L. L. Zamenhof - Factbites

L. L. Zamenhof - Factbites
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	L. L. Zamenhof - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zamenhof was born on December 15, 1859 in the town of BiaÅystok, in what is now Poland but was then part of the Russian Empire.
		Lidia Zamenhof in particular took a keen interest in Esperanto, and as an adult became a teacher of the language, traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it.
		Ludovic Lazarus (Ludwik Lejzer) Zamenhof ( December 15, 1859â“ April 14, 1917) was a Russian-Jewish ophthalmologist, philologist, and Zionist, and the initiator of Esperanto, the most widely spoken planned language to date.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/L.L._Zamenhof

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ZAMENHOF, LAZARUSLUDWIG:
		Zamenhof's reputation is due to the fact that he is the founder of Esperanto, the new universal language which has taken the place of Volapük.
		Zamenhof pursued general medical studies at Warsaw and Moscow (M.D. 1884), and settled in Warsaw as an oculist.
		His father, Markus Zamenhof, and his grandfather, Fabian Zamenhof, were teachers of French and German, the latter being the pioneer of general culture among the Jews of Byelostok.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=20&letter=Z

	Esperanto history
		Zamenhof decided to publish in Russian partly because books in Russian were viewed with less suspicion by the government censors, and he decided to use a pseudonym lest suspicions of eccentricity cause damage to his professional career and to the reputation of his brothers.
		Marcus Zamenhof was an ambitious man and in 1873, when Ludoviko, his oldest son, was 14, the family moved to Warsaw where they lived in an apartment in the Jewish quarter.
		The tradition of the annual Universala Kongreso continued, and the speech by Zamenhof continued to be the main event, although he implored other Esperantists to simply think of him as the originator of the idea, which now belonged to all of them jointly, and to cease referring to him as the 'Majstro'.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~wies301/Esperanto_history.html

	ZAMENHOF AND ESPERANTO
		Ludovic Zamenhof was born in 1859 in Bialystok, Poland.
		Zamenhof decided that an international language should be easy enough for anyone, regardless of education level or linguistic knowledge, to learn as a second language.
		Zamenhof’s father was a linguist and his mother was a school language teacher.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/linguistics/lingua/esperanto.htm

	NB online - Department of Planned Languages and Esperanto Museum
		Zamenhof's basic principle was that the various cultures and religions should conserve their own natures, and that the encounter between them can take place only on neutral terrain, that is, so to say, the common denominator of all.
		It is remarkable that Zamenhof did not merely try to "cure the world from one point of view", but recognised the problem in its entire complexity, and from that point of departure developed a philosophy of tolerance which he named Hillelism.
		Zamenhof died in 1917 at the age of fifty-eight years of a heart problem.
	www.onb.ac.at /ev/collections/esperanto/zamenhof_eng.htm

	Ciaran Carson and Esperanto
		Zamenhof's is essentially an a posteriori language, built around a common stock of root-words of European origin, though it might be argued that his system of prefixes and suffixes, his solution to the problem of attaching a multiplicity of words to the multiplicity of things in the world, is a priori.
		Ludwig Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, died precisely a year after my father, William Carson, was born, on April 14 1917: a coincidence that was a source of pride to my father, though he never mentioned that the Titanic, built in our home town of Belfast, had struck the fatal iceberg on April 14 1912.
		Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof was born in Bialystok, the first of the eight children of Marcus and Rozalia Zamenhof, on December 15 1859.
	www.esperanto.ie /english/carson.htm

	Another History
		Zamenhof worked to use components common to most language and to avoid the uncommon--in a way, it can be argued that Zamenhof did not invent anything; he only rearranges what was already there (International Language).
		Zamenhof foresaw that changes in Esperanto would not be good for it; they would only confuse people, and then his language would not become alive, as it is today.
		Also, "Zamenhof was determined to put as much distance as possible between the work and its creator...[I]n place of a copyright notice, he published a statement forever relinquishing all rights to the language" (Richardson 30).
	members.aol.com /elinjo/research.eohist.html

	Esperanto language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Zamenhof was born in the Polish city of Bialystok which at that time was home to a polyglot, multiethnic mixture of Poles, Russians, Jews, Lithuanians and Germans.
		Zamenhof's first work on Esperanto, the "Unua Libro" (First Book) published in 1887, contained 920 roots from which tens of thousands of words could be formed, together with the "Fundamenta Gramatiko" (Grammatical Foundations), which consisted of 16 basic grammatical rules.
		Zamenhof renounced all rights to Esperanto and encouraged comments and suggestions on the development of the language.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/esperanto.htm

	L.L. Zamenhof - HadrianCyphreWeb
		Zamenhof's creation, Esperanto is a carefully planned language, with just a few rules, and a 100-year track record that keeps on going in the form of original and translated literature and songs, pen-pals on-line and on paper, and engaging activities the world over.
		G rowing up, Zamenhof witnessed violence, which he associated with the misunderstanding and lack of communication between the participants.
		Were Zamenhof alive today, he might ask himself...
	home.att.net /~hadriancyphre/zamenhof.htm

	ipedia.com: Esperanto Article
		Zamenhof published the first work on the subject, and literally means "one who hopes." Zamenhof, a Jewish oculist from Bialystok, (now Poland, but then part of the Russian empire), and living in Warsaw, published the Unua Libro (first book) of the language in 1887 after working on it for about ten years (see Esperanto history).
		Zamenhof declared that "Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists" and moved to the background once the language was published, allowing others to share in the development and creation.
		Thus Zamenhof was forced to begin again, but this time he had the advantage of all that he had learned in his first attempt.
	fav.ipedia.com /esperanto.html

	Guardian Unlimited The Guardian A beginners guide to Esperanto
		Zamenhof's "neutral interlanguage", said the manual, had been chosen because it was "not identifiable with any alliance or ideology" and was "far easier to learn and use than any national language".
		It was here, where lack of understanding translated readily into racial hatred, and racial hatred begat violence, that, in 1859, Ludovic Zamenhof was born to a language teacher and her linguist husband.
		But while Zamenhof's "fundamentals" are indeed sacrosanct (Esperantists place great importance on structural stability), the Doktoro always insisted that Esperanto was not his property.
	www.guardian.co.uk /weekend/story/0,3605,995249,00.html

	Untitled
		Zamenhof believed that racial hatred was a product of ignorance and prejudice and he also believed that linguistic diversity made it difficult to achieve the level of mutual understanding between different nationalities necessary to overcome such ignorance and combat such prejudice.
		When Zamenhof was fourteen, his family moved to Warsaw but he never forgot the terrible racial hatred he encountered as a young child at Bialystok which erupted into dreadful violence in 1905.
		At the time of Zamenhof's birth Bialystok was under Russian control (it is very close to the border of modern Russia and Poland) and also had a rather unusually mixed population, even for a central European town.
	www.suite101.com /print_article.cfm/1146/8568

	Comments About the Alphabet
		Zamenhof could not use a digraph such as CH for that sound, since C and H have independent sounds of their own.
		Zamenhof himself used this method in telegrams (there are International Code characters for the Esperanto letters, but telegraphers who are familiar with them are few and far between).
		Why didn't Zamenhof, who invented Esperanto, include these letters?
	www.webcom.com /~donh/ecourse/ealfa1.html

	The Esperanto Book: 7
		Zamenhof's major failure appears to have lain in his inability to predict just how many people would genuinely be interested in communicating with their other-language counterparts and solving their mutual problems.
		It was during the Zamenhof Year that I first became involved in the Esperanto movement (37), and my own perception of its history has certainly been colored by this fact; 1959, in that sense, marked a major discontinuity in that history.
		But if we consider that Zamenhof's original motives were to provide a language usable by people interested in communicating with native speakers of other languages, then in fact Esperanto was a success from the moment the Pole Grabowski and the Russian Jew Zamenhof sat down for their mythical first conversation in the fall of 1887.
	donh.best.vwh.net /Esperanto/EBook/chap07.html

	Jordan: Note on Esperanto
		Zamenhof sought to create an easy to learn and politically neutral means of communication for use by people whose native tongues were different.
		Exactly as Zamenhof predicted, Esperanto speakers generally report more "equal" cross-linguistic contacts than those they have in the native language of one or another of the parties to an interaction.
		What Esperanto Is. Esperanto is an "artificial" language first published in 1887 by Ludovik L. Zamenhof (1859-1917) after extensive thought and experimentation.
	weber.ucsd.edu /~dkjordan/es/esperant.html

	Objectivism Online Forum -> Esperanto
		Zamenhof may have left parts unspecified in the very beginning (I don't know if this is true), but it couldn't possibly still be that way.
		Zamenhof thought this was because they didn't understand each other due to the different languages they spoke.
		Zamenhof set out to create a language that could be learned in months, rather than years.
	forum.objectivismonline.net /index.php?showtopic=1403

	ESPERANTO :: FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Zamenhof's intention was to create an easy-to-learn language, to serve as an international auxiliary language, rather than to replace all existing languages in the world.
		After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into the language as well as using it to write original prose and verse, the first Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw in July 1887.
		Zamenhof first published a schema of the language in 1887.
	www.whereintheworldisbush.com /index.php?s=esperanto

	Esperanto: A Language for the Global Village by Sylvan Zaft: Chapter 3
		Zamenhof was the author of Esperanto but the community of users decided what the language was to be.
		After that, neither Zamenhof nor anyone else had the right to do away with the basic grammar or vocabulary or usage patterns of the language as they were found in the Fundamento.
		Zamenhof himself abstained from voting, and he did not vote any of the proxies which many people sent to him.
	members.aol.com /SylvanZ/gv3.htm

	vol6.081
		Zamenhof spent three years working on a Yiddish grammar, only fragments of which were ever published (in a Yiddish periodical).
		He related his own experience of being visited daily by Dr. Zamenhof (who was an ophthalmologist) during the four weeks in 1902 when he was a patient in a Jewish hospital in Warsaw.
		He argued that Zamenhof grew up in a bilingual milieu even if he learned Russian as a child and heard Russian at home--and from his mother at that (YS 18:80).
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/languages/yiddish/mendele/vol6.081

	lernu: pri Esperanto
		Zamenhof estis judo, laboris kiel okulkuracisto kaj havis familion kun pluraj infanoj.
		Zamenhof elkreskis en multetna urbo, Bjalistoko (kiu nun situas en Pollando) kaj tie ofte spertis kverelojn inter la etnoj.
		Dum sia junultempo li multe okupiÄis pri sia lingva projekto kaj kiel 27-jarulo li prezentis Äin sub la pseÅdonimo "Doktoro Esperanto".
	www.lernu.net /pri_esperanto/zamenhof.php

	Sensupersigna Esperanto
		Zamenhof himself proposed changes to the language in 1906, and the elimination of the diacritics was included among them.
		Zamenhof himself considered that the lack of the proper types when trying to print texts in Esperanto could be a problem, so he stated that one could replace the special letters by:
		So, Zamenhof discarded some "useless" letters of the Roman/English alphabet and added some other brand-new letters with diacritics, so that in the alphabet of Esperanto "every sound is represented by only one letter, and every letter represents only one sound".
	www.nautilus.com.br /~ensjo/misc/sensupersigna.html

	Esperanto Studies: An Overview
		Zamenhof saw very clearly that he must renounce ownership, must strive to create patterns of language loyalty, of shared ownership, leading to the creation of a language community.
		Zamenhof¼s approach to the idea of an international language was surely filtered in some measure through the Jewish experience.
		Rightly understood, Zamenhof¼s was not a language project pure and simple, but rather a blueprint for a new movement for international communication (or, to put it another way, for universal bilingualism).
	esperantic.org /ced/espstu.htm

	jida
		Zamenhof sciis ke en la plimulto el la eŭropaj lingvoj inversii la subjekton estas la plej ofta maniero ŝanĝi asertan frazon en demandan.
		Unuflanke, multaj indikoj montras ke Zamenhof vidis en la verbo la ĉefan formon de kiu devenas ĉiuj aliaj, precipe kiam temas pri ago, konforme al ideo tre disvastiĝinta ĉe la tiamaj filologoj kaj al la strukturo de la hebrea (tiel li traktas armi kiel la patrinan formon, dum la vorto armilo estas derivaĵo).
		Eblas akcepti la ideon, ke kiam Zamenhof devis esprimi tiun koncepton, la jida vorto venis al li tuj en la menson, kaj ĝi ankaŭ aspektis al li kiel bonega solvo kompromisa inter kelkaj gravaj lingvoj.
	me.in-berlin.de /~maxnet/esperanto/piron/jida.htm

	L. Zamenhof - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look for L. Zamenhof in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		Look for L. Zamenhof in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/L._Zamenhof

	esper.htm
		Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof was a physician and oculist (ophthalmologist).
		It was created in 1887 by Dr. L.L. Zamenhof (1859-1917) and published under the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto" - meaning 'one who hopes' - and the name was adopted as the name of the language itself.
		Zamenhof dedicated himself to promoting tolerance, mainly through the development of an international language.
	www.iol.ie /~carrollm/hh/esper.htm

	Ranto (JBR AntiZamenhofism)
		I notice Zamenhof adopts a Slavic approach to tenses in quoted speech: where English reports "we are!" either directly as "they said `We are!'" or indirectly as "they said that they were", Esperantists and Slavs have to say (in effect) "they said that they are" (tenses direct, everything else indirect).
		Zamenhof's "Sixteen Rules" are hardly "all the rules of Esperanto grammar on one page of notepaper"; they cover only derivational and inflectional morphology (ie word-building and word-endings).
		Zamenhof's efforts to disguise Esperanto as Italian by adding final vowels are miserably inadequate.
	www.xibalba.demon.co.uk /jbr/ranto

	AIL - Esperanto
		Zamenhof, like the authors of all subsequent schemes, took most of his words from the vocabulary common to Romanic languages and English, much of which has also made its way into German, Russian, etc., but he was not really guided by any fixed principles either in his selection or in his phonetic treatment of words.
		Now it is undeniable that this language of Zamenhof's is a remarkable achievement, which must have struck those who came to it fresh from Schleyer's Volapük as an entirely new and better world.
		As for the vocabulary it is often said, by Esperantists and antagonists alike, that Zamenhof's genius showed itself in the way in which he took words with hardly any change from existing languages.
	mi.anihost.ru /Novial/Ail/AILesp.html

	Shared Global Language: Salvation or Threat? (August 2000)
		Zamenhof’s intention was that Esperanto would serve as a unifying second language, rather than replacing a speaker’s mother tongue.
		Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof was obsessed with the vision of global community and devoted much of his life to achieving it.
		Zamenhof set out to create a universal language, publishing a small booklet - Lingvo Internacia (International Language) - in 1887.
	www.innovationwatch.com /connections.2000.08.00.htm

	The Convert: Lidia Zamenhof and the Bahai Faith
		But it is well-known that Zamenhof wished for peace among hostile nationswhich decent person does not?and he fully recognised the importance and value of education in the battle against ignorant prejudice and the destructive consequences of irrational hatred..
		The seventh point is more or less the same as Zamenhof's view that we should not judge any individual according to his racial origin but according to his behaviour and actions.
		The Convert: Lidia Zamenhof and the Bahai Faith
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/esperanto/37254

	Esperanto Society of Pittsburgh
		Zamenhof was inspired to create an easy, logical second language which all could learn and use profitably.
		Zamenhof made a speech in Esperanto for the 688 Esperantists who had come from 20 different countries to get together and talk to each other in the new tongue.
		Esperanto was invented in 1887 by a gifted humanitarian intellectual, Dr. Ludovic Lazar Zamenhof, who had quite an international pedigree himself -- he was a Jew of German origin living in what is now Poland, then Czarist Russia, and bordering on Lithuania.
	www.shs-institut.de /esperanto/32297.html

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