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Topic: Kurdish alphabet

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	Kurdish language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Kurdish began to appear in writing in a version of the Persian alphabet during the 7th century AD.
		In Turkey Kurdish is written with the Latin alphabet and in parts of the former Soviet Union it is written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
		The Cyrillic alphabet is known as Cyrillic Kurmanjí and the Arabic alphabet is known as Soraní.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/kurdish.htm (259 words)

	The Kurdish Unified Alphabet
		Kurdish immigrants have joined this trend, and in the process have become notable users of cyber-special communication
		Since the Kurdish homeland is divided among more than a dozen countries in the geographic heart of the Middle East-and makes up one of the largest stateless nations on earth-communication across international frontiers has been difficult.
		Northern Kurds use a modified Latin-Turkish alphabet; Central Kurds use a modified Arabic alphabet; Kurds in the former USSR use a modified Cyrillic alphabet; and Kurds in South-eastern Kurdistan still largely use the Persian alphabet.
	www.kurdishacademy.org /english/alphabet/alphabet.html (902 words)

	Kurdish
		Kurdish belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Kurdish is taught in schools in Kurdish areas.
		Kurdish is a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february/kurdi.html (1289 words)

	Kurdish language (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Kurdish languages belong to the northwestern group of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family; a close relative is Persian, which is in the southwestern group.
		The claim that the Kurdish languages have as their direct ancestor the language of the Iranian Medes seem not to be supported by the linguistic data.
		Kurdish dialects can be divided into three primary groups: the Northern Kurdish dialects group also called Kurmanji and Badínaní, Central Kurdish dialects group also called Sorani (see also basic linguistic differences between these two major branches) and the Southern Kurdish dialects group also called Pahlavani or "Pahlawanik" group in some sources.
	kurdish-language.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (757 words)

	Kurdish - Language Directory
		The Kurdish language was derived from the ancient "Median" language or "Proto-Kurdish".
		Kurdish dialects can be divided into three primaries groups: the Northern Kurdish dialects group also called Kurmanji and Badínaní; Central Kurdish dialects group also called Sorani (see also basic linguistic differences between these two major branches) and the Southern Kurdish dialects group also called Pehlewaní or "Pahlawanik" group in some sources.
		Kurdish in Iran and Iraq is written using the Modified Arabic alphabet.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/kurdish.htm (244 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kurdish guerillas fought Turkish soldiers for 15 years before declaring a unilateral ceasefire in 1999.
		"To write the Kurdish alphabet legally on the chalkboard for the first time means that the door to freedom is partially open," said Mr Ozer who, like the other teacher at the school, is a volunteer.
		Kurdish was banned in 1983, just before the start of the armed separatist uprising, but was legalised in unofficial settings in 1991.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art3911.txt (793 words)

	Boston.com / News / Education / K-12 / First Kurdish courses begin in Turkey
		Kurdish guerrillas fought Turkish soldiers for 15 years before declaring a unilateral cease-fire in 1999.
		"To write the Kurdish alphabet legally on the chalkboard for the first time means that the door to freedom is partially open," said Ozer, who like the other teacher at the school is a volunteer.
		Kurdish was banned in 1983, just before the start of the armed separatist uprising, but was legalized in unofficial settings in 1991.
	www.boston.com /news/education/k_12/articles/2004/04/02/first_kurdish_courses_begin_in_turkey (817 words)

	Kurds See Tide Turning Back Toward Repression
		After decades of repression of Kurdish ethnic identity and a deadly war with separatist rebels, the Islamist-led government made moves toward democratic reform in recent years, part of Turkey's bid to improve its chances of joining the European Union.
		Letters that appear in the Kurdish alphabet but not the Turkish one were no longer banned from print.
		Baydemir said he was deeply disillusioned by the reversals and saw a powder keg of discontent in the city he governed, primed to explode again - or to swell the ranks of the guerrillas.
	www.kurdishaspect.com /doc516100.html (979 words)

	Kurdish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The origins of Kurdish is either put with the ancient Medes, or as an independent group.
		Kurdish languages have some similarities with Persian, but it is not possible to decide which way influences have gone.
		Their relation to Kurdish is clear, though, but influences from other languages and an independent history have set them apart.
	i-cias.com /e.o/kurdish.htm (416 words)

	Kurdish people - Kurds in Azerbaijan - Azerb.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Kurdish population of the Republic of Azerbaijan is estimated to be about 13.000, although some sources suggest numbers as large as 200.000.
		The other significant concentrations of Kurdish population in Azerbaijan are around Zardaba, in the centre of the country and around Sadarak and Teyvaz in the Nakhchivan exclave.
		Turkey, Iran and Syria all prohibited the Kurdish languages to varying degrees, with Turkey illegalising even everyday speech in Kurdish until recently and performing systematic ethnic cleansing of vast areas, transferring the Kurdish populations to urban centres with a Turkish majority.
	geo.ya.com /travelimages/az-kurd.html (635 words)

	Kurdish alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kurdish alphabet is a writing system for the Kurdish language.
		The Turkish state does not recognise the alphabet, and use of the letters X, W, Q which do not exist in the Turkish alphabet have led to persecution in 2000 and 2003 (see [2], p.8, and [3]).
		The Sorani Kurdish dialect is mainly written using a modified Arabic-based alphabet with 33 letters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kurdish_alphabet (263 words)

	The Kurdish Computer Society: KUCS
		Kurdish immigrants have joined this trend, and in the process have become notable users of cyberspacial communication.
		There is widespread agreement that an urgent need exists for a common written system in Kurdish, as evidenced by a comparison of various existing Kurdish alphabets.
		It is only in the last 20 years that speakers of various Kurdish dialects have been able to connect across the states that administer Kurdistan.
	www.kurdistanweb.org /kucs/project/language.html (688 words)

	Learn Kurdish Language - Free Conversational Kurdish Lessons Online - Common Kurdish Words and Phrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The key is to immerse yourself in the language and use it as often as possible in order to build up your skills of speaking it and listening to it, understanding and comprehending it...
		The Phrasebase website is the ultimate environment allowing you to read an Kurdish Alphabet based phonetic spelling of common and useful everyday phrases in effort to memorize it and it's meaning.
		Kurdish Language Exchange Pen-Pals - Community of people from around the world interested in teaching you their language and sharing their culture with you.
	www.phrasebase.com /learn/kurdish.php (1866 words)

	Asia Times
		The Kurdish people are said to be the largest ethnic group without a country of their own.
		Officially, Turkey lifted a ban on speaking Kurdish in 1991 - a law that also freed up Kurdish-language music on the radio - but it was not until August 2002 that the government granted people the right to study their own language.
		The reason is that the letter W, which exists in the Kurdish alphabet, does not appear in the Turkish alphabet.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/EA25Ag02.html (862 words)

	Kurdish Unicode Fonts
		Kurdish (Kurdi, Kurmanji, and various dialects) is used in parts of Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
		The Latin alphabet is used in Turkey while the Cyrillic alphabet is used in Armenia and Azerbaijan.
		Several letters specific to Kurdish were added to the Persian script, which itself is an adaptation of Arabic script.
	www.wazu.jp /gallery/Fonts_KurdishA.html (2438 words)

	The Kurdish Computer Society: KUCS
		A unified common Kurdish alphabet scripting system has to be modified out of the existing Kurdish scripting systems and make the best practice use of all the experience of the Kurdish language codification from past.
		The Latin alphabet (also called Roman alphabet) is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and the languages of most of Europe.
		Kurdish Language as a scripting system must serve the people in Kurdistan as one community not deny or prevent them to experience their existence and heritage.
	www.kurdistanweb.org /kucs/articles/article-001.html (1774 words)

	The Alphabet
		The Consonant Phonemes in positions 13, 16, 23, 25 are combined phonemes with no exceptional usage and will be treated as a single letter in each case.
		The trill " rr " is for non-initial positions only, since initial position in any Kurdish words is pronounced as a Trill " R ".
		See a comparison of the Various Kurdish Alphabets.
	www.kurdishacademy.org /english/alphabet/alphabet-table.html (118 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The courses - offered at a private language school in this city in the predominantly Kurdish southeast - were made possible by a series of reforms Turkey adopted to strengthen its chances of joining the European Union.
		"I want him to learn Kurdish, like they teach him Turkish in school." Her son, the youngest student in the class, added: "They give us German courses in school, but don't teach us our own language." The school waived the $75 fee for many of the students in the impoverished region.
		We want it to be taught in public schools." Ozer, the teacher, said he believed learning Kurdish was essential for the region's development.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art3942.txt (781 words)

	Kurdish Alphabets and Transliteration
		The Cyrillic alphabet for Kurdish is the most specified and linguistically motivated alphabet for Kurdish which covers most of the necessary symbols for Kurdish, and uses a very limited set of letters with diacritics.
		Alphabetical economy may be achieved notably by such devices as (1) letter groups, (2) redundant letters, (3) contextual conventions.
		Kurdish belongs to the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian branch and both Persian and Hindi use scripts which are not even close to the Roman or Latin scripts.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/1998/OCT/proposal.html (1470 words)

	*About Kurdish Language* - aliraqi Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kurdish language is the language of the Kurds, the fourth largest nation of the Middle East after the Arabs, Persians, and Turks.
		Kurdish naturally shares many words with Farsi, and Kurds and Persians can understand a fair portion of each other’s language, although the two are by no means mutually intelligible.
		Kurdish is usually written in one of two scripts – either a modified Arabic script or a modified Roman script (i.e., the alphabet used in English).
	www.aliraqi.org /forums/showthread.php?t=57737 (830 words)

	Kurdish Computing Information (Penn State)
		Kurdish is closely related to Persian, but has a very different cultural history.
		There are several Roman or Latin alphabets used for Kurdish, but as long your computer has fonts for a central European language like Hungarian or Romanian, your system should be able to create the accents.
		The Kurdish Arabic alphabet is similar to the Persian Arabic alphabet, but includes extra letters just for Kurdish.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/kurdish.html (965 words)

	Home Page
		Over the past 8 decades, the Kurdish Case for Self-Determination has been in the arena with various stresses and strains applied to it by Kurds, their enemies and their friends.
		Be allowed a UN seat to put the national Kurdish case with regards to international events, treaties and agreements which may affect them or their homeland.
		Simply that we too are human beings and if they are truly our brothers as they claim all the time then the influence of that brotherhood should be used to help us be as free as they are and not to keep us in chains as they have been desperately trying to do.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /newhope/newhope.htm (1732 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Demarcated by origin, faith and habitat, there are three big Kurdish communities: the Kurds of Azerbaijan (mostly settling from Persia at the beginning of the 19th century), the Kurds of Armenia (mostly from Turkey but partly from Persia after the beginning of the 18th century) and the Kurds of Georgia (mostly from Turkey and Armenia).
		A third Kurdish alphabet was created in 1944, this time based on the Russian, in accordance with 'the wish' of the Armenian Ministry of Education.
		The Kurdish language is mainly taught in the Aparam and Talin Regions of Armenia where Kurdish population is large.
	www.eki.ee.cob-web.org:8888 /books/redbook/kurds.shtml (1631 words)

	Kurdish Translation - Translate Kurdish Language Translator
		The Kurdish language is spoken in the region loosely called Kurdistan including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.
		Kurdish dialects are members of the northwestern subdivision of the Iranic branch of this largest family of languages in the world.
		In Turkey and Syria is written using the Latin alphabet.Kurds in formerly USSR use a modified Cyrillic alphabet.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/kurdish.shtml (694 words)

	introduce latin alphabet in southern kurdistan
		In the new Iraqi constitution, the Kurdish language has obtained the status of an official language; however, the correspondence with the central government is carried on in Arabic letters.
		Intellectuals from Suleymaniye explain that Kurdish is closer to the Latin alphabet and the adaptation of Latin alphabet would be “a window opening to the West”.
		Because it is the alphabet used by the nations which dominated the world for the last 2000 years.
	www.iraq4u.com /forum/fb.asp?m=7541 (1904 words)

	Kurdistan Observer
		For example the returning of internally displaced Kurdish population (IDP) to their original homes must be handled by the Kurdish State, which is the only legitimate political authority to do so.
		The issue of Kurdish self-determination is not going to find its answer in the so-called new Democratic Iraq, due to the new shape of Sunni and Shia Arab politics – internally and internationally-, especially the Shia demand of Islamic state.
		The most urgent issue will be the standardization of Kurdish alphabet and dialects in order to have the official (state language).
	home.cogeco.ca /~kurdistan3/29-5-04-opinion-hadi-kurdish-state.html (713 words)

	Alphabet Soup
		The Phoenician alphabet had just 22 symbols--one for each individual sound--so it was a lot easier to learn.
		Each symbol was a picture of a common object, and the letter's sound was the first sound in the name for the object (in Phoenician.) This alphabet system made communication with different cultures much simpler, which of course was in the interest of trade and commerce.
		By the year 600, the Arabic script had developed to more or less the form it is in now...although it was not until later that the dots were added to the shapes of the letters.
	mec.sas.upenn.edu /marhaba/alphabet.htm (1069 words)

	Kurdish course centers suffer from low interest - Turkish Daily News Mar 24, 2005
		Strong enthusiasm was observed in the predominantly Kurdish populated region of Southeastern Anatolia last year as teachers were allowed to write the letters “q,” “w,” and “x,” on flboards after a series of reforms related to Turkey's European Union harmonization drive that allowed Kurdish language courses, news and cultural broadcasts during the year.
		The letters “q,” “w,” and “x,” do not exist in the Turkish alphabet but are part of the Kurdish alphabet that was banned in 1983.
		While there were improvements during the year, the government maintained significant restrictions on the use of Kurdish and other minority languages in radio and television broadcasts,” said the U.S. Department of State in its annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices released last month.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /article.php?enewsid=9007 (368 words)

	Edge Translation
		It can be written using either a form of the Arabic alphabet or a form of the Latin alphabet.
		The Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish uses a form of Kurdish alphabet that was derived from the Latin alphabet.
		The Sorani Kurdish dialect is mainly written using a form of the Arabic alphabet and uses in total 33 letters
	www.edgetranslation.net /kurdish1.htm (254 words)

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