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	The Song of Roland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The epic poem is the first and most outstanding example of a chanson de geste, a literary form celebrating the legendary feat of a hero that flourished between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries.
		Roland becomes, in the poem, the nephew of Charlemagne, the Basques become Saracens, and Charlemagne, rather than marching north to subdue the Saxons, returns to Spain and avenges the deaths of his knights.
		Roland distrusts Marsilion, but Ganelon, Naimon and most of the others are in favour of taking the chance that he is sincere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Song_of_Roland (2584 words)

	Chanson de geste - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste.
		The chansons de geste, Old French for "songs of heroic deeds", are the epic poetry that appears at the dawn of French literature.
		Early chansons de geste are composed in ten-syllable lines grouped in assonanced stanzas (meaning that the last stressed vowel is the same in each line throughout the stanza, but the last consonant differs from line to line).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chanson_de_geste (2399 words)

	Song of Roland
		Roland realised that he should have heeded Oliver's warning, because there were only 60 Frankish warriors are left; so the hero decided that he would blow his horn, the Oliphant.
		Roland also felt that he was dying too because blowing the Oliphant had caused internal bleeding inside of his head.
		Charlemagne, Marsile, Blancandrin, Roland, Oliver, Archbishop Turpin, Ganelon.
	www.timelessmyths.com /arthurian/roland.html (4593 words)

	Roland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Existence of an early Roland poem is indicated by the historian Wace’s statement that Taillefer sang of Roland’s deeds to inflame the men before the Battle of Hastings (1066).
		Historically Roland was Charlemagne’s commander on the Breton border; he was killed in a pass in the Pyrenees when Basques cut off the rear guard of the Frankish army returning from its invasion of Spain in 778.
		The Roland epopee was long a favorite with French, Spanish, and Italian poets, and Roland was eventually transformed beyond recognition into the Orlando of the Italian Renaissance epics of Boiardo and Ariosto.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ro/Roland.html (370 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: About Song of Roland
		La Chanson de Roland, or The Song of Roland, is the oldest surviving French poem.
		Roland, instead of being "Lord of the Breton March," as detailed by Einhard, is a Frankish lord and Charlemagne's own nephew.
		The Song of Roland was meant to be seen and heard, accompanied by music and in the context of social gatherings and celebration.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/titles/roland/about.html (1798 words)

	ClassicNotes: The Song of Roland Full Summary and Analysis
		Roland volunteers, but his friend Oliver, another one of the twelve peers, voices disapproval, because Roland is far too hotheaded for the job.
		Roland, because of all of his virtues and faults, is exactly the kind of man needed for the Crusades: a man willing to die, and sacrifice the lives of others as well, for land and glory.
		Consider Roland: he is arguably a foolish commander, but because of his bravery and the depths of his passion and love (he weeps and swoons for his dying men, remember), he is God's favorite.
	www.ciudadseva.com /textos/estudios/roldan/roldan02.htm (11335 words)

	ClassicNote on The Song of Roland
		Roland is hot-tempered and bold, which wins both criticism and praise from his friends.
		The horror of war is not intensified by ambiguous moral justifications, as in Homer's Iliad, nor are heroes deterred by compassion for the enemy, as in the Mahabharata.
		Roland's ultimate liege lord is God, and it is in serving Charlemagne that Roland fulfills his duties as a Christian.
	www.ciudadseva.com /textos/estudios/roldan/roldan01.htm (4028 words)

	sample paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		However, it is also a cautionary and didactic tale that warns of the consequences of failure to unite, for whatever reason, in their fractured, threatened world.
		Hence, the trial and death of Ganelon is as central to the epic's timely appeal as the death of its hero, Roland.
		And most dramatically, the charge against Ganelon is transformed from a betrayal of Roland into a betrayal of Charlemagne and, by extension, of the unified host.
	www.stanford.edu /~patricia/sample_paper.html (485 words)

	Humbul full record view for -- La chanson de geste
		The site lists what it claims to be 'all' the known chansons de geste (in alphabetical order), providing additional information (on where the manuscript is held, publication details of different editions, and so on) where possible.
		The oldest chanson, 'La chanson de Roland', is explored in much greater detail, with history and some textual analysis.
		A huge bibliography of primary and secondary material related to the chansons de gestre is available, as is a useful glossary of vocabulary common to this epic narrative.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/full2.php?id=11221 (243 words)

	olifant.html
		As Norman vassals to the King of France they could use the Chanson de Roland to make their feudal overlord acquiesce to their restless conquests--now guised in the sanctity of Crusade--and to justify speaking of themselves as "Franks." They were pirating a linguistic, cultural, historical identity, conquering not only space but also time.
		The Song of Roland, the Chanson de Roland, as its name implies was an oral epic, a chanted narration, sung before audiences of soldiers and pilgrims, at courts and in market places, and handed down from generation to generation of such singers before being written down in England after the Norman Conquest.
		In the Chanson de Roland the AOI that ends many laisses or stanzas may be a refrain the jongleur both sings and strums upon his harp.
	www.florin.ms /olifant.html (12234 words)

	Joseph J. Duggan
		La Chanson de Roland; the Song of Roland: The French Corpus.
		"L'Episode d'Aude dans la tradition en rime de la Chanson de Roland." Charlemagne in the North: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference of the Société Rencesvals, Edinburgh, 4th-11th August 1991, ed.
		Chrétien de Troyes, Yvain: The Knight of the Lion, 205-26.
	www.grad.berkeley.edu /deans/duggan/publicat.htm (1635 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		They maintain that the "Chanson de Roland" was not as old as the battle of Hastings, and certainly Wace gave no sufficient proof of it.
		The most unlikely part of the tale was, after all, not the singing of the "Chanson," but the prayer of Taillefer to the Duke:-- "Otreiez mei que io ni faille Le premier colp de la bataille." Legally translated, Taillefer asked to be ennobled, and offered to pay for it with his life.
		The "Chanson" is so masculine that, in all its four thousand lines, the only Christian woman so much as mentioned was Alda, the sister of Oliver and the betrothed of Roland, to whom one stanza, exceedingly like a later insertion, was given, toward the end.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/Adams_Mont/ch02.txt (5154 words)

	Movie Info for La Chanson de Roland on MSN Movies
		Roland des Roncesvalles is a legendary knight from the age of chivalry in France.
		In the 11th-century epic La Chanson de Roland, he is depicted as a key figure in halting the advance of the Arabs into France.
		However, one of the survivors, who was playing Roland (Klaus Kinski), is converted to the peasant cause and later speaks out in favor of more just treatment for the downtrodden.
	entertainment.msn.com /movies/movie.aspx?m=491979 (120 words)

	Medieval Masterpieces
		La Chanson de Roland (the Song of Roland) remains one of the most studied medieval epic poems.
		This is the story of Roland, nephew to Charlemagne, King of France.
		The first of the three volumes, the Inferno, is probably the best known and describes the afterlife for the wicked, where hell is comprised of nine descending circles and there is no forgiveness.
	www.medieval-life.net /masterpieces.htm (263 words)

	[No title]
		La Chanson de Roland and Marie de France's lai "Lanval," both seminal French texts of the twelfth century, touch on aspects of legitimacy, legality and the power of the sovereign.
		Roland is dead and done is done, and to engage in combat over this matter would be "fols," senseless.
		Turning to Marie de France's "Lanval," we find an the outsider knight who is forgotten by the king in the distribution of lands and women.
	www.luc.edu /publications/medieval/vol17/17ch3.html (4247 words)

	Introduction to French Literature I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Adrien, H. "La Chanson De Roland Ou L'hymne De La Fournaise." Olifant: A Publication of the Sociétée; Rencesvals, North American Branch (Olifant) 21.3-4 (1997): 11-39.
		"'Pagans Are Wrong and Christians Are Right': Alterity, Gender, and Nation in the Chanson De Roland." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (JMEMSt) 31.1 (2001): 79-111.
		Subjectivity and the Law in La Chanson De Roland and 'Lanval'." Essays in Medieval Studies 17 (2001): 35-47.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~fren22/bib_chanson.html (276 words)

	The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland) at WICE in Paris, France
		While the rest of the Emperor’s army advanced safely through the Pyrenees, Roland’s contingent was suddenly attacked.
		By the 11th century, this anonymous Old French epic rendered Roland’s desperate attempt to summon aid with his horn into the form of a song, a lament for life in the face of death.
		He is currently preparing La Chanson de Roland for a solo performance.
	www.wice-paris.org /courses/histcult/roland.html (177 words)

	Gerard J. Brault: La Chanson de Roland
		In 1985, Professor Brault was elected International President of the Société Rencesvals (pour l'étude des épopées romanes), the only American ever to serve in that office.
		The author of seven other books and more than a hundred articles, he is also internationally known for his research in medieval heraldry and in French-Canadian language and culture.
		In 1981, he was awarded the Ordre National du Mérite by the Government of France and, in 1987, the Ordre des Francophones d'Amérique by the Government of Quebec.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-00375-8.html (232 words)

	Warriors and Heroes
		The texts studied will be La Chanson de Roland, Le Cycle de Guillaume d’Orange and Raoul de Cambrai.
		Depending on how the interests of the group develop, Girart de Roussillon (also Lettres gothiques) or the anglo-norman Chanson de Willame (ed.
		‘La Chanson de Roland, in certain respects, is quite unrepresentative of the French chanson de geste’.
	www.rdg.ac.uk /french/fr406.htm (207 words)

	EastSouthWestNorth: La Chanson de Roland
		But the most famous Roland of them all is the one from La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland), an 11th century French epic poem.
		When I read the original text, I came away with the impression that Roland de Roncevaux was an (expletive deleted).
		He was willing to fight to the last man on his team without asking for help that would be forthcoming immediately, just to show that he was a tough guy.
	www.zonaeuropa.com /20050512_1.htm (826 words)

	History as Literature in the Middle Ages: Henry II, Beckett, Richard the Lion-Hearted, Regnum et Sacerdotum, The Third ...
		Thomas le Martyr de Cantorbire of Garnier of Pont-Sainte- Maxence by Janet Shirley.
		La Chanson de Roland et la tradition épique des Francs, Paris, 1960, transl.
		De Bello Civili, which, as Macaulay said, far from conforming to the laws of history, could scarcely be reconciled with the laws of fiction."
	www.bu.edu /english/levine/histseminar.htm (3745 words)

	CHARLES OLYVER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		CHARLES OLYVER means Charlemagne's Oliver and refers to Oliver, Roland's companion and friend in La Chanson de Roland (twelfth century).
		Oliver and Roland courageously try to lead the French host in their attempt to fight their way out of the ambush into which the Saracens have trapped them in the Pass of Ronscevalles.
		The Monk says that Oliver de Mauny, a French nobleman who betrayed Don Pedro of Castille to his brother Don Enrique, cared not for honor like Charlemagne's Oliver, but was a "Genylon-Olyver," that is, a traitor, MkT 2387-2390.
	www.columbia.edu /dlc/garland/deweever/C/charleso.htm (136 words)

	Chanson - Musical Forms - Chanson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The NY Times review of La Chanson de Roland, a Frank Cassenti film starring Klaus Kinski and Dominique Sanda.
		Chanson (1996) Premiered at the Cleveland Institute of Music.
		The first important chanson composer was Machaut, who may have invented the The so-called Parisian chanson of the 1530s and 1540s, as represented in the
	linksseek.com /lksk/chanson.html (448 words)

	Legends of Roland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		La Chanson de Roland, The Song of Roland (Epic, circa 1000 AD)
		The Madness of Roland (Interactive Online Novel,1995-99) Based on the legend of the Paladin Roland who is a knight in the service of Charlemagne.
		The story is told from multiple points of view, which you can move among at will.
	members.aol.com /chansonro (101 words)

	eBay - chanson ..., Records, CDs items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		DEGAS monotype "Chanson des Ciseaux" edition of 1000
		Chanson Shanson Russian Music CD Romantic Love Songs
		Daniele Vidal 7" JAPAN La Chanson De Mon B/4060823027Y
	search-desc.ebay.com /search/search.dll?query=chanson+...&newu=1&krd=1 (360 words)

	Experiencing Life in the Middle Ages
		After the second group has made its presentation on La Chanson de Roland and before the next group’s presentation, the class as a whole retells the story of Roland and Charlemagne in simple French.
		A single elimination fencing tournament is held, and invitations are extended to school administrators to judge the contest and to local media to cover the event.
		Presentational mode is used as students retell the stories of Roland and William the Conqueror and as they write and present the explanation of their coats of arms.
	www.sedl.org /loteced/scenarios/french_middleages.html (1364 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Bowman, Malanie
		This honors thesis is an analysis of how the Roland corpus, a body of medieval oral literature, that features the court of Charlemagne, was transcribed and eventually taken up by Italian authors.
		Even with limited knowledge of the military and political conflicts between France and Italy at the time, I felt it was highly unusual that a French work would appear it this context.
		Later research showed me that the Roland corpus had been appropriated long before the Renaissance and could justifiably be called part of the Italian tradition.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?muhonors1111681709 (321 words)

	Introduction to French Literature I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		La Chanson de Roland, to end of laisse 66, page 79
		La Chanson de Roland, to end of laisse 204, page 195
		Meet in th eStarr Instructional CEnter on the second level of Berry, at the back of the Jones Media Center.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~fren22/syllabus.html (127 words)

	Earliest French Texts
		The language of the people, the lingua rustica romana, was not judged suitable for literary ends.
		It is not surprising, therefore, that the earliest documents we have in French have a popular appeal; they are utilitarian documents--such as the Serments de Strasbourg, the lives of saints, or epics such as the Chanson de Roland.
		La Chanson de Roland In OF and English
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/8716/oldest.html (386 words)

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