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Topic: LCt50

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	Nat' Academies Press, Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents (1997)
		The LCt50 for the monkey was estimated to be 5,000 to 9,000 mg-min/m3 for exposure durations of 132 to 305 min (Krackow and Fuhr 1949).
		The LCt50 in rabbits for exposure durations of 120 to 282 min was estimated to be > 20,000 mg-min/m3 (Marquand and Kethley 1946).
		The rabbit LCt50 was > 20,000 mg-min/m3 (Marquand and Kethley 1946).
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057493/html/20.html (2381 words)

	Nerve Toxin (TL 8) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		LCt50 for inhalation is 40mg-min/m3 for an average human individual (HT 10).
		LCt50 for inhalation is 25mg-min/m3 for an average human individual (HT 10).
		LCt50 for inhalation is 0.5mg-min/m3 for an average human individual (HT 10).
	www.gurpsmaster.de /nervetoxin.htm (1151 words)

	Annex A to British Chemical Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It is the level of the dose, and not the dosage, that determines the extent to which an individual is harmed, and therefore the ECt50, ICt50 and LCt50 values for each agent are calculated assuming a particular breathing rate for the individuals concerned.
		Because its LCt50 is so much higher than its ICt50, Adamsite was formerly used as a riot control agent, but is now generally regarded as being too toxic for this role.
		Like Adamsite, the LCt50 of CS is far higher than the ICt50, and therefore CS gas has been used as a riot control agent for many years.
	www.mod.uk /issues/gulfwar/info/medical/ukchemical/annexa.htm (2863 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Ask the Experts: Chemistry: How can minute quantities of chemicals ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The combination of rapid absorption through the lungs, rapid distribution to the sites of activity, and high potency produces the swiftly lethal toxic effect observed in both carfentanyl and sarin vapor exposure.
		LCt50 refers to the death of 50 percent of subjects exposed to a certain concentration over a certain time.
		For example, the LCt50 for isopropyl methylhosphonofluridate, or sarin, is 100 milligrams per minute per cubic meter.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa005&articleID=000488E8-5B37-10BF-9B3783414B7F0000 (615 words)

	Inhalation Toxicity of GF Vapor in Rats as a Function of Exposure Concentration and Duration and Its Potency Comparison ...
		Concentration-exposure time values for lethality in 50% of the exposed population (LCt50) were calculated for 24-hr and 14-day post exposure periods for 10-, 60-, and 240-min exposures.
		At longer exposure durations, the LCt50 for GF was less than for GB, but at shorter exposure durations, the LCt50 for GF was more than for GB.
		Empirical models, consisting of the toxic load model plus higher order terms, were fit to the data to test the adequacy of the model and to identify statistically significant patterns.The inhalation toxicity of cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) was examined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by whole-body in a dynamic 750-L chamber.
	www.stormingmedia.us /36/3677/A367714.html (349 words)

	[No title]
		Mortality/Morbidity: The LCt50 of QNB is reportedly 200,000 mg·min/m3.
		This means, for example, that 50% of an unprotected group would die following inhalation of air that contained 200,000 mg of QNB per cubic meter for 1 minute.
		The LD50 (lethal dose to 50% of an exposed population) for BZ is estimated to be similar to that of atropine, which is approximately 100 mg.
	www.thewednesdayreport.com /twr/bz_gas.txt (3545 words)

	Firehouse.Com Training Zone - WMD - Firefighters' Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Adequate Protection Against ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		If 100 people were in a room and there was a uniform concentration of a chemical agent (vapor) such that breathing it for one minute would probably kill about 50% of them, that would be the LCt50 for that agent.
		One reference indicates that the "high-end" LCt50 for sarin is 100 mg-min/m3.
		If 100 firefighters were using SCBA without personal protective clothing were exposed to a uniform concentration of 15,000 mg/m3 of sarin vapor for one minute, about 50% of them probably would die.
	www.firehouse.com /training/wmd/2001/11_ppe.html (2950 words)

	Navy SEALs.com - Articles: Viewing Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The first appearance of a physiological response, also known as a threshold effect, is observed at a lower concentration for osmium tetroxide vapor exposure than phosgene (CG), sulfur mustard (HD), or sarin nerve agent (GB).
		At first glance, the inhalation hazard associated with OsO4 is comparable to that of the traditional asphyxiant phosgene and blister agent sulfur mustard based on lethal inhalation concentrations (LCt50).
		*LCt50 is the vapor concentration that will cause death by inhalation in fifty percent of a population.
	www.navyseals.com /community/articles/article.cfm?id=3313 (2514 words)

	Part III - CHAPTER 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		CR is similar in its effects to CS, but the minimum effective concentration is lower and the LCt50 is higher.
		CN is a clear yellowish brown solid, with a melting point of 54°C. It is poorly soluble in water, but dissolves in organic solvents.
		It has been estimated from experimental data that the LCt50 for people is 7000 to 14000 mg.min.m-3, but inhalation of 350 mg.m-3 for 5 minutes may be dangerous.
	www.nbc-med.org /SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/amedp6/PART_III/chapter7.htm (2457 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Cyanides, Hydrogen : Article Excerpt by: Andre Pennardt, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Typical cyanide exposures are the result of liberation of the chemical during house and/or industrial fires or accidents.
		The lethal oral dose of AC and cyanide salts is estimated to be 50 mg and 100-200 mg, respectively.
		The LD50 (dose capable of killing 50% of exposed group) for skin exposures is estimated at 100 mg/kg.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---cyanides-hydrogen.htm (477 words)

	TAB G – Determining and Modeling Nerve and Mustard Agents’ General Population Limit and First Noticeable ...
		First noticeable effects (FNE): The threshold amount at which unprotected, exposed personnel begin to manifest physical symptoms of exposure.
		Table 9 shows the LCt50, ICt50 and FNE for sarin, cyclosarin, and mustard agent that were accepted standards during the Gulf War, as well as the latest guidelines.
		As the table shows, the amount of agent believed to cause lethal, incapacitating, or first noticeable effects is smaller than during the Gulf War (i.e., the agents are now considered more toxic).
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /muhammadiyat_ii/muhammadiyat_ii_tabg.htm (780 words)

	Iran-Iraq War: Tabun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Exposure is treated using atropine, pralidoxime chloride, ordiazepam.
		The LCt50 for Tabun is 150 mg-min/m3 in humans.It was discovered accidentally in 1936 by the German researcher GebhardtSchraeder for Bayer at Elberfield, during his investigation intoorganophosphates for herbicides and pesticides.
		During WW II as part of theGrџn 3 program a plant for the manufacture of Tabun was established inDyhernfurth (now Bzerg Dolny, Poland), producing the nerve agent under thecodename Trilon-83.
	www.theparentingsearch.com /Iran-Iraq_War/Tabun.shtml (216 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Nerve Agents, Binary: GB2, VX2 : Article by Larissa I Velez-Daubon, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Countries that are in political turmoil are at a higher risk for terrorist events.
		LCt50 refers to the inhalational toxicity of the vapor form of a volatile agent.
		The LCt50 thus refers to the vapor exposure necessary to cause death in 50% of an exposed population.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic900.htm (4970 words)

	Toxicology :: Interaction of Exposure Concentration and Duration in Determining Acute Toxic :: Pharmaceutical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Separate effective concentrations for lethality in 50% of the exposed population (LC50) and corresponding dose-response slopes were determined for each exposure duration by the Bliss probit method.
		Contrary to that predicted by Haber's rule, the interaction of LC50 x time (LCT50) values increased with exposure duration (i.e., the CT for 50% lethality in the exposed population and corresponding dose-response slope was not constant over time).
		A plot of log (LCT50) versus log (exposure time) showed significant curvature.
	www.pharmainfo.net /displayarticle3917.html (269 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Nerve Agents, V-series: Ve, Vg, Vm, Vx : Article by Fernando L Benitez, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Iraqis also allegedly used them in the war against the Kurds.
		Mortality/Morbidity: Toxicity of nerve agents is measured in 2 forms, the LCt50 and LD50.
		LCt50 refers to the inhalational toxicity of the vapor form.
	www.emedicine.com /Emerg/topic899.htm (3804 words)

	Riegle Report - Lethal Nerve Agent GA
		Respiratory lethal dosages kill in 1 to 10 minutes, and liquid in the eye kills almost as rapidly.
		Median Lethal Dosage, Man: LCt50 (man, inhalation) = 135 mg-min/m3 (t = 0.5-2 min) at RMV (Respiratory Minute Volume) of 15 1/min; 200 mg-min/m3 at RMV* of 10 1/min
		GA is not listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
	www.gulfweb.org /bigdoc/report/appga.html (1410 words)

	Interaction of Exposure Concentration and Duration in Determining Acute Toxic Effects of Sarin Vapor in Rats -- ...
		Fits of Interaction (solid line) and Toxic Load models (dashed line) to LC50 (symbols) versus duration GB vapor exposure are compared for male and female rats.
		to optimize estimates of the LC50 and LCT50.
		When the data from Part I were analyzed, it was found that LCT50
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/66/2/176 (4616 words)

	PowerPoint Presentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Symptoms: Fast heartbeat, drk skin and lips, blurred near vision, flushed skin, urinary retention, constipation, sedation progression to stupor and interference with ordinary activity, extreme excitement, delusions, hallucinations, high doses completely destroy the ability to perform any military task, untreated casualty requires from three to four days to reach full recovery
		BZ LCt50: High estimated to be 200,000mg- min/m³
		Time to effect: Delayed; usual onset of symptoms occur approximately two hours after aerosol exposure.
	ppt.armystudyguide.com /nbc/13.htm (3045 words)

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