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Topic: Kyoto Protocol

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	CBC News In Depth: Kyoto and beyond
		Depending on who you talk to, the Kyoto Protocol is either a) an expensive, bureaucratic solution to fix a problem that may not even exist; or b) the last, best chance to save the world from the "time bomb" of global warming.
		The problem the Kyoto Protocol is trying to address is climate change, and more specifically, the speed at which the earth is warming up.
		The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in late 1997 to address the problem of global warming by reducing the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/kyoto (2906 words)

	Kyoto Protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an amendment to the international treaty on climate change, assigning mandatory targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to signatory nations.
		The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the third session of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.
		The first Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP1) was held in Montreal from November 28 to December 9, 2005, along with the 11th conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP11).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kyoto_Protocol (6611 words)

	Kyoto Protocol - The Woods Hole Research Center
		The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement forged in Kyoto Japan in December of 1997 that seeks to limit world greenhouse gas emissions to slow the progress of global warming.
		When the second Bush administration withdrew the United States from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, it was seen by some as sounding the death knell for the ratification process.
		As of February 16, 2005, 141 nations had ratified the Protocol, accounting for 61.6% of 1990 greenhouse gas emission (Source: UNFCC Kyoto Protocol Thermometer), and the Protocol entered into force, ninety days after ratification by the Russian Duma, or lower house of parliament.
	www.whrc.org /resources/online_publications/warming_earth/kyoto.htm (1646 words)

	KYOTO PROTOCOL
		Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties, unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
		Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
		Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
	unfccc.int /resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html (5366 words)

	Kyoto Protocol
		The Kyoto Protocol establishes a commitment period between 2008 and 2012 in which average emissions for Annex 1 Nations are to be 94.8% of 1990 levels.
		The Kyoto Protocol applies to six greenhouse gases: the three main greenhouse gases released by human activity (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane) and, to three gases that are released in small quantities but are both long lasting and extremely powerful (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride).
		During the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol a number of nations objected to the inclusion of net emissions from the forestry and land use change because of uncertainty and unresolved methodological issues in measuring these emissions.
	www.wcel.org /wcelpub/1998/12152.html (5803 words)

	Global Warming: Russia & Kyoto Protocol
		Kyoto sets emission targets for industrialized countries for the years 2008-2012, with the expectation of more stringent targets in the future.
		Kyoto requires that parties to the Protocol begin negotiating in 2005 toward a second round of commitments.
		Kyoto was not yet be in force, so the formal proceedings were not be affected.
	www.pewclimate.org /what_s_being_done/in_the_world/russia_kyoto_q_a.cfm (1334 words)

	CNN - Text of the Kyoto Protocol - 1997
		ÒMontreal ProtocolÓ means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.
		Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of 20, paragraph 7.
		Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/1997/global.warming/stories/treaty (1930 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Kyoto Protocol
		The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement, negotiated in December 1997, by which industrialized nations have committed to making substantial reductions in their emissions of greenhouse gases by 2012.
		The current Bush Administration has also rejected the Kyoto Protocol as being too costly for the U.S. economy, and has proposed its own climate change initiative which calls for voluntary reductions in emissions, tax credits for emissions reductions, and increased research and development for new energy technologies.
		This exercise, from usnewsclassroom.com, can be used at the high school level to review the causes of global warming, research the details of the Kyoto Protocol agreement and the various positions of parties who oppose and support its U.S. ratification, and allow students to state and substantiate their own position on the issue.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/278.html (1070 words)

	EUROPA - Environment - Climate Change
		The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change strengthens the international response to climate change.
		The Protocol encourages governments to cooperate with one another, improve energy efficiency, reform the energy and transportation sectors, promote renewable forms of energy, phase out inappropriate fiscal measures and market imperfections, limit methane emissions from waste management and energy systems, and protect forests and other carbon "sinks".
		The EU and its Member States ratified the Kyoto Protocol in late May 2002, fulfilling the Commission's ambition to enable the Kyoto Protocol to come into force before the World Summit on Sustainable Development which took place in Johannesburg between 24 August and 4 September 2002.
	ec.europa.eu /environment/climat/kyoto.htm (1037 words)

	NRDC: Bush Administration Errs on Kyoto Global Warming Agreement
		In renouncing the protocol, the president and members of his administration have used a number of seriously flawed arguments.
		The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated and signed in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 1992 treaty signed by George W. Bush's father and ratified by the Senate.
		The Kyoto agreement is consistent with the 1992 treaty principle that developed countries should provide leadership in addressing global warming.
	www.nrdc.org /globalWarming/akyotoqa.asp (1001 words)

	Kyoto Protocol
		The Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change was negotiated by over 160 countries in December 1997.
		The Kyoto Protocol, however, faces many formidable obstacles which the negotiating parties have found difficult to resolve since the Kyoto conference.
		Regardless of the scope of near term participation under the Kyoto Protocol, stabilizing the atmosphere and preventing dangerous climate change (the objective of the 1992 Climate Convention) will necessarily require steep reductions in global emissions.
	climate.wri.org /project_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1279 (971 words)

	International Activities - The Kyoto Protocol
		By signing the Protocol, countries agree to continue with the treaty-making process, but do not consent to be bound by the Protocol.
		Kyoto Protocol Parties would be required to demonstrate compliance with their targets, Parties would be required to acquit tradeable emissions units against their actual emissions for the commitment period.
		Although as a non-Party to the Kyoto Protocol the Australian Government cannot participate directly in the Kyoto mechanisms, the rules agreed at Marrakesh in November 2001 do not discriminate between firms from countries that have and have not ratified the Protocol.
	www.greenhouse.gov.au /international/kyoto (641 words)

	The Kyoto Protocol [New Zealand Climate Change] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Named after the Japanese city where it was concluded in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to address global warming and delay climate change - it aims to reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions of developed countries (and countries with economies in transition) to 5 percent below the level they were in 1990.
		The Kyoto Protocol had to be signed and ratified by 55 countries (including those responsible for at least 55 percent of the developed world's 1990 carbon dioxide emissions) before it could enter into force.
		As a result of the Kyoto Protocol and earlier climate change initiatives, the New Zealand Government has a range of programmes to reduce emissions already in place or being developed.
	www.climatechange.govt.nz /about/kyoto.html (664 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Kyoto Protocol comes into force
		The Kyoto accord, which aims to curb the air pollution blamed for global warming, has come into force seven years after it was agreed.
		Russia's entry was vital, because the protocol had to be ratified by nations accounting for at least 55% of greenhouse gas emissions to become valid.
		The protocol, which became legally binding at midnight New York time (0500 GMT) on 16 February, demands a 5.2% cut in greenhouse gas emissions from the industrialised world as a whole, by 2012.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4267245.stm (652 words)

	David Suzuki Foundation: Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol
		On February 16, 2005, the Kyoto Protocol officially entered into force, marking an important step forward in the fight against climate change.
		The Canadian plan to meet our Kyoto target includes mandatory emissions cuts for large factories and power plants; updated standards for more energy efficient buildings, homes, vehicles and appliances; financial incentives for smaller businesses to cut their emissions; and tax breaks or financial support for public transit and alternative fuels.
		Kyoto and Beyond shows how Canada can dramatically reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, with massive savings in energy bills.
	www.davidsuzuki.org /Climate_Change/Kyoto (218 words)

	SCADPlus: Kyoto Protocol on climate change
		Council Decision 2002/358/EC of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder [Official Journal L 130 of 15.05.2002]
		On 4 February 1991 the Council authorised the Commission to participate on behalf of the European Community in the negotiation of a UN framework convention on climate change, which was adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.
		At the fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Berlin in March 1995, the Parties of the Convention decided to negotiate a Protocol containing measures to reduce emissions for the period beyond 2000 in the industrialised countries.After much work, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 10 December 1997 in Kyoto.
	europa.eu /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28060.htm (647 words)

	Editorial: Kyoto Protocol
		The protocol is fundamentally flawed, not simply because the US has stayed out — although it is an issue that needs to be addressed — but because there is no joined-up thinking behind it.
		The other mistake in the Kyoto Protocol is the notion that cuts in gas emissions have to be forced on the industrialized economies.
		Kyoto is doomed too, not just because it does not include the US, but also because it does include China, India, and Brazil.
	www.arabnews.com /?page=7§ion=0&article=59145&d=18&m=2&y=2005 (573 words)

	Nature Conservancy News Room - Kyoto Protocol, Global Warming, Climate Change: Statement on the Enactment of the Kyoto ...
		The Kyoto Protocol is a key first step to help slow the onslaught of global warming and benefit conservation efforts.
		Science shows that global warming is not merely a real threat for the future, but that it is already having a destructive impact on the natural habitats and resources on which we all depend.
		Even though companies here in the United States are not subject to Kyoto’s emission caps, U.S. companies that operate in nations complying with the Kyoto Protocol do have to meet those countries’ caps.
	www.nature.org /pressroom/press/press1791.html (502 words)

	LiveScience.com - Global Warming Treaty Takes Effect Wednesday
		The Kyoto Protocol, an adjunct to the 1992 U.N. treaty on climate change, has been ratified by 140 nations, but its binding restrictions apply to only 35 industrialized countries, committed to reducing or limiting output of six gases, chiefly carbon dioxide, a byproduct of burning coal and oil products.
		The United States, which envisaged a 7 percent reduction, signed the protocol in 1997, but the U.S. Senate had resolved in advance not to accept it, citing potential damage to the U.S. economy and demanding that such emerging polluters as China and India be covered.
		Kyoto will require governments to report regularly on compliance, and in some cases the prospects are dim.
	www.livescience.com /environment/ap_kyoto_050214.html (833 words)

	COP3—Kyoto Protocol and Conference - Global Issues
		At the end of March 2001, U.S. President George Bush (a former failed oil business man) said that he "opposed the Kyoto Protocol." One of the reasons he cited was because India and China would not be subject to Kyoto measures and would increase their emissions.
		There were huge propaganda events and advertisements by Congress and by the Global Climate Coalition (a group of large businesses concerned at their bottom line if the Kyoto Protocol was signed), making it harder for Washington to sign.
		This article is summary a of the Kyoto Summit, highlighting very well, the bitter politics and national self-interest that was at work.
	www.globalissues.org /EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/Kyoto.asp (1439 words)

	Kyoto Protocol and Small Business, Seniors, Farmers, Consumers and You (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Senior citizens will be the ones really burnt if this foolish Kyoto Treaty is implemented – burnt with higher energy costs for fuel in the winter and air conditioning in the summer, both of which are essential for their health.
		For farmers in the First World, the Kyoto treaty could mean a 75 percent surge in energy prices, leading to radically higher prices for such energy-expensive inputs as machinery, pesticides and fertilizer.
		A study to determine the effects of global warming policy, specifically the Kyoto Protocol, on U.S. agriculture estimates that agriculture would suffer an 8.8 percent increase in production costs as well as a loss in sales of $5 billion at the farm level, due to lower GDP.
	www.globalwarming.org /kyoto_you.htm (572 words)

	C&EN: LATEST NEWS - Kyoto Protocol
		Now that the Russian Cabinet has approved the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, setting the stage for the treaty to become legally binding, governments and businesses need to take stronger measures to address greenhouse gas emissions.
		After the protocol becomes binding, many businesses in the industrialized countries that have ratified the treaty will be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
		One way the U.S. could begin to participate in the Kyoto process is to engage seriously in the climate-change negotiations at the December meeting of the parties to the UN climate-change convention.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/8241/8241earlygov.html (903 words)

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