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Topic: Kuriles

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	Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Kurile Islands are a volcanic arc made of about 45 volcanoes on 20 islands.
		Detailed maps of the Kurile Islands and information about biological surveys of the islands are available at the homepage of the Internation Kurile Island Project.
		Erlich, E.N., 1986, geology of the calderas of Kamchatka and Kurile Islands with comparison to celaderas of japan and the Aleutians, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 86-291, 300 p.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/kuriles.html (344 words)

	KURILES (ISLS.) - LoveToKnow Article on KURILES (ISLS.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The name " Kurile " is derived from the Russian kurit (to smoke), in allusion to the active volcanic character of the group.
		The dense fogs that envelop these islands, and the violence of the currents in their vicinity, have greatly hindered exploration, so that little is known of their physiography.
		The three southern islands, Kunashiri, Etorofu, and Shikotan, are believed to have belonged to Japan from a remote date, but at the beginning of the 18th century the Russians, having conquered Kamchatka, found their way to the northern part of the Kuriles in pursuit of fur-bearing animals, with which the islands then abounded.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KU/KURILES_ISLS_.htm (2441 words)

	Case Study
		Soviet forces occupied Shimushu Island in the Kuriles on August 18, and on August 27, moved as far south as Urup Island, which is the southernmost point of the Kurile Islands, and then retreated.
		Kurile islanders may be the kin of mainland Russians, bound by blood and language, but in a sense, they are also the citizens of a client state, whose wealth is extracted and sent abroad.
		Part from their geopolitical value, which waned since the end of the Cold War, the Kuriles are awash in valuable salmon, flounder, tuna, shrimp, clams, and crab, as well as kelp and sea urchins, some of the delicacies in Japan.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/ice/kurile.htm (4016 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Kurile chain belongs to the system of islands arcs that borders the continents of Asia on the East ; it extends from the South of Kamchatka to the islands of Hokkaido (Japan) separating the marginal Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean.
		The Greater Kuril chain is volcanic and extends for 1150 km ; its basement is composed of tertiary volcanic-sedimentary rocks.
		In the Kuriles there are at least 85 separate Quaternary volcanoes and volcanic groups, of which sixty have erupted during the Holocene and thirty- seven since the eighteenth century.
	www.sveurop.org /gb/articles/articles/Kuril.htm (1536 words)

	Global Volcanism Program - Volcanoes of the World - Volcanoes of the Kuriles, Kamchatka, and Mainland Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Volcanoes of the Kuriles, Kamchatka, and Mainland Asia
		The Kuriles and Kamchatka are sparsely populated and among the four smallest CAVW regions.
		Observation of Kurile volcanoes is largely done by the Institute of Volcanology and Geodynamics in Sakhalin.
	www.hrw.com /science/si-science/earth/tectonics/volcano/volcano/region10 (690 words)

	SAKHALIN.RU: Sakhalin and the Kuriles. History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		On January 2, 1947, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were included as parts of the Sakhalin Region, and the Region was simultaneously designated as a separate territory of the Russian Federation.
		Antsiferov and I.P. Kozyrevskyi lands on Shumshu, the northernmost of the Greater Kurils.
		The southern cape of Urup is declared the extreme possession of the Russian Empire on the Kuril Islands.
	www.sakhalin.ru /Engl/Region/history.htm (2010 words)

	LAND ANIMALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Similarly, the fox and raccoon dog from Hokkaido crossed to the southern islands of the Kurile ridge, and the white fox from Kamchatka to Paramushir Island.
		The biggest animal is the brown bear (Ursus arctos), quite often met with in Sakhalin, the South Kuriles (Kunashir and lturup) and the North Kuriles (Paramushir).
		On the whole, Northern Sakhalin fauna is of the same origin as the fauna of the nearby mainland; the fauna of the Northern Kuriles is com-parable to that of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the fauna of South Kurile Islands is similar to that of Hokkaido, Japan's northern-most island.
	museum.sakh.com /eng/5.shtml (877 words)

	FLORA
		The main vegetation landscape of the Middle Kuriles (Urup to Ketoy Islands) is the sparse growth of Stone Birch (Betula ermanii) and thickets of Kurile Bamboo.
		In the north the boundary of that flora coincides with the boundary of the Kurile Bamboo, that being a distinctive marker of mountainous Sakhalin and South Kurile Islands flora.
		The rare combination of dark coniferous forests with luxuriant thickets of Kurile Bamboo is typical of the south of Sakhalin, the South Kuriles, and Hokkaido, but is found nowhere else in the world.
	museum.sakh.com /eng/4.shtml (660 words)

	Central Kurile Islands
		The Central Kurile Islands consists of Simushir, Ketoi, Ushishir, Rasshua, Matua, Raikoke, and Lovushky islands.
		The volcanoes of the Central Kurile Islands are:
		The bombs from the 1778 eruption caused 15 fatalities and prompted the first volcanological study of the Kurile Islands.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/c_kuriles.html (553 words)

	Tours in Kuril islands. Kuriles-Tour Co. Ltd. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Kuril islands are a part of the Pacific ring of volcanoes.
		The experts compare the Kuril islands with a huge Botanical garden, where there are representa-tives of various kinds of Japanese-Korean, Manchurian and Kamchatka flora.
		Tours on Kuril islands — helicopter and foot trips, hunting and fishing on the Kuril islands;
	www.kuriles-tour.ru /english (378 words)

	Asia Times: Russia winning the hearts of Kurile islanders
		In November 1998, when this reporter last visited, the Kuriles were gripped by a serious energy crisis and the island of Iturup was without electricity for 16 hours a day.
		At that time, the islanders were outraged with the situation in the populated southern Kurile Islands of Iturup, Kunashir, and Shikotan (Japan also claims a nearby group of uninhabited islets known as Habomai).
		The southern Kuriles are part of a volcanic chain that stretches 1,200 kilometers from Japan's Hokkaido to Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/CG12Ag03.html (1012 words)

	MASTER JUMP PAGE
		The journey to the South Kuriles is made on a comfortable ship of the Far Eastern Steamship Company from the Sakhalin Island port of Korsakov and takes some 36 hours.
		In 1984 a state reserve was established in the South Kuriles, covering a territory of 160,000 acres.
		The Kurile Islands were first charted by Dutch seamen in the 17th century.
	oregonmag.com /KurileIslands.htm (1059 words)

	1
		The margin of the Pacific Ocean basin consists primarily of convergent volcanic island and continental margins, with the associated deep-focus earthquakes in descending, subducted slab (as seen previously in figures 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9).
		The Kuriles and Kamchatka are a very active area with many earthquakes (including large magnitude events) and volcanic eruptions.
		Volcanic eruptions versus magnitude of the eruption for the Kuriles and Kamchatka region, 1960-2000.
	www.eas.purdue.edu /~braile/edumod/sv/3stand.htm (4757 words)

	Kuril Islands. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1875, Japan gave up Sakhalin in return for Russian withdrawal from the Kuriles, and the Japanese held the islands until the end of World War II.
		The Yalta Conference ceded the islands to the USSR, and Soviet forces occupied the chain in Sept., 1945.
		Japan challenged the Soviet right to the Kuriles, and demanded the return of the four southernmost islands.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ku/KurilIsl.html (253 words)

	No Lands, No Loans: The Barrier to Improved Russo-Japanese Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Kuriles north of this line remained Russian property and the large Island of Sakhalin continued to be an area of dispute.
		In early 1946, the Soviet parliament declared the lands of southern Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands to be property of the Soviet state.
		Despite the physical loss of the Kuriles, the Japanese government, having assumed the international and legal obligations of its war-time predecessor, lodged notice that the Yalta agreement was not binding since Tokyo was not party to the accord.
	www.russianamericanchamber.org /newsletter/No_Lands_No_Loans.html (2019 words)

	DAWN - Cowasjee Corner; 17 February, 2002
		The Kuriles have been the subject of claims and counter-claims, conflict and treaties since the mid-19th century.
		According to the Shimoda Treaty, the Kurile Islands were to belong to Russia and the island of Sakhalin was to be a mixed settlement divided between the two countries.
		However, in 1969, all school maps in Japan mark the Kurils as Japanese territory, and since 1971 each February 7 is celebrated in Japan as the 'Day of the Northern Territories'.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/cowas/20020217.htm (1188 words)

	[No title]
		With respect to the Kuriles and South Sakhalin, I cannot yield to the c1aim of the Soviet Delegate that Japan had grabbed them by aggression.
		At the time of the opening of Japan, her ownership of two islands of Etoroff and Kunashiri of the South Kuriles was not questioned at all by the Czarist government.
		But the North Kuriles north of Urruppu and the southern half of Sakhalin were areas open to both Japanese and Russian settlers.
	www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp /~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19510907.S1E.html (1927 words)

	South Kuriles/Northern Territories: A Stumbling-block in Russia-Japan Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The latter action was characterized by Russian ministry of Foreign Affairs as a reaction to increased activity of Japanese poachers in the waters surrounding the disputed islands.
		Russian military presence in the Kuril Archipelago was significantly reduced.
		The special session of Russian Government on 09 November 2000 devoted to the development of the Kuriles was one of quite a few actions of modern Russian leadership demonstrating that Russia’s aim in the region is to secure its control over the islands instead of ceding them to any foreign country.
	www.iir.ubc.ca /cancaps/andersen.html (6839 words)

	Kommersant: Sergei Lavrov Defended South Kuriles
		One of his tasks was to reiterate the unchanged character of Moscow's position on the still acute problem of South Kuriles, as well as to prepare a visit to Tokyo by the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin.
		The situation has been aggravated by the resolutions of Japanese parliament on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the first bilateral Treaty on trade and borders, which, incidentally, had placed the islands in question under the sovereignty of Japan from 1855 until 1945.
		There is no enthusiasm in the Kremlin concerning the possibility to apply to South Kuriles the formula of the division of disputed territories along the border with China, that is, half and half.
	www.kommersant.com /page.asp?id=582028 (1241 words)

	Travel East Russia - The Kuriles - an extraordinary adventure
		From early in the morning until late at night when the sky finally darkened, we explored beaches, mostly covered with rocks or the hills, some still covered with snow and the sharply outlined cliffs surrounding the various gorgeous bays of islands.
		In closing, we would like to mention that all though Russia might have its problems with preservation, the Kurile Islands by virtue of the fact that they were deemed to be a military zone facing the enemy, have been preserved just by this fact.
		There are very few areas in the world where the opportunities exist to visit pristine areas such as these, and eventually, this too will pass.
	www.traveleastrussia.com /summer.html (665 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		The Kuriles quarrel goes back to the twilight of World War II, when troops of the former Soviet Union occupied the four islands north of Hokkaido, which had been Japanese territory since 1875.
		Though no details were revealed, the Japanese were said to have proposed a compromise along the lines of a scenario floated in the early 1980s as Britain and China began negotiating the future of Hong Kong.
		A formula would be found to share the Kuriles' wealth, centered on the rich fishery resources of the surrounding waters.
	www.pathfinder.com /asiaweek/98/1127/ed1.html (897 words)

	Aerial Actions Over Kuriles
		There was also a Japanese air early warning radar of unspecified type on the southern cape of Paramushiro, Kurabu Zaki, but its view of Shimushu was likely blocked by the 5958 foot volcano (apparently named Suribachi, like the one on Iwo Jima) in the center of Paramushiro.
		The Soviet air cover and support for the Shimushu landings were provided by the 128 SAD, their 888 IAP had the P-63 Kingcobra, which they had received only in August 1945, before that they remained the last active Soviet fighter regiment with the I-16.
		On the back cover of a Russian magazine some years ago there was a color photo of a Ki-43 landing gear sticking out of a Kurile bog, and a brief mention that some Russians were planning on restoring a Ki-43 from assorted parts.
	www.j-aircraft.com /research/aerial_actions_over_kuriles.htm (703 words)

	Pravda.RU:Typhoon Fanfon brings torrential rains and strong winds to Central Kuriles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Maritime territorial weather centre reported on Thursday that the wind was still sufficiently strong with a maximum velocity of 25 m/sec, while wind gusts over straits and promontories reached 30-35 m/sec.
		The repairs of communication lines torn by the cyclone in some places in the Central Kuriles are nearing completion.
		The cyclone will continue to move north-eastwards along the Kurile islands and will reach the south-eastern extremity of Kamchatka.
	english.pravda.ru /region/2002/08/22/35014_.html (191 words)

	SAKHALIN.RU: Сахалин и Курилы
		It is necessary to concentrate the government resources for extension of the transport, telecommunication and energy infrastructures.
		Within the bounds of this programme the first order of Mendeleyev geothermal station was erected, the construction of secondary school in v.Krabozavodskoe, hospital on Iturup, Recreation Centre on Shikotan has also begun.
		It depends on habitants of Kuril Islands which of these constructions are more important for them.
	www.sakhalin.ru /Engl (758 words)

	Asia Times: Korean fishing fleet waiting for heat
		The ministry said that the delay in starting fishing operations was due to adverse water temperatures in the region, which remained at around 5-9 degrees Celsius, well below the optimum 10-12 degrees needed to attract fish.
		The southernmost Kuriles, with its four islets, were claimed by both Russia and Japan after they were occupied by Soviet troops in 1945.
		The two sides have since been sorting out their differences, with Japan indicating that it could overlook Korean boats' operations in the Kuriles if Seoul recognized Tokyo's position on the four islets.
	www.atimes.com /koreas/CG20Dg05.html (332 words)

	Kommersant: Japan's Ruling Party Determined on the Southern Kuriles
		The LDP congress that approved the Course of Action was held the day after Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi spoke on the problem of the territorial dispute between Japan and Russia.
		In the past year, the party's authority has been weakened due to a number of unpopular domestic and foreign policy moves, especially plans to carry out pension reform that provides for an increase in pension fund deductions and postal service reform incomprehensible to the population, as well as support for Japan's military operation in Iraq.
		And they are hoping that Tokyo will avoid the words “illegal occupation” at the diplomatic level in talks with Moscow on the future of the Kuriles and a Russian—Japanese peace treaty and will not make bilateral relations hostage of an unresolved territorial dispute.
	www.kommersant.com /page.asp?id=-4142 (825 words)

	Recent Abstracts
		As these elements are clearly mobile in the forearc, their patterns in Kurile lavas reflect inputs from a slab depleted in H2O-soluble species.
		While similar in terms of many physical parameters of subduction, the Kuriles and Kamchatka segments of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc system differ in the thickness and composition of their crustal foundations.
		In the Kuriles, where magmas extrude through relatively thin (20 km) oceanic crust, lava geochemistry is dominated by the slab.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~ryan/abstracts.html (2946 words)

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