including the spiritual well being of their land.
		Lopez a Kuna lawyer states that Kuna people have developed a historical mechanism to create internal norms and a set of requirements to establish prior inform consent as a main element to deal with people who are not Kuna and who are interested in working with Kuna.
		The decisions taken in the Kuna General Congress are official agreements and resolutions, and must be accepted by all of the communities and also, the governmental authorities that exist in the Comarca of Kuna Yala.
	www.treatycouncil.org /new_page_5211421241.htm (2620 words)

	Molas: reverse applique textiles of the Kuna Indian - San Blas Islands (Kuna Yala) Panama
		The Kuna Indians live in Kuna Yala, known commonly in the dominant culture as the San Blas Islands, an archipelago of more than 300 islands on Panama’s north coast.
		Although mola is the Kuna word for blouse, the word most often refers to the front and back panels of the traditional blouses worn by Kuna women.
		Crossroads Trade’s annual purchases in Kuna Yala make a huge difference to the lives of the mola makers and their communities.
	www.crossroadstrade.com /molas.htm (291 words)

	Kunas in Panama
		The best-preserved of all of the indigenous cultures of the Americas, the Kuna Indians are so determined to protect their heritage and the environment.
		Kuna Indians of Panama - Kuna Indians of Panama -
		The Kuna Indians - The Kuna Indians - The Kuna Indians are a strongly-knit tribal society living on a chain of islands called San Blas Archipelago, on the Atlantic side of the Republic of Panama...
	www.escapeartist.com /panama/kuna.html (451 words)

	Rainbow Caravan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the ancient history of the Kuna's, Ibeorgun is one of the greatest teachers.
		For the Kuna language "Dule" is also pronounced "Tule", the "d" and the "t" are spoken both ways.
		Kuna Yala, the land of Ibeorgun, where it is easy to remember the teachings of the great grandparents, where in spite of all the garbage that we have given them, the Kuna people has heroically resisted and kept alive the fire of their culture and cosmogony, from the beginning of times.
	www.tortuga.com /caravan/kuna/4.html (737 words)

	The Molas of Kuna Yala
		The Kuna are famous for their molas, a colorful textile art form made with the techniques of applique and reverse applique.
		The swastika, an ancient symbol of the Kuna people which was adopted into the Kuna Yala flag in 1925, is often worked into designs; however, it is often modified to remove associations with Nazism, as can be seen in the example at the top of the page.
		Most women in Kuna Yala are mola artists, with the income they earn reinforcing their important position in Kuna society; however, a few men become mola makers, and some of these are very highly regarded for their work.
	www.panama-travel-bureau.com /molas.html (1091 words)

	The Kuna Indians - San Blas Sailing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kuna population is evaluated at 500 to 600.000 souls.
		The Kuna woman wears the traditional blouse with short and baggy sleeves, cut in a very colored printed tissue, and into which, in front and behind, the extraordinary molas are integrated.
		From 1514, it has been reported that Kuna women bring a particular attention to their appearance: clothes, body paintings, jewelry, etcThe decorations henceforth the blouses are first noted in mid-18th century maybe by the influence of the French “Huguenots” colons.
	www.sanblassailing.com /kuna.php (1714 words)

	The Kuna Kingdom/Planeta.com
		The Kuna Yala is a Caribbean landscape of hundreds of tiny islands hugging close to a verdant coastal forest that enshrouds the misty mountains known as the San Blas.
		The Kuna women travel quite independently, but unlike the men, they continue to dress traditionally in patchwork cloth blouses known as molas, bright red handkerchiefs on their heads, gold rings in their noses, and golden beads wrapped around their legs and arms forming hypnotic patterns.
		Zobeida was quite well-to-do compared with other Kuna women, and she seemed to enjoy flaunting her prosperity as she escorted me from island to island, wearing elaborate blouses, and paying neighbors to make her molas.
	www.planeta.com /planeta/98/0898journey.html (2972 words)

	The Art Of BEING Kuna (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kuna Indians are indigenous to Panama and may well be the remaining vestige of the Carib strain that once inhabited the north coasts of South America and parts of the Caribbean.
		The major portion of the Kuna reside in 52 island and 10 mainland communities along the Caribbean coast of Panama.
		The Kuna are a matriarchal society in which the line of inheritance passes through the women.
	www.angelfire.com /tx/CZAngelsSpace/KunaYala.html (370 words)

	Kuna Yala Mola Gallery \| Panama
		The Kuna women of Panamá; are known for their colorful and intricately sewn mola blouses.
		The mola panels of the blouses are hand sewn using several layers of colored fabric.
		These molas have been part of Kuna blouses and may show slight signs of wear typical of authentic molas.
	www.panart.com /mola_gallery.htm (76 words)

	Cruising World - Onward, To Kuna Yala!
		These are used by Kuna who come to the island from their settlements for two or three months at a time to collect coconuts.
		However, the Kunas, who rule themselves and remain culturally and politically apart from mainland Panama, have always called it Kuna Yala, the Kuna Nation.
		Tiny palm-frond Kuna huts were tucked into the trees here and there on a couple of the islands, but most of the cays that we passed seemed uninhabited.
	www.cruisingworld.com /article.jsp?ID=200953&typeID=391&catID=553 (2308 words)

	Travel Essentials (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To the west is the entrance to the Panama Canal, to the east the border with Columbia.
		It is home to the indigenous Kuna Indians who have governed the region known as the Kuna Yala archipelago since declaring their independence from Panama on February 25th, 1925.
		The Kuna know there is a market for photographs of them in their colorful traditional dress and will often charge a small picture fee.
	www.travelessentials.com /Kuna_Yala_Panama.html (1744 words)

	Kuna Indians
		Most of the 61,707 Kuna (according to the 2000 census) live in the San Blas Island region, which the Kuna themselves call Kuna Yala (Kuna Land).
		The Kuna are famous for the colorful dress of the women, which includes the "mola"--a reverse appliqué made using various layers of colorful fabric stitched to reveal the various colors (see photo to left).
		Our primary ministry with the Kuna is to provide encouragement to the three congregations located on the islands of Nargana, Rio Tigre and Playon Chico--working more closely with the pastors of these churches.
	www.boyds.org /kuna.htm (239 words)

	The Institute for Research on Women and Gender
		Kuna Yala is the name for the group of islands located in the Caribbean Sea stretching from Panamá; to Colombia.
		Diverse aspects of Kuna culture are visually realized to represent the symbolic and aesthetic practices of oral literature and tradition, ritual, and everyday life.
		In 1997, she visited for the first time the islands of Kuna Yala, where many of the Kuna women, makers of the molas, live and work.
	www.umich.edu /~irwg/events/exhibits/molas.html (452 words)

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