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Topic: Kung Bushman language

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	!Kung
		The !Kung live in the Kalahari Desert of northwest Botswana, the Cuando-Cubanga Province in southeast Angola and in northeast Namibia.
		The !Kung are descendants of the original inhabitants of Angola.
		Language: The languages of the !Kung are also referred to as !Kung.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/!kung.htm (1459 words)

	!Kung language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		!Kung or !’O!Kung is a group of northern dialects of the Ju dialect continuum, which is generally classified as part of the Khoisan language family.
		The Herero and Nama languages are becoming more commonly spoken among the Kung-ekoka, and the hunter-gatherer way of life that is typical of the Khoisan-speaking peoples is being eroded by Bantu and Khoi farming settlements.
		Linguistically, !Kung is generally termed isolating; what this means is that words' meanings are changed by the addition of other, separate words, rather than by the addition of affixes or the changing of word structure.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Kung (572 words)

	!Kung language at AllExperts
		!Kung or !'O!Kung is a group of northern dialects of the Ju dialect continuum, which is generally classified as part of the Khoisan language family.
		The Herero and Nama languages are becoming more commonly spoken among the Kung-ekoka, and the hunter-gatherer way of life that is typical of the Khoisan-speaking peoples is being eroded by Bantu and Khoi farming settlements.
		Linguistically, !Kung is generally termed isolating; what this means is that words' meanings are changed by the addition of other, separate words, rather than by the addition of affixes or the changing of word structure.
	en.allexperts.com /e/0/!kung_language.htm (546 words)

	Khoisan - Khoesaan
		Bushman grammar: a grammatical sketch of the language of the /Xam-ka-!k'e [part 1].
		An outline of the phonetics of the language of the Chû: Bushmen of north-west Kalahari.
		A grammar and vocabulary of the Namaqua-Hottentot language.
	www.african.gu.se /khsrefs.html (3220 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Ubykh language
		It has since been eclipsed by the !Kung Bushman language, which is now known to exceed Ubykh by 34 consonants.
		Ubykh may be related to Hattic, a language spoken in Anatolia before 2000 BC and written in a cuneiform script.
		The phonetic vowels are the standard five found in many of the world's languages, such as Georgian, and the same five vowels with increased phonetic length.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Ubykh_language (3152 words)

	Languages of Botswana
		The relationship between the languages is treated, where they are to be found within the Bantu or the Khoisan language families.
		This includes issues like people's attitudes towards these languages, how the languages are used in public life (school, media, etc.) and to what extent they can be expected to survive the next two or three generations.
		Languages and language use among students at the University of Botswana.
	www.african.gu.se /research/botswana.html (341 words)

	AFRICAN FIRST PEOPLES: THE BUSHWO/MEN
		The primary Bushman linguistic divisions are referred to as the Northern, Central and Southern Groups.
		It is a broad classification to identify the three main and distinctive language forms.
		This is not intended as an essay on Languages, but rather a simple illustration of the range and diversity to be found amongst the great Khoisan family.
	www.khoisanpeoples.org /peoples/khoi-san-soc-tribal.htm (726 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for bushman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bushman The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English...
		Bush·man / ˈboŏ sh mən / • n.
		Bushman N!xau Dies; Starred in 1980 Movie 'Gods Must Be Crazy'
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=bushman&StartAt=1 (584 words)

	1421, The year China discovered the world - Page 3 - Kung Fu Magazine Forums
		Their language has clicks and whistles which was thought to be a more primitive language.
		The Bushman tribe originally came from the North of Africa, migrated and settled down in the South at the Kalahari dessert Their language is as you said, but through the last few hundred years, pretty much most of them has been “mixed” with various other races.
		Many African languages has these click sounds, and Athropology scholars would tell you that these tribes are all related in some way (Not only Bushman, also other African tribes).
	ezine.kungfumagazine.com /forum/showthread.php?p=574420 (1480 words)

	Languages of the World quiz -- free game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Fuegian language of Argentina has a word, 'mamihlatanapai', which is believed to be the most succinct word in any language known to date.
		Written languages are outnumbered by spoken languages nearly ten to one, but they are still important.
		The Navajo language is thought by many to be one of the most complex languages to learn to speak fluently.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=49060&origin= (608 words)

	Bushmen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		While they have no collective name for themselves in any of their languages, all of which incorporate click consonants, they do identify themselves by group with such names as Ju/’hoansi and !Kung (the punctuation characters representing different clicks).
		This term means outsider in the Khoikhoi language and was derogatory; anthropologist Henry Harpending states that "in the Kalahari, 'San' has all the baggage that the word nigger has in the United States."
		One of the primary characters in Tad Williams's Otherland series is a bushman named !Xabbu.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Bushmen (1393 words)

	The Lessons Ancient People Have For Us
		The exclamation point in their name !Kung represents a sound in their language which we don’t have in English: it’s a popping noise made in the mouth by forming a vacuum between the tongue and the top of the mouth and then pulling the tongue down quickly.
		There are three other sounds in their language for which we have no letters, all of them clicks or pops, made by similarly clicking the tongue against the front of the mouth or the sides of the mouth and teeth.
		In fact, in San Bushman culture, to eat in front of another person who is without food is an immoral act, every bit as horrific as in our culture if a person were to walk out onto a busy city sidewalk, pull down their pants, and defecate.
	www.thomhartmann.com /ancient.shtml (1948 words)

	Marjorie Shostak, a feminist among the bush people, died on October 6th, aged 51. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		She noted that the Kung women were providers of most of the food, looked after their children and were a comfort to their husbands.
		A Kung woman who happened to be proficient as a hunter was thought of as eccentric.
		Back in the 1980's it had been apparent that change was on the way: the Kung's nomadic ways were ending, excursions to the bush were less frequent, huts were being built to last Today, almost no bush people live solely by hunting and foraging.
	dieoff.org /page107.htm (866 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Khoisan
		Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks.
		A specialist in the Bantu languages who also studied Khoisan and other African language families, he was one of the first to treat African languages in...
		Miscast: the place of the museum in negotiating the Bushman past and present.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Khoisan (706 words)

	!Kung Bushman People of Southern Africa -- A Cultural Profile
		The people in the !Kung group speak the following languages (using the name forms used by Summer Institute of Linguistics): Kung-Ekoka, Akhoe (speech of the Aukwe, orignally thought to be a separate language, now considered a dialect of Kung-Ekoka), Kung-Gobabis, Kung-Tsumkwe and Oung.
		Comments: Second languages vary with the area or country of each group.
		The people groups and their languages are called by varying names in each locality and by different reporters.
	www.orvillejenkins.com /profiles/kung.html (1563 words)

	Primate Mental Evolution
		Some of the fundamental distinctions between culture, language, and cognition may be made more clear and understandable by a consideration of their evolution in a hypothetical ancestor.
		Without language, great reliance had to be placed upon observational learning - an individual was dependent on its own experience or what it could deduce from the behavior of others.
		It was not unusual for a Kung Bushman, for example, to trek away from his family area to a westernized farm or township.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~bramblet/ant301/fifteen.html (5589 words)

	Search Results 'bushman' » Netscape.com
		Warren Mitchell Bushman was killed in action on October 11, 1951.
		RAND is Unreasonable and Discriminatory from Bob Bushman on 2001...
		With A White Bushman (In conversation with Jean-Marc Pottiez), 1986 1...
	www.netscape.com /search/16/?s=bushman&show=ws (442 words)

	Vasekela bushman Translation Service - English to Vasekela bushman Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		You probably don't speak Vasekela bushman yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and speak fluent Vasekela bushman perform our Vasekela bushman to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/bushman_translation.shtml (470 words)

	Meningar.com om kung. kung, Shaolin, Markatta mm. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chi Kung CHI KUNG website An Introduction to the timeless art of chi kung by writer and practitioner of oriental medicine Robert Parry Chi Kung is an exercise system from China that combines stillness, or gentle movement, with calm regular breat..
		The !Kung San !Kung San The Nyae Nyae !Kung are nomadic hunter-gatherers that live in the Kalahari Desert in northeastern Namibia...
		Chi kung is the art of developing vital energy particularly for health, vitality, mind expansion and spiritual cultivation...
	www.meningar.com /kung.html (1600 words)

	Dwight W. Read: Introduction to the special issue
		Kung san of Botswana and directed by Richard Lee and Irven DeVore (see, for example, Lee and DeVore 1976).
		Kung san, taking into account the sampling issues that arise from both the small size of the population (several hundred individuals) and lack of direct information on the age of individuals (calendrical age is not of concern to the !
		Kung san (see Howell 1979), though that pioneering research has had extensive impact through its detailed, demographic study of a small-scale, non-western society.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /2/3/10.html (1951 words)

	AFRICAN FIRST PEOPLES: THE BUSHWO/MEN
		The Khoisan languages comprise the smallest phylum of African languages.
		They are notable for the use of click consonants as phonemes, including the Kung-ekoka language, which has in excess of 50 click consonants and over 140 separate phonemes, and the !X�� language with its giant phoneme inventory and strident and pharyngealized sounds.
		The only other languages using clicks as phonemes are Nguni Bantu languages (a separate phylum) such as Xhosa and Zulu in South Africa, Sesotho (also spoken in South Africa and Lesotho), the South Cushitic Dahalo language, and an artificial ceremonial language called 'Damin', spoken by some Australian Aborigines.
	www.khoisanpeoples.org /indepth/khoi-san-language.htm (1233 words)

	!Kung Bushman People of Southern Africa -- A Cultural Profile
		The people in the !Kung group speak the following languages (using the name forms used by Summer Institute of Linguistics): Kung-Ekoka, Akhoe (speech of the Aukwe, orignally thought to be a separate language, now considered a dialect of Kung-Ekoka), Kung-Gobabis, Kung-Tsumkwe and Oung.
		Comments: Second languages vary with the area or country of each group.
		The people groups and their languages are called by varying names in each locality and by different reporters.
	orvillejenkins.com /profiles/kung.html (1563 words)

	Free-TermPapers.com - The !Kung Bushman
		According to Shostak, it is true that the !Kung people still have traditions that have been passed down for hundreds of generations such as their poison arrows, their trance ritual, their wide knowledge of over five hundred species of plants and animals—knowing which are edible, harmful, cosmetic, and medical.
		In this situation, the bushman would be treated as animals, and the very fact that people are considering this process proves that they are seen as animals already.
		Due to time, ignorance, and the bushman’s leaning towards our methods, they in no way can be compared to early people by means of their culture.
	www.free-termpapers.com /tp/4/alx71.shtml (956 words)

	Khoisan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Khoisan or Khoesaan languages compose the smallest phylum of African languages.
		The only widespread Khoisan language is Nama, with a quarter of a million speakers; Sandawe is second in number with about 40,000, some monolingual; and the Ju language cluster has some 30,000 speakers total.
		The Bantu languages adopted the use of clicks from neighboring Khoisan populations, often through intermarriage, while the Dahalo are thought to have retained clicks from an earlier Khoisan-like language when they shifted to speaking a Cushitic language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khoisan_languages (440 words)

	Religion in Africa: Specimens of Bushmen Folklore
		On the farms where a number of Bushman families lived white children often learned to speak their language, with all its clicks, and smacking of the lips, and guttural sounds, but this knowledge was of no use to anyone but themselves, and it died with them.
		The material was thus obtained to work with, but first the language of the primitive people had to be learned, a language containing so many clicks and other strange sounds that at first it seemed almost impossible for all adult European tongue to master it.
		The myths indicate a people in the condition of early childhood, but from the language it is evident that in the great chain of human life on this earth the pygmy savages represented a link much closer to the modern European end than to that of the first beings worthy of the name of men.
	www.spiritualbookstore.com /library_Religion_Africa_Specimens_Bushmen_Folklore.htm (5795 words)

	The San (Bushman)
		Unfortunately, due to the prevailing political situation and the insistence by Europeans that Africa is and was not capable of such works of art, this line of thought was not to become very popular.
		The Khoekhoe (Hottentot) and San (Bushman) languages are part of this family of languages.
		Members of this group of languages are, the Nama; (the best known Khoekhoe language spoken by about 160,000 people) the !Kung of the northern Kalahari, the G/wi and the !Ko of central kalahari and the now extinct /Xam.
	www.swaziweb.net /bushman (1529 words)

	Program Listing - Program 92 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The !Kung Bushman language is extremely strange to an English speaker.
		The !Kung language is only one subject Draper and fellow anthropologist Henry Harpending introduce host Leonard Rubinstein to.
		Draper and Harpending lived with the !Kung and their neighbors in southern Africa, the Herero people, for 15 months.
	www.rps.psu.edu /otl/programs/92.html (192 words)

	“One chief is enough” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During an extensive survey conducted in almost all villages in Tsumkwe District West, it was established that all community groups interviewed had a similar notion of the meaning of leadership: “The communities’ definition of a leader refers to his/her social attitudes and skills of informed decision-making, as well as the capacity to give advice.
		Most social anthropologists agree that in the past the Ju/’hoansi, whom they often referred to as !Kung, had leaders but “no centralized formal authority (decisions were reached by consensus) and they did not form corporate groups or organize for the purposes of war or the control of property.
		Two outreach workshops were organised for !Kung and Hai//om communities living in the Kavango and Ohangwena Regions of Namibia, “who had not had opportunities to exchange views and share experiences and thus had not been able to form community organisations”.
	www.kalaharipeoples.org /documents/EdinburghPaperfinalMay2000.htm (3881 words)

	OA Online Religion Introducton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hannah says she used the language to go door to door with a group, ministering to the people.
		Besides the language barrier, the cultural differences were significant, she said.
		To reach their intended audience — the !Kung bushman, a nomadic people dwelling on expanses of flat, barren plain, she and her 5-member ministry team traveled for hours.
	www.oaoa.com /religionpage/religinpager214.htm (1137 words)

	The history of slavery
		The slaves were not to speak or be spoken to in Portuguese — Dutch was the official language spoken between owner and slave.
		According to some observers, the patois that ensued eventually evolved into the Afrikaans language.
		(Language was indeed a barrier even among the slaves, as they came from many different parts of the world).
	www.rebirth.co.za /slaves_and_settlers_a.htm (633 words)

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