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	L5 Society
		The Society was founded partly because of Arizona Congressman Morris Udall, who at the time was a serious candidate for American President.
		The L5 Society opposed the United Nations Moon Treaty in 1979-80 on the grounds that the “common heritage” provision of the Treaty would stifle development of nonterrestrial resources, crucial to the construction of an O’Neill-type colony.
		L5 director Mark Hopkins, who later formed Spacecause and Spacepac, lobbied intensively but unsuccessfully to get Congress to restore funding for SPS.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/L5_Society.html (667 words)

	National Space Society - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The National Space Society (NSS) is an international nonprofit 501(c)(3), educational, and scientific organization specializing in space advocacy.
		The society supports manned space missions as well as unmanned space missions, which are remotely-controlled or robotic space probes by both the public (e.g., NASA, Russian Federal Space Agency and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and private sector (e.g., Ansari X Prize, Transformational Space, Scaled Composites, etc.) organizations.
		The National Space Society was established in the United States on March 8, 1986, from the merger of two space advocacy organizations: the National Space Institute, founded by Dr. Wernher von Braun; and the L5 Society, based on the concepts of Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Space_Society (303 words)

	Artemis Project: NSS Chapters Story - Part 1
		In the summer of 1976, the L5 Society was distributing a membership flyer that included a checkbox at the bottom that asked if you would be willing to form a local chapter.
		L5 Society HQ didn't provide much support to the local chapters, and after a couple of years my interest in the Society waned.
		A few months after getting the Northwest L5 Society going, I had founded the Northwest L5 Society and was chairman of the NWSFS executive committee as well as chairman of the bidding committee for the 1981 World Science Fiction Convention and chairman of the Norwescon (northwest regional science fiction convention) committee.
	www.asi.org /adb/06/01/nss-chapters-01.html (1191 words)

	HobbySpace - Space Activism - History
		The American clubs, such as the American Rocket Society (originally the American Interplanetary Society, the ARS eventually became the prestigious American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics - AIAA), helped to train many of the engineers who later developed the launch vehicles of the postwar space age.
		L5 Society (see also Brief history of the L5 Society at L5 News archive), organized by Keith and Carolyn Henson in Tuscon, Arizona, grew out of a summer study of O'Neill's ideas in 1975 at Princeton and MIT (ref. 5,6).
		L5 refers to a Lagrange stability point where the gravitational pulls of the earth, moon and sun are balanced and a body stationed there can remain indefinitely.
	www.hobbyspace.com /Active/history.html (2668 words)

	Artemis Project: Where the NSS Local Chapters Came From
		The National Space Society came from a merger of the L5 Society and the National Space Institute.
		She sent me a list of all the L5 Society members in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia; and the Northwest L5 Society was born.
		L5 Society leadership allowed social causes to dominate the story coming from HQ, and hence alienated more than half of their membership in just a few months.
	www.asi.org /adb/06/01/nss-chapters-origins.html (1858 words)

	USS Clueless Stardate 20011016.0925
		People like Professor Hawking, or the National Space Society (descended from the L5 Society), are proposing the idea of creating a self-sustaining habitat in space.
		The L5 society originally suggested mining it on the moon and shooting it towards Lagrange Point 5 with mass accelerators on the surface of the moon.
		That was the L5 Society's original goal for their space habitat.
	denbeste.nu /entries/00001113.shtml (1343 words)

	History of the Society
		The L5 Society was established as a result of the 1975 Summer Study'at Princeton University and M. I.T., where students and teachers participated in programs to develop concepts for the creation of space colonies.
		Becoming a citizens' group independent of any institution, the L5 Society formed to supply information on the new possibilities of space development (especially colonisation) and to publish commentary in newsletter form- Both the L5 Society and the NSI developed their own programs of space activism, promoting space research, development and exploration to the general public.
		The 'Southern Cross L5 Society' was formed in 1979, with groups in Sydney, Adelaide (in 1984) and Brisbane (in 1986).
	www.nssa.com.au /Pages/history70.html (433 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		It is understood by both The L5 Society and PEMCO that attendee registration fees shall include general registration materials, badge, and program guide.
		Neither PEMCO or The L5 Society shall sponsor or conduct any event that conflicts or competes with the Event during the terms of this agreement.
		In consideration of the above, The L5 Society shall receive twenty-five percent (25%) of all proceeds in excess of $40,000.00 (gross revenues from exhibit space sales and attendee registration fees) for the Event.
	www.islandone.org /ISDC/ISDC1987_Pittsburgh/Management-DaleAmonPapers/19850603-PEMCO-DC (971 words)

	History of the Society
		In January 1986, apparent disaster struck with the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, and the Society faced a difficult period of reconstruction during a time when the public's focus was squarely on the pro's and con's of space flight and exploration, and questioning the need and wisdom of manned exploration.
		The 'National Space Society' and the 'Space Frontier Society' were the choices up for consideration, and from all indications that the Australian chapters of the L5 Society were receiving, the name 'Space Frontier Society' was going to be chosen.
		As the Society in Australia developed and our chapter membership numbers grew, the need became apparent for a greater national structure to be developed to coordinate the many activities of the Society.
	www.nssa.com.au /Pages/history80.html (1077 words)

	Free Speaker - Technology
		And the L5 Society was mostly hostile to NASA: "L5 members were fed up with NASA's policy of obsessive perfectionism, which meant that every launch had to be perfect, which meant triple backup systems and all manner of superfluous redundancy, which meant an inordinate amount of testing and expense."
		L5 member Timothy Leary was offended with NASA's consistent choice of clean-cut types for astronauts, but mostly L5 members were just plain exasperated by the gradual space exploration slowdown as NASA's bureaucracy steadily ossified.
		The shuttle eventually killed the L5 Society by driving launch costs so high that any possibility of inexpensively transporting payloads into space was erased.
	www.economicthinking.org /technology/greatmambo.html (1717 words)

	Moon Society:
		Oregon Artemis Society was conceived in March 2000 as a chapter of the Artemis Society International.
		Its status, as of October 17, 2002, is "Chapter in Formation" of the Moon Society.
		While we haven't gotten together as a Moon Society chapter for nearly 2 years, most of the members are active locally with Oregon L5 Society, a chapter of The National Space Society.
	www.moonsociety.org /chapters/oregon (166 words)

	!! L5Development.com - a privately funded, for profit, commercial space exploration and development program
		The space colonists living at L5 build solar power satellites, which are then dropped into geostationary orbit to beam electricity down to the Earth, and pay for the whole thing at ten cents per kilowatt-hour.
		The colonists, and those supplying them with provisions, are undoubtably going to bring a range of innovations about we cannot yet imagine, boosting the world's economy with a crop of new products and services.
		With established colonies at L5, expansion of the human sphere of influence beyond our immediate planetary realm will become the reality so many have dreamed of.
	www.l5development.com (631 words)

	Space Tourism - Robert E. Wells
		I joined the L5 Society in college, and just assumed as a matter of course that I would indeed one day attend the meeting on an orbital colony at the L5 point to disolve the society.
		The Mars Society - Founded in 1998 and held well attended first annual conference in August in Boulder, CO. Dedicated to furthering the exploration and settlement of the Red Planet.
		National Space Society - educational and activist organization dedicated to furthering the exploration and development of space.
	wellscs.com /robert/space.htm (1033 words)

	Life Enhancement Products Presents: NeoFiles
		In the 1970s — ‘80s, he was one of the founders and leaders of the L5 Society, an organization dedicated to building homes in high orbit using raw materials from the lunar surface.
		The L5 society received a lot of attention in the 1970s; after that, public interest or at least media coverage dissipated.
		I don’t think the Extropians ever had even the level of the early L5 Society, but then I was not deeply involved with them.
	www.life-enhancement.com /NeoFiles?id=15 (2737 words)

	Brief history of the L5 Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Most NSS members today have never been members of either of the two precursor organizations – the National Space Institute and the L5 Society – and may not be aware of their history.
		L4 and L5 are points of gravitational equilibrium located on the Moon's orbit at equal distances from both the Earth and the Moon.
		The L5 Society hired Washington lobbyist and lawyer Leigh Ratiner, who gave intensive training to a number of L5 activists on how to walk the halls of Congress and talk to staffers.
	www.l5news.org /L5history.htm (1968 words)

	L5 City in space
		L5 Society was planning to build within twenty years if they could obtain private funding.
		The concept is based on the Lagrangian libration points that exist in five locations between the earth and the moon orbits, where gravity is neutral due to the countering effects of the gravitational fields.If an object was to be placed in one of these points it wouldn't move in relation to the earth.
		In the 1970's Dr O'Neill proposed that a space colony or colonies could be built at L5 point.The purpose of the colony or colonies would be to serve as habitats for lunar miners and as a transfer station for material mined from the moon.
	australis.www2.50megs.com /L5/L5.html (264 words)

	International Space Settlement Design Competition
		This whole scenario may have been a bit naive, but the studies were done, dreams were kindled, and a lot of people decided they would be ready to pack their belongings and go live on the new frontier in space just as soon as the first space settlement was ready to go.
		An organization called the L5 Society was founded, proclaiming in its By-laws that its last meeting would be held on the first space colony, its purpose for existing then having been fulfilled (the L5 Society merged with the National Space Society, and consequently that By-laws provision no longer exists).
		"L4" and "L5" are the most stable of the five; they are on the same orbital path as the Moon, one-sixth of the way around in either direction from where the Moon is (equivalent to the locations where the Trojan asteroids have collected in the Jupiter-Sun system).
	spaceset.org /p.train6.html (1379 words)

	Going to the edge of space for private enterprise / A suborbital flight aims for riches beyond a $10 million prize
		For a time, the most celebrated space-development group was the L5 Society, whose mostly lay membership reportedly ran into the thousands.
		But the national L5 movement soon broke apart, partly because it was absorbed by a larger, slicker space lobbying group in Washington, the National Space Society.
		And the L5 movement never quite recovered from O'Neill's early death from leukemia and from technical and economic objections to the solar satellite scheme detailed in a report by the National Academy of Sciences.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/06/21/MNGQ3797F71.DTL (1094 words)

	Science Articles \|\| Science Blog Community
		Founded in 1974 by Wernher von Braun (originally as the National Space Institute) and merged in 1987 with the grass-roots L5 Society, the National Space Society has a long history of advocacy for space causes and for its vision of "People living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth".
		I have been a member of the National Space Society for only about two and a half years now, and I've already been inspired by the organization to attend two of their International Space Development Conferences and start a local chapter.
		The merger of the two founding societies was not entirely harmonious; the von Braun NSI contingent were strong advocates of NASA's programs and continue as proponents of the space station and shuttle, as well as NASA's space science activities.
	www.sciscoop.com /story/2003/7/7/15163/33632 (2349 words)

	National Space Society Home Page
		National Space Society members and leaders were out in force for the world premiere of the new Tom Hanks IMAX space film, "Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D," at the National Air and Space Museum.
		The National Space Society today announced an impressive roster of public and private spaceflight pioneers, including the leader of NASA's new exploration efforts as well as the designer of SpaceShipOne, as confirmed speakers for the 2005 International Space Development Conference (ISDC) to be held May 19-22 in Washington, DC.
		The Board of Directors and Board of Governors of the National Space Society were deeply saddened by the passing of Glen Wilson, executive director emeritus of the society.
	www.nss.org (1836 words)

	Lagrange Points of the Earth-Moon System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Lagrange points L4 and L5 constitute stable equilibrium points, so that an object placed there would be in a stable orbit with respect to the Earth and Moon.
		With small departures from L4 or L5, there would be an effective restoring force to bring a satellite back to the stable point.
		The L5 point was the focus of a major proposal for a colony in "The High Frontier" by Gerard K. O'Neill and a major effort was made in the 1970's to work out the engineering details for creating such a colony.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/Mechanics/lagpt.html (516 words)

	Is Mars Ours? - The logistics and ethics of colonizing the red planet. By David Grinspoon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Mars Society, an organization dedicated to the proposition that we must send people to Mars ASAP, has an answer: build enclosed colonies there in the next few decades.
		We flocked to grok Spock at science fiction conventions, and we eagerly joined the L5 Society, which is committed to beginning the human migration to space.
		Bob Zubrin, Mars Society President, stated that mankind has a duty to terraform Mars, that given the choice between letting Mars remain the sorry planet that it is and transforming it in Earth's image, we have a moral obligation to do the latter.
	www.slate.com /id/2093579 (1532 words)

	Realms Beyond Forums - Hosting Costs
		The L5 Society was a group that wants to promote space colonization as soon as possible.
		The stable Lagrange points - labelled L4 and L5 - form the apex of two equilateral triangles that have the large masses at their vertices.
		That is probably more than you needed, and yes there is a reference to the L5 society in the Illuminati game as well.
	www.realmsbeyond.net /forums/printthread.php?t=23 (463 words)

	Moon Society: Lunar Directory of Moon Related Projects & Organizations
		ASI is an educational and scientific foundation set up to develop the Artemis Project, as a meeting ground for those helping to make it happen.
		Our focus is on the Moon: The group that gathered to organize the chapter in September of 1986 had diverse interests in space and different individual dreams as to what aspect of the space frontier they would each like to personally pioneer.
		MMM serves several other NSS chapters, the members of Artemis Society International, members of the Moon Society, and other space chapters.
	www.moonsociety.org /lunar-directory (749 words)

	Nazi Space Group, part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		This opinion of mine has formed after participating in the "Society" since its creation and after being a member of its antecedent organization, the L5 Society since 1977.
		Any "Society" which cannot accept diversity of opinion, whose leadership seeks to stifle open discussion even by those elected to represent the opinions of its members, and which carries out its throttling of free speech by actions which amount to blatant extortion, is a poor excuse for a society, indeed.
		Given their intense focus of attention on the matter of who controls a minor space activist organization with all of 25,000 members, the leadership of NSS is unlikely to notice the major opportunities they are missing, the projects they should support, the paradigm shifts needed in their thinking.
	www.houstonspacesociety.org /nazispat.html (2369 words)

	Natural History: The five points of Lagrange: at some very special spots in the Earth-Moon gravitational system, all ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		AH you need do is ship some raw construction materials (mined not only from Earth but perhaps from the Moon or an asteroid) to the area; leave them in place, since there's no risk of their drifting away; and return later with more supplies.
		Space enthusiasts Keith and Carolyn Henson founded the L5 Society in 1975 for just that purpose, although the society is best remembered for its informal association with Princeton physics professor Gerard K. O'Neill, who promoted space habitation through such visionary writings as his 1976 book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space.
		The L5 Society was founded on one guiding principle: "to disband the Society in a mass meeting at L5." Presumably this would be done inside a space habitat during a party in celebration of their mission accomplished.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_3_111/ai_84545895 (1575 words)

	SPACE.com -- The History of the National Space Society
		L4 and L5 are points of stable gravitational equilibrium located on the Moon's orbit at equal distances from both the Earth and the Moon.
		An object placed in orbit around L5 (or L4) will remain there indefinitely without having to expend fuel to keep its position, whereas an object placed at L1, L2 or L3 (all points of unstable equilibrium) may have to expend fuel if it drifts off the point.
		A number of people who later became leaders of the L5 Society got their first exposure to the idea from this article.
	www.space.com /adastra/adastra_nss_history_051116.html (1789 words)

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