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	Kurgan Culture
		The Kurgan people were an Indo-European culture existing during the fifth, fourth, and third millennia BC; they lived in northern Europe, from Russia across Germany, and various authorities have mounted a case for them being THE proto-Indo-European culture, from which all Indo-European cultures descend.
		The word kurgan means barrow or grave in Slavic and Turkic; Kurgan culture is characterized by pit-graves or barrows, a particular method of burial.
		Kurgan horse-herders may have been like the Scythians, who rode geldings only, their main herds being kept wild under stallions, and controlled through the mares which were hobbled near the settlements and milked regularly.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm (4821 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Kurgan hypothesis
		The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire Pontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Pit Grave culture of around 3000 BC.
		yamna culture), the prototypical kurgan builders, emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the emerging Andronovo culture.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis (2306 words)

	Kurgan, Russia
		The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire pontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Yamna culture of around 3000 BC.
		In the Kurgan hypothesis, the entire pontic steppes are considered the PIE Urheimat, and a variety of late PIE dialects is assumed to have been spoken across the region.
		Gimbutas viewed the expansions of the Kurgan culture as a series of essentially hostile, military invasions where a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, matriarchal cultures of "Old Europe", replacing it with a patriarchal warrior society, a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains:
	www.creekin.net /c6245-n153-kurgan-russia.html (1366 words)

	Cultures and Ethnic Groups West of China
		The Soviet archaeologists have observed cultures of superlocal importance that are arranged in two zones north and south of the steppes belt, that is, in the forest zone and its marginal areas, as well as in the oasis regions of the south and southeast marginal of Middle Asia.
		IN the northern zone, the progressive cultures with incipient metallurgy are Krotovo and Samus' (between the Rivers Ob and Irtys) as well as Okunev in the Minusinsk Basin, an island of steppe on the Upper Yenisei surrounded by forested mountains (Molodin 1977).
		It is also remarkable that on a saddlecloth in the same kurgan (and in the fighting scene between the sphinx and the fantastic bird) the medallions with "Greek crosses," one of the main simbols of the Cimmerians appear (Jettmar 1964: 112; Terenozkin 1976).
	www.silk-road.com /artl/westchina.shtml (5602 words)

	4th millennium BC - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture is the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans according to the Kurgan hypothesis
		The Maykop culture of the Caucasus, contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.
		Kurgan culture of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine domesticates the horse and develops the chariot.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/4th_millennium_BC (726 words)

	Kurgan hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Kurgan hypothesis" of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origins assumes gradual expansion of the "Kurgan culture" until it encompasses the entire Pontic steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Pit Grave culture of around 3000 BC.
		In the Kurgan hypothesis, the entire Pontic steppes are considered the PIE Urheimat, or homeland, and a variety of late PIE dialects is assumed to have been spoken across the region.
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the emerging Andronovo culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kurgan_culture (1696 words)

	Papers Presented
		The word “kurgan”, a Russian word, refers to a type of burial mound consisting of a pit dug in the ground in which the dead were deposited and then covered with a round mound of stone or dirt (Gimbutas 1997: 354).
		Cultural historian Riane Eisler concluded from her research that the Kurgans became so enamored of their weapons, they worshipped them (Eisler 1987: 48) and Gimbutas points out that the sacredness of the weapon is well evidenced in all Indo-European religions (Gimbutas 1997: 168).
		Indo-Europeans glorified the warrior, the swiftness of the arrow and spear and the sharpness of the blade.
	www.goddessmound.com /xpages/pptrp.html (4414 words)

	The events that took place about 6,000 years ago during the alleged time of Creation. - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Yamna culture (“Kurgan culture”), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture is the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans according to the Kurgan hypothesis
		The Maykop culture of the Caucasus, contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.
		Kurgan culture of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine domesticates the horse and develops the chariot.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/The_events_that_took_place_about_6,000_years_ago_during_the_alleged_time_of_Creation. (1031 words)

	Indo-European languages Summary
		According to the Kurgan hypothesis, chalcolithic steppe cultures of the 5th millennium BC between the Black Sea and the Volga spoke early PIE.
		4000 - 3500: The Yamna culture (prototypical kurgan-building) emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		The Scythians supplant the Cimmerians (Srubna culture) in the Pontic steppe.
	www.bookrags.com /Indo-European_languages (3141 words)

	Public Anthropology
		Marija Gimbutas maintains that the bearers of the Kurgan Culture are Proto-Indo-Europeans, in contrast to the author’s beliefs, and challenges some of his hypotheses.
		Historically, the labeling diagnosis for neurasthenia was imported to China from the West, and culturally adapted to encompass the types of complaints that are common in Chinese society, such as headaches, dizziness, and insomnia.
		She also critiques Rindos’s failure to differentiate the “capacity” for culture and the “history” of particular cultures, and disagrees with him on the time frame of the evolution of culture, which she feels is a fairly recent development.
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Ca1986.htm (10252 words)

	Marija Gimbutas — The Balts — Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		cultures as the Painted Pottery culture in the Balkans, the Funnel-Beaker culture in central and northwestern Europe and the food-gathering culture in the East Baltic area and central Russia were overpowered, but it took at least several hundred years before the old cultures disintegrated or were assimilated.
		Houses of the Kurgan culture were small, rectangular wooden structures, comprising one room or one room with a porch, having wattle-and-daub walls and a pitched roof supported by a row of vertical posts.
		It was still a culture on a Chalcolithic level; that is, it continued to be of a Stone Age character, despite the fact that copper artifacts such as spiral rings for women’s hair, daggers and awls were used occasionally.
	www.vaidilute.com /books/gimbutas/gimbutas-02.html (3898 words)

	Kurgan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word "kurgan", and in some cases the kurgan tradition, were borrowed by most of the cultures that coexisted with Turkic peoples.
		Kurgan type barrows were characteristic of Bronze Age nomadic peoples of the steppes, from the Altay Mountains to the Caucasus and Romania.
		Kurgan 11 of the Berel cemetery, in the Bukhtarma River valley of Kazakhstan, containing a tomb of ca.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kurgan (2624 words)

	The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
		The “Kurgan” Homeland : In yet another scenario, the venue is shifted to the steppes lying to the north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
		While such a stand absolves the proponent from producing proof in terms of the material culture as well, one has yet to be fully convinced of the hypothesis that a language can keep on spreading from area to area, without involving the language-carriers, viz.
		The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe.
	www.geocities.com /ifihhome/articles/bbl001.html (2921 words)

	Aryan Invasions
		Kurgan I people were from the Volga steppe; Kurgan II, who were culturally more advanced, developed in the North Pontic area between the Lower Dniester and the Caucasus mountains; Kurgan III people were again from the Volga steppe.
		The Kurgan culture of the 5th millennium B.C. in the Volga foreststeppe and steppe and its newly acquired territory north of the Black Sea agrees with much that is reconstructed on a linguistic basis as PIE.
		In the Kurgan culture of the steppe, agriculture was secondary to a pastoral economy.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/gimbutas.html (20924 words)

	The Individualist: Indo-European languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the Kurgan hypothesis, chalcolithic steppe cultures of the 5th millennium BC between the Black Sea and the Volga spoke early PIE.
		4000 - 3500: The Yamna culture (prototypical kurgan-building) emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		The Scythians supplant the Cimmerians (Srubna culture) in the Pontic steppe.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Indo-European_languages (2192 words)

	Warfare in the European Neolithic: Truth or Fiction?
		The high cultural level of this society is borne out by the structure of the large settlements, which are dominated by central fortifications, designed and built with a view of exploring patterns in natural phenomena and exploiting them for the benefit of the communities concerned.
		The appearance of Kurgan influenced burials in Britain, during the mid-fourth millennium B.C., is simultaneous with the earliest fortifications of a military type.
		(Vuèedol is a Kurganized culture that arose from the Baden culture in the northwest Balkans).
	www.belili.org /marija/marler_article_03.html (6467 words)

	2004 Fieldwork Report
		The kurgan contained two burials, supposedly a male and a female.
		This kurgan was excavated by a group of students from the Rostov State University.
		Several secondary burials dating to the Catacomb Culture of the Middle Bronze Age, middle of the second millennium BC, and the Srubnaya Culture of the Late Bronze Age, end of the second millennium BC were also encountered.
	www.csen.org /Chastiye_Kurgany_All_Files/Chastiye_2004_Report/2004_Chastiye_Report.html (278 words)

	The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
		The “Kurgan” Homeland : In yet another scenario, the venue is shifted to the steppes lying to the north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
		While such a stand absolves the proponent from producing proof in terms of the material culture as well, one has yet to be fully convinced of the hypothesis that a language can keep on spreading from area to area, without involving the language-carriers, viz.
		The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe.
	www.ifih.org /articles/bbl001.html (2921 words)

	Book Reivew
		Indicating that the Dereivka horse domestication is flawed because of the same methodological inadequacies of "false-direct," Levine reconsiders the "Dereivka Myth," and concludes that the hypothesis that horse domestication spread from west to east, i.e., from Dereivka to Botai, is erroneous.
		The rise of the archaic Kvityana (south of the Dereivka culture along the Dnieper), according to Rassamakin, was influenced by Sredny Stog II as noted in pottery compositional and technical parallels.
		The Yamnaya culture extended over a vast territory and according to Rassamakin's model it was a piecemeal "transformation of a series of cultures, conditioned by a range of interdependent factors, principally climatic and economic." (p.
	www.csen.org /Articles_Reivews/Levine_Review.html (3173 words)

	Celtic Europe (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The basic global social struggle, the basic cultural context of resistance to and ravaging by imperialism, the basic tribal society in which the pattern of global Euroimperialism was set is that of the Celts.
		The big lie perpetrated on modern society regarding Celts and regarding the nature of European society and culture, is that European people represent a unitary group, usually referred to as “white”, and that they are opposed by their cultural if not biological nature and by history to the rest of the “non-white” world.
		Roman culture, and that of the nations which succeeded it, was based on the aristocracy and in cities.
	www.angelfire.com /biz/JardinSilvestre/Celts.html (4337 words)

	Defining "matricentric" culture
		Matricentric culture is one that is organized around the needs, values and activities of women and their children.
		One of the major distinguishing characteristics of gynocratic cultures is the absence of punitiveness as a means of social control.
		Their first contact with the borderland territories of Old Europe in the Lower Dnieper region and west of the Black Sea began around the middle of the 5th millennium B. A continuous flow of influences and people into east-central Europe was initiated which lasted for two millennia.
	www.goddessmystic.com /PathActivities/MatricentricCultures/matricentric-culture.shtml (1522 words)

	Indo-European Culture
		These elements are tightly knit within the social, economic, and religious structure of the Kurgan culture." (Gimbutas, Marija (1991) The Civilization of the Goddess.
		Not a single temple directly associated with the Kurgan people is known, either in the north Pontic or Volga steppe nor in the Kurgan influenced zone of Europe during and after the migrations.
		The Serpent for the Indo-Europeans is the..."Symbol of evil, especially lurking in whirlwinds; epiphany of the God of Death and the Underworld, adversary of the Thunder God." (Gimbutas, Marija (1991) The Civilization of the Goddess.
	www.humanevolution.net /a/indo-european.html (5410 words)

	Kurgans - Mound Builders of Eastern Europe
		The Kurgans buried their dead in deep shafts within artificial burial mounds or barrows.
		Marija Gimbutas writes that the Kurgans (Yamnaya or Pit-Grave culture) ostensibly started their migrations in Southern Russia and the Ukrainian steppes at the Black Sea, reaching Anatolia and Mesopotamia through the Balkans and Greece, across the Caucasus then east to Central Asia and south into Iran.
		The Kurgans provide us with an "EARLIER" people who buried their dead in a manner which must be regarded as a technological precursor to the later burial mounds of Babylon and Egypt, a people of Europe.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi47.htm (361 words)

	Marija Gimbutas, The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe. Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993
		Marija Gimbutas, The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe.
		Kurgan culture came into existence in the first half of the 5th millennium BC when, by means of domesticated horse, horse riding, and wheeled transport, pastoral people overwhelmed the Russian steppe north of the Caucasus and reached the borders of Old Europe in the Dnieper basin;
		Kurgan theory does not depict a thousand-year-old homeland, but recounts a specific situation created by social and economic conditions, especially a hierarchical/patriarchal social structure and horse domestication;
	www.lituanus.org /1998/98_1_08.htm (619 words)

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