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Topic: Kurdistan Province, Ottoman Empire

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	Kurdistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kurdistan is perceived as a nation-state by the Kurdish people, though it is not recognized as a self-governing political entity.
		Agriculture and livestock raising are the chief occupations in Kurdistan.
		Kurdistan's mountainous soils are generally poor, and vegetation is sparse and seasonal; however, new irrigation and hydroelectric projects sponsored by the Turkish government on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers offer the potential for improved agriculture and development.
	hem.passagen.se /sorans/facts/Kurdistan.htm (1081 words)

	The Rise of the Turks and the Ottoman Empire
		Aside from scattered outposts in Greece, all that remained of the Byzantine Empire was its capital, Constantinople.
		To the Ottoman Empire, however, the capture of the imperial capital was of supreme symbolic importance.
		Ottoman forces confronted those of the Habsburg kingemperor Charles V along the Danube and in the western Mediterranean.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Turkey2.html (3639 words)

	Welcome to Sipan's Website
		Kurdistan, which has since time immemorial been inhabited by the Kurds, has a territory of 500,000 square km, which is as large as that of France (for this purpose I have published few maps below).
		The advent of the Safavid and Ottoman empires in the area and their division of Kurdistan into two uneven imperial dependencies was on a par with the practice of the preceding few centuries.
		In the course of the 16th to 18th centuries, vast portions of Kurdistan were systematically devastated and large numbers of Kurds were deported to far corners of the Safavid and Ottoman empires.
	www.sipankurdistan.tripod.com (3424 words)

	Victims of Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish Government
		The United States, neutral towards the Ottoman Empire, also condemned the Armenian Genocide and was the chief spokesman in behalf of the Armenians.
		The Turkish Kurdistan covers an area of 230.000 km2, represents 30% of the whole area of Turkey and is inhabited by approximately 12 million Kurds.
		After the Ottoman Empire was dissolved, they were not assigned to Syria, as should have been the case, since, being of Semitic origin, they are related to the Arab-Syrians.
	www.unitedhumanrights.org /victims.php (5785 words)

	Truthdig - Springtime for Kurdistan
		In the Balkans alone, the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire enabled the creation of ethnic-national territories, but it was close to a century later that the Yugoslav federation violently dissolved and Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia finally emerged as modern nation-states.
		Kurdistan is able to retain the legitimacy of being part of Iraq rather than being an unrecognized Kurdish rump state and thus receive large volumes of donor assistance through Baghdad, all the while using its share of federal revenues to build self-sustaining, independent institutions.
		In Palestine and Kurdistan, new quasi-states are emerging in response to a need to correct the mistakes of the post-Ottoman settlement as well as the more modern imperative to transcend the rigid state system altogether.
	www.truthdig.com /report/print/20060829_springtime_for_kurdistan (3237 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Mesopotamian culture originates from the firtile river basins of Eufrates and Tigris, on the highlands of Kurdistan where civilization was born.
		In modern history Kurdistan was a self-governing province under the multi-national Ottoman rule until 1919, when the Ottoman Empire fell.
		The land Kurdistan is inhabited by a Kurdish majority, and minorities such as Armenians, Syrians.
	www.kurdistan-web.com (550 words)

	The Kurds and Kurdistan
		Kurdistan is both the name of a geographic region and a cultural region in the Middle East named after the Kurds.
		Its borders are hard to define, as none of the states in question acknowledge Kurdistan as a demographic or geographic region, but it is generally held to include the regions with large Kurdish populations.
		The largest Kurdish enclave outside Kurdistan is the Kurdish region in north Khorasan, in north-eastern Iran.
	www.angelfire.com /blog/kurdistan (430 words)

	Springtime for Kurdistan
		The semiautonomous Kurdistan "northern region of Iraq" is an island of relative stability in an ocean of turmoil.
		The peshmerga of the PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) came down from the mountains, and their commander, Jalal Talabani, once marked for death by Saddam, began building the PUK half of post-Saddam Kurdistan and now occupies his nemesis’ office.
		In Palestine and Kurdistan, new quasi-states are emerging in response to a need to correct the mistakes of the post -Ottoman settlement as well as the more modern imperative to transcend the rigid state system altogether.
	www.kurdishaspect.com /doc830103.html (2964 words)

	Notes on the Ottoman Empire
		The powerful empire of Byzantium was an extension of the Roman empire that lasted more than nine centuries and was responsible for the conversion of the Russians to Christianity.
		I finally chose to use the title "Notes on the Ottoman Empire" because although it lasted only six centuries, its influence is still present in all the regions shown on these maps, including those it did not occupy.
		For information on the history of the neighbouring regions to the north and to the south, you could refer to the Notes on the Balkans that I gathered in 1999 and the Notes on the Middle East drafted in 2002.
	berclo.net /page03/03en-notes-ottoman.html (780 words)

	Ottoman and Persian Empires 1300-1730 by Sanderson Beck
		The origins of the Ottomans are indicated by early tales of the Oghuz and Turks attributed to the soothsayer Dede Korkut.
		The Ottoman fleet was built up to enhance trade, and in 1492 many of the Jews expelled from Spain settled in Istanbul and other cities of the Ottoman empire.
		The Ottoman decline was explained in a treatise by the Hasan al-Kafi in 1597.
	www.san.beck.org /1-10-Ottoman1300-1730.html (18048 words)

	Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq
		Kurdistan consists basically of the mountainous areas of the central and northern Zagros, the eastern one-third of the Taurus and Pontus, and the northern half of the Amanus ranges.
		Drawing of well-guarded state boundaries dividing Kurdistan has, since 1921, afflicted Kurdish society with such a degree of fragmentation, that its impact is tearing apart the Kurds' unity as a nation.
		Northern and western Kurdistan were to be given choice of independence by the Treaty of Sevres(August 10, 1920) which dismantled the defunct Ottoman Empire, but instead they were awarded to the newly established Republic of Turkey under the term of the Treaty of Lausanne (June 24, 1923).
	www.knn.u-net.com /kurd4.htm (3334 words)

	Kurdistan Observer
		In the three Kurdish provinces of the north, for example, about 90 percent of voters backed the Kurdish Alliance, which has vowed to push for greater autonomy for its people, many of whom want full independence from Iraq.
		In contrast, the Islamic Union of Kurdistan, campaigning on a less overtly federal ticket, was crushed.
		In the southern provinces of Najaf, Qadisiya and Maysan, for example, Shi'ites made up between 98 and 99 percent of the population, while in Anbar and Salahaddin the picture was reversed -- 99 percent of people were Sunnis.
	kurdistanobserver.servehttp.com /feb06/12-2-06-irqs-three-way-split.htm (674 words)

	Kurds in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Kurdish scholar, Idrissi Bitlissi (author of the earliest general history of the Ottoman Empire) negotiated an agreement under which the Kurds would recognise suzerainty of the Ottoman Emperor and commit themselves to fight for him against the Shah, in exchange for a wide degree of autonomy for their tribal leaders.
		The Ottomans, protected by the powerful Kurdish barrier against Iran, were able to attend to other parts of their Empire and the Kurds were virtually independent in the management of their affairs.
		The fate of the Kurdish province of Mosul with its petroleum remained undecided.
	www.eurolegal.org /neoconwars/kurdsiraq.htm (10753 words)

	Iraqi Kurdistan information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The larger area known as Turkish Kurdistan was given to Turkey and the rest was accepted as part of the British Empire (except for the Iranian Kurdistan, which at time was part of Persia).
		In the wake of the ratification of the Iraqi constitution in October 2005, Iraqi Kurdistan reconstitutes itself as a Region under the new constitutional framework.
		The Kurdistan region's economy is dominated by the oil sector, agriculture and tourism.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Iraqi_Kurdistan (2229 words)

	Iraq Provinces
		In 1900, almost all of Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire; its southern strip of mostly desert land was in Arabia.
		The Ottoman Empire was aligned with Germany in World War I. British forces occupied Mesopotamia, or Iraq-Arabi, in 1917.
		The Kurdish Autonomous Region consists of the provinces of Arbil, Dahuk, and As-Sulaymaniyah.
	www.statoids.com /uiq.html (744 words)

	Ottoman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Allied troops--British, French, and Italian, as well as a contingent of Greeks--occupied Istanbul and were permitted under the conditions of the armistice to intervene in areas where they considered their interests to be imperiled.
		During the war, the Allies had negotiated a series of agreements that outlined not only the definitive dismantling of the Ottoman Empire but also the partitioning among them of what Turkish nationalists had come to regard as the Turkish homeland.
		The terms of a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire were presented by the Allies in April 1920 at San Remo, Italy, and were embodied in the Treaty of Sèvres, which was concluded the following August.
	www.theottomans.org /english/history/plans.asp (342 words)

	KEO - POLITICS
		In March the Prime Ministers of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, PUK, and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, KDP, visited Turkey to renew and strengthen their relations with Turkey.
		Iraqi Kurdistan, once was known as Mosul villayet (province), was a part of the Ottoman Empire.
		The Iraqi census of 1922 and 1924 indicated that the Mosul province had 494007 Kurds as opposed to 166941 Arabs [6].
	www.kurdistanica.com /english/politics/analysis/analysis-009.html (1566 words)

	Famous Turkish traveler proves Kurdistan’s existence
		In the article “Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, as reflected in Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname”, The Journal of Kurdish Studies 3 (2000), Martin van Bruinessen wrote something interesting about Kurdistan.
		The fact that Kurdistan exists was reminded again by a college I attended on the University of Leiden.
		In this college my professor of “Old History” said that Kurdistan was the land, that used to be inhabited by Assyrians.
	www.ekurd.net /mismas/articles/misc2006/1/turkeykurdistan475.htm (551 words)

	The Kurdish resistance to Southern Kurdistan annexing with Iraq (KurdishMedia.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sheikh Mahmud Barzinji is the Governor of Kurdistan.
		It was carved out of three former Ottoman provinces — a Kurdish-dominated region in the north and two Arab regions to the south.
		The Provinces of Mosul and Arbil (aka Hewler) voted in favour, and Kirkuk voted to delay its decision (later voting in favour of Faisal’s Iraq in 1923).
	www.kurdmedia.com /articles.asp?id=11980 (3130 words)

	Kurdish History Timeline
		The Kurds have lived in a mountainous, roughly 74,000-square-mile region known as Kurdistan for the past two millennia.
		Their land is later occupied by the Seljuk Turks, the Mongols, the Safavid dynasty, and, beginning in the late 13th century, the Ottoman Empire.
		The Treaty of Sèvres proposes a division of the Ottoman Empire and its territory that includes an autonomous homeland for the Kurds.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/kurds3.html (834 words)

	Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Template
		After the Ottoman Empire dissolved and new nations emerged in the Middle East, the Kurdistan region was shared by four states: Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria.
		Furthermore, the Zagros Mountains forced the Kurds to establish their villages on the verge of steep slopes and “almost every year parts of Kurdistan are struck by earthquakes.”10 In addition, political factors related to the area’s host states contribute to the infrastructural neglect of the Kurdistan region.
		For example, Iraqi Kurdistan produces 50% of the wheat produced in Iraq, 40% of the barley, 98% of the tobacco, 30% of the cotton and 50% of the fruit.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/kirkuk.htm (2696 words)

	Kurdistan Observer
		ERBIL, (Southern Kurdistan) - For Kurds who are likely to vote overwhelmingly for Iraq's new constitution tomorrow, one well-plastered poster sums up the emotion.
		And for many, the new federalism is only the first step toward their dream of a future independent state.
		Besides controlling Iraqi Kurdistan, a Kurd last year was prime minister of the interim government.
	kurdistanobserver.servehttp.com /Oct/14-10-05-kurds-embrace-charter.htm (855 words)

	For an Iraq Cut in 3, Cast a Wary Glance at Kurdistan
		American and Iraqi officials agree that the greatest danger to a politically divided Iraq, or to an Iraq riven by civil war, is hostile intervention by the country’s neighbors.
		Here in Kurdistan, the people are open about their reluctance to participate in the project of a greater Iraq.
		The Kurds often point out the artificial nature of Iraqi nationhood, created when colonial powers carved up the Ottoman Empire after World War I, and ask why the people should be expected to possess a strong sense of Iraqi identity now when they never really had one.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article14716.htm (1295 words)

	Kirkuk and its dependencies: Historically part of Kurdistan (KurdishMedia.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Ottomans presented a very real threat to the Safavids in 1514 as they entered into a prolonged and violent war.
		The Ottoman Sultan advocated a policy of trying to attract the Kurds to their side in the fight by taking advantage of the always unpopular rule of the Safavids and the attitude, prominent since the time of Shah Ishmael, towards the Kurdish people they hated.
		Both were recognised to be running through the province of Sharezoor, of which Kirkuk was the centre.
	kurdmedia.com /articles.asp?id=13607 (1103 words)

	Kurdistan Bloggers Union
		The collapse of the Ottoman empire and the cutting up by the League of Nations couldn't get any result but these inter-states alliances, in new countries torn between several nations, which had neither had the same dreams nor the same fate.
		You see kurdistan has never been this quiet for such a long period of time so alot of ppl are thinking that it's a really ominous sign.
		And it is quite certain that other Arabs in the region, who dislike Turks for historical reasons (massacres at the end of the Ottoman empire) and contemporary conflicts (their americano-israelian alliance) could accept the invasion with a large smile.
	kurdistanblog.blogspot.com /2004_11_01_kurdistanblog_archive.html (9547 words)

	Amazon.com: A Thousand Sighs, A Thousand Revolts: Journeys in Kurdistan: Books: Christiane Bird (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the spring of 2002, she spent three months exploring Iraqi Kurdistan, returning in the fall of that year to travel in the Kurdish lands of Iran, Turkey and Syria.
		She was invited to weddings, festivals and obscure religious ceremonies and attended an environmental conference in Sananjad, the capital of Iran's Kurdish province.
		On unofficial maps, Kurdistan extends from the middle of the Anatolian plain to the mountains of Iran.
	www.amazon.com /Thousand-Sighs-Revolts-Journeys-Kurdistan/dp/0345469399 (2319 words)

	kurdistan - Ask.com Web Search
		Kurdistan (literally meaning "the land of Kurds")http://0-www.search.eb.com.library.uor.edu/eb/article-9046469 is the name of a geographic region and a cultural region in Middle East inhabited predominantly by Kurds.
		Kurdistan Regional Government's website, KRG, provides News, progress reports and reference material about Kurds, KRG and Kurdistan Region.
		Features information about the Party, its publications, activities, Radio Voice of Kurdistan and Kurdistan TV both run by KDP.
	search.ask.com /web?q=kurdistan (238 words)

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