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	The Lisp Machine
		Early Lisp Machines implemented their micro-programmed architectures with a writable control store, which meant the instruction set, and to a certain extent other architectural features of the machine, could be changed by simply writing, compiling, and loading new micro-code.
		The Lisp Machines produced by these companies went through several evolutionary generations: starting at the high price of $150,000 and implemented in TTL in a box rivalling the VAX/780 in size and power consumption[2] and eventually being delivered as 1- or 2-chip VLSI implementations on $10,000 add-in boards for the Apple MacIntosh.
		Lisp also has finite limits in its implementation, but they are usually large enough to not be of practical importance.
	pt.withy.org /publications/LispM.html (1838 words)

	Lisp machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lisp machines were general-purpose computers designed (usually through hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main software language.
		Lisp Machines ran the tests in parallel with the more conventional single instruction additions- if the simultaneous tests failed, then the result was discarded and recomputed; this meant in many cases an increase by several factors.
		The Xerox Lisp Machine was well known for its advanced development environment, for its early graphical user interface and for novel applications like NoteCards (one of the first Hypertext applications).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lisp_machine (2100 words)

	Lisp Machine Lisp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lisp Machine Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, a direct descendant of Maclisp, and was initially developed in the mid to late 1970s as the systems programming language for the MIT Lisp machines.
		Lisp Machine Lisp itself branched into 3 dialects.
		Lisp Machines, Inc. and later Texas Instruments would share a common code base, but their dialect of Lisp Machine Lisp would differ from the version maintained at the MIT AI Lab by Richard Stallman and others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp (124 words)

	LMI K-Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The hardware was significantly debugged by April 1986 and an effort to port the legacy Lisp Machine code to the K-machine was underway.
		The author of this paper was one of the primary architects of the original K-machine as designed and built by Lisp Machine, Inc. The hardware implementation of the architecture was primarily designed by Robert Powell, Bruce Deffenbaugh, and Kent Hoult.
		Thus the primary data paths in the machine are composed of a two-stage pipeline.
	home.comcast.net /~prunesquallor/kmachine.htm (5986 words)

	A Brief History of Lisp Machines
		Everyone "knows" that lisp was the language of choice for Artificial Intelligence research, but a big part of AI research is about paradigms for representing knowledge, expressing algorithms, man-machine communication, and machine-to-machine communication: In short, how to use computers in general.
		Lisp, as the default AI language, was also an important research vehicle for new computer languages, networking, display technology and so on.
		Lisp machines were not "personal" out of some desire make life pleasant for programmers, but simply because lisp would use 100% of whatever resources it had available.
	www.andromeda.com /people/ddyer/lisp (406 words)

	Jaap Weel \| Lisp machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The period during which the Lisp Machine was a publicly funded AI lab project is particularly interesting, because there are detailed documents available that cover not only user-level documentation, but also design considerations.
		The CADR machine, a revised version of the CONS machine, is a general-purpose, 32-bit microprogrammable processor which is the basis of the Lisp-machine system, a new computer system being developed by the Laboratory as a high-performance, economical implementation of Lisp.
		Meet the Lisp Machines, a familily [sic] of computers that were running an OS written entirely in Lisp, right down to the hardware.
	www.ugcs.caltech.edu /~weel/lispm.html (2660 words)

	Introduction: Why Lisp?
		Common Lisp is also an excellent language for exploratory programming--if you don't know exactly how your program is going to work when you first sit down to write it, Common Lisp provides several features to help you develop your code incrementally and interactively.
		In fact, by the early 1980s, with various AI labs and the Lisp machine vendors all providing their own Lisp implementations, there was such a proliferation of Lisp systems and dialects that the folks at DARPA began to express concern about the Lisp community splintering.
		While Common Lisp supplanted most of the dialects it's descended from, it isn't the only remaining Lisp dialect, and depending on where and when you were exposed to Lisp, you may very well have learned one of these other dialects.
	www.gigamonkeys.com /book/introduction-why-lisp.html (3836 words)

	ALU: Common Lisp Implementations
		NanoLISP 2.0 is a Lisp interpreter for DOS systems that supports a large subset of the Common Lisp (CLtL2) standard, including lexical and dynamic scoping, four lambda-list keywords, closures, local functions, macros, output formatting, generic sequence functions, transcendental functions, 2-d arrays, bit-arrays, sequences, streams, characters double-floats, hash-tables and structures.
		Symbolics was formed to commercialize the MIT Lisp Machine (also called the CADR), a machine with special hardware for running Lisp that was one of the first workstations, and among the first computers to use a mouse, have a windowing system and have built in networking.
		The machine was very successful, and so many were sold to government and other high value installations that the company did not produce a low price machine until the workstation market had changed dramaticaly.
	www.alu.org /table/systems.htm (3661 words)

	Lisp Information and Resources
		Lisp is a multi-paradigm, reflective programming language with a long history.
		Lisp Machines were general-purpose computers designed (usually through hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main software language.
		LispMachinery is a wiki for Lisp Machine hackers and emulators.
	www.lispmachine.net (728 words)

	The Symbolics Virtual Lisp Machine
		The sole purpose of a Lisp Machine is to support the execution of the Lisp language in hardware.
		One of the features of Lisp Machines (one of the technologies that allowed its creation) is the use of microcode to implement complex instructions closely tuned to the language-level concepts of Lisp.
		In the '70s, when the Lisp Machine was born, compiler technology was poor and microcoding simplified the compiler writer's task while maintaining performance.
	pt.withy.org /publications/VLM.html (1698 words)

	My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
		The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as those other machines, but each instruction — a car instruction would do data typechecking — so when you tried to get the car of a number in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error.
		They would build machines and deliver them; with profits from those parts, they would then be able to buy parts for a few more machines, sell those and then buy parts for a larger number of machines, and so on.
		The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to the MIT AI Lab, and the hackers were not all at MIT.
	www.gnu.org /gnu/rms-lisp.html (4514 words)

	A few things I know about LISP Machines
		TI Explorer machine family (including MicroExplorer and Explorer II) was an evolution originally based on the LMI branch of MIT Lisp Machines.
		LISP Machines of old (36xx, etc) used to control the bare hardware in LISP as well as they did manipulate AI concepts, so as to optimize paging performance.
		Together, with a few tips from DKS and Rainer, they finally got the machine to run; from what I understand, most of their problems were related to properly editing the namespace, and understanding how to build incremental World images.
	fare.tunes.org /LispM.html (8334 words)

	Lisp: Good News Bad News How to Win Big (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Common Lisp is about to be standardized by ANSI, has good performance, is surrounded with good environments, and has good integration with other languages and software.
		To some extent the problem is one of perception-there are simply better Lisp delivery solutions than are generally believed to exist-and to a disturbing extent the problem is one of unplaced or misplaced resources, of projects not undertaken, and of implementation strategies not activated.
		It seems a pity for the Lisp business to take a bump partly because Julie thought she could make a cute title for her article out of the name ``Lisp''.
	www.ai.mit.edu /docs/articles/good-news/good-news.html (515 words)

	Brief Lisp History
		Lisp is a family of languages with a long history.
		Although the Alto was not a total success as a Lisp machine, a dialect of Interlisp known as Interlisp-D became available on the D-series machines manufactured by Xerox---the Dorado, Dandelion, Dandetiger, and Dove (or Daybreak).
		CLOS was developed specifically for X3J13's standardization effort, and was separately written up in ``Common Lisp Object System Specification.'' However, minor details of its design have changed slightly since that publication, and that paper should not be taken as an authoritative reference to the semantics of the Common Lisp Object System.
	www.lisp.org /table/Lisp-History.html (1419 words)

	Worse Is Better
		There were other Lisps that could have blended into Common Lisp, but they were not so clearly in the MacLisp tradition, and their proponents declined to actively participate in the effort because they predicted success for their own dialects over any common lisp that was defined by the grassroots effort.
		Frankly, it never occurred to the Common Lisp group that this purely American effort would be of interest outside the US, because very few of the group saw a future in AI that would extend the needs for a standard Lisp beyond North America.
		Common Lisp is in use internationally, and serves at least as a de facto standard until the always contentious Lisp community agrees to work together.
	www.dreamsongs.com /WIB.html (6123 words)

	12.4. Arithmetic Operations
		is compatible with its use in Lisp Machine Lisp, it is incompatible with MacLisp, which uses
		as used in most Lisp systems in the case of one argument.
		Rationale: These are included primarily for compatibility with MacLisp and Lisp Machine Lisp.
	cltl2.lisp.se /cltl/clm/node125.html (802 words)

	ALU: Common Lisp Implementations
		Corman Lisp was designed for high performance, with a generational garbage collector, foreign function interface, optimizing compiler, built in x86 assembler, and the ability to create Win32 applications.
		Symbolics was formed to commercialize the MIT Lisp Machine (also called the CADR), a machine with special hardware for running Lisp that was one of the first workstations, and among the first computers to use a mouse, have a windowing system and have built in networking.
		The machine was very successful, and so many were sold to government and other high value installations that the company did not produce a low price machine until the workstation market had changed dramaticaly.
	www.lisp.org /table/systems.htm (3661 words)

	Lisp Machine information & supplies
		Symbolics systems are computers (a brand of Lisp Machine or lispm) designed to run Lisp which offer the most powerful development environment for object oriented, multi-processing, rapid prototyping, 3D graphics, Intelligent Knowledge Based (Expert) systems, neural networks, modeling, simulation, ANSI standard portable Common Lisp, C, Fortran,...
		Some more spin: Perhaps the greatest value of working in Lisp, and even more of using a Lisp Machine, is that the environment extends the conceptual horizon for thinking people and designers.
		Machines available whole or as components (this site also serves as a useful reference of part numbers and specifications): see parts list, also for maintenance, backup, spares, printed documentation, sources/tapes, etc.
	www.asl.dsl.pipex.com /symbolics (466 words)

	FAQ: Lisp Frequently Asked Questions 1/7 [Monthly posting]
		Lisp is a very powerful and expressive language, but with that power comes many complexities.
		It is available by anonymous ftp from any CMU CS machine (e.g., ftp.cs.cmu.edu [128.2.206.173]) as the file /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/clisp/docs/cmu-user/cmu-user.ps [when getting this file by anonymous ftp, one must cd to the directory in one atomic operation, as some of the superior directories on the path are protected from access by anonymous ftp.] 5.
		Depending on the Lisp compiler, it may also be necessary to declare the type of results using THE, since some compilers don't deduce the result type from the inputs.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/lisp-faq/part1 (9153 words)

	ACM Sigplan Notices 27, 8 (Aug. 1992), 89-98.
		In this section we introduce an automata-theoretic model of a Lisp Machine in which all cons cells have reference counts of exactly 1, which implies that all data structures are trees--i.e., they have no sharing or cycles.
		of a cell referenced directly by a machine register, then the read barrier causes the cell in the hash table to be copied ("unshared") into a normal cell, and the reference count of the cell in the hash table is decremented.
		Linear Lisp can be used in a "shared-heap-memory" multiprocessing configuration, in which the memory to be shared is actually the hash consed heap.
	home.pipeline.com /~hbaker1/LinearLisp.html#foot1 (4324 words)

	Pico Lisp Reference
		Pico Lisp is the result of a language design study, trying to answer the question "What is a minimal but useful architecture for a virtual machine?".
		Lisp was chosen as the programming language, because of its clear and simple structure.
		Though Pico Lisp is a dynamically typed language (resolved at runtime, as opposed to statically (compile-time) typed languages), many functions can only accept and/or return a certain set of data types.
	software-lab.de /ref.html (6235 words)

	The Seasonal Lisp Machine
		The Lisp Machine was then adorned with paraphernalia related to President's Day.
		In late 1996, the Lisp Machine was labeled to be moved with us to Duncan Hall.
		We draped the machine in many fine fabrics, papered it with currency bills, historic speeches and suchlike, and adorned it with various Indian trinkets.
	www.cs.brown.edu /research/plt/LispM (633 words)

	Staging Area for the Common Lisp FAQ
		Interest in lisp did drop considerably in the mid to late 1980s, when the "Big AI" bubble burst, and the end of the Cold War brought budget cuts to many of the AI and simulation projects sponsored by the DoD.
		A: Lisp will a few bits of type information to values that it stores, so values don't always fit neatly with machine words (this is the only legitimate reason in the list).
		A: Early in its life, Lisp was a language for academics, hence (in the minds of some) not "practical", hence not efficient, and therefore slow.
	www.lispniks.com /faq/staging-faq.html (4745 words)

	Lisp Machine
		A Lisp Machine is a computer whose operating system and applications are written in Lisp.
		Lisp Machines have been developed for AI programming in the mid 70s, because machines at that time were not powerful enough for complex AI software.
		At roughly the same time, the MIT AI Lab created a Lisp machine for their AI research.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?LispMachine (697 words)

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