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	Labarum (Chi-Rho)
		The original labarum, designed under the emperor's direction on the day subsequent to the appearance of the "cross of light", is described by Eusebius (Vita Constant., I:26) as "a long spear, overlaid with gold", which with a transverse bar formed the figure of a cross.
		On one coin, for instance, the portrait of the emperor and his sons are represented on the banner instead of on the staff; on a second the banner is inscribed with the monogram and surmounted by the equal-armed cross, while the royal portraits, though on the shaft, are below instead of above the banner.
		In form, the labarum of Constantine was an adaptation of the already existing cavalry standard of the Roman army; the pagan emblems were merely replaced by Christian symbols.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/l/labarum.html (350 words)

	Labarum - LoveToKnow 1911
		LABARUM, the sacred military standard of the early Christian Roman emperors, first adopted by Constantine the Great after his miraculous vision in 312, although, according to Gibbon, he did not exhibit it to the army till 323.
		The name seems to have been known before, and the banner was simply a Christianized form of the Roman cavalry standard.
		The derivation of the word labarum is disputed; it appears to be connected with the Basque labarva, signifying standard.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Labarum (164 words)

	Labarum
		The Roman emperor Constantine I created a new military standard for his army which displayed the first two Greek letters of the name of Christ - Chi (χ) and Rho, (ρ) which came to be known as the labarum.
		On waking he ordered his soldiers to put the emblem on their shields; that day they fought and won the Battle of the Milvian Bridge against the forces of Maxentius.
		The labarum is sometimes referred to as the monogram of Christ.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Labarum.html (123 words)

	Labarum
		The labarum was a Christian battle standard in the form of a pennant upon which was displayed a Christogram.
		The labarum gradually came to replace the very individualistic vexillum, which was a battle standard that was different for each legion.
		Its presence on a coin signified that the army was a Christian one.
	www.xs4all.nl /~sp88k/Coin/Traveler/Objects/Labarum.htm (363 words)

	Labarum Guard
		The Labarum Guard medal may be displayed by mounting it on a gold disk to form a shield, which may also be worn as a pendant or breast piece.
		The coin of the Guard is an actual coin bearing the Labarum with two Labarum Guardsmen, or a reproduction of the coin.
		Members of the Labarum Guard are encouraged to meet annually on the Eve of the Anniversary of the Battle of Saxa Ruba in their local cohorts for the Victory Feast of the Labarum - to remember and celebrate the vision of the cross in the sky, and epiphany of Jesus to Saint Constantine.
	www.orderofcenturions.org /labarum_guard/index.html (1643 words)

	Labarum - NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project
		Labarum, a Roman military ensign, which is described to have been a more distinguished species of vexillum, or cavalry standard, and, like the rest, was an object of religious veneration amongst the soldiers, who paid it divine honours.
		That the Labarum dated its desgnation as the imperial standard from an early period fo the empire, is a supposition confirmed by a colonial medal of Tiberius (dedicated to that Prince by Caesarea-Augusta --Saragozza), on which may be remarked the form of that ensign.
		The Labarum marked with the monogram of Christ is seen on coins of Constantine the Great, also of Constans, of Jovianus, of Valentinianus, etc. A vexillum or cavalry standard, resembling the Labarum, appears on several colonial coins, such as Acci, Antiochia Pisidiae, Caesar-Augusta, etc.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /NumisWiki/view.asp?key=Labarum (504 words)

	Symbols
		The Labarum was thereafter carried as the special badge of the Imperial Roman Army.
		The other form of the Labarum is its modified configuration, which is significantly in the Ritual of the Fraternity.
		The Badge is made up of a modified Labarum mounted on an oval; a torch and hand extended from the center of the Labarum.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~axp/symbols.htm (283 words)

	Drawn by the Brush: Oil Sketches by Peter Paul Rubens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Labarum is one of twelve sketches that Rubens executed in 1622 for a cycle of tapestries depicting the life of Constantine the Great (288-337), the first Christian Roman emperor (see also Triumphand Entry of Constantine into Rome).
		"Labarum" was the term used in antiquity for the military standard adopted by Constantine after he received his miraculous vision.
		The painting of The Labarum that was in the sale Alexander Ludwig Alfred Eberhard, second prince zu Erbach-Schönberg, Frankfurt (Bangel), May 10, 1920, lot 13, ill. (oil on canvas, 40 x 32 cm), identified in the 1992 and 1994 sale catalogues as identical to the present picture, is probably a copy.
	bampfa.berkeley.edu /exhibits/rubens/exhibition/history3detail2.html (1037 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Labarum (Chi-Rho) Labarum is the name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his celebrated vision (Lactantius, "De mortibus persecutorum", c.
		The original labarum, designed under the emperor's direction on the day subsequent to the appearance of the "cross of light", is described by Eusebius (Vita Constant., I, 26) as "a long spear, overlaid with gold", which with a transverse bar formed the figure of a cross.
		Fifty soldiers of the imperial guard, distinguished for bravery and piety, were entrusted with the care and defense of the new sacred standard (Vita Constant., II, 8).
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/CECHIRHO.TXT (448 words)

	Cantabrian Nationalist Movements (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		I guess a labarum may have rotating arms, but generally it is more similar to the one in FOTW, with vertical and horizontal simmetry.
		Anyway, "labarum" derives from a Latin word identifying a banner, so it may be applied as much to the swastika as to the Burgundy cross...
		While writing an article about the Roman vexillum and labarum (Schmöger 2002), I came across the claim by Cantabrian Nationalists, that their labaru is the oldest flag in the world, for instance in this website and this website.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/es}s.html (629 words)

	Labarum - OneLook Dictionary Search
		labarum : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Labarum : E Cobham Brewer, The Reader's Handbook [home, info]
		LABARUM : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=Labarum (227 words)

	Labarum (Nuttall Encyclopædia)
		/ · 1907 Nuttall Encyclopædia of General Knowledge · L · Labarum
		Lab`arum), the standard, surmounted by the monogram of Christ, which was borne before the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity, and in symbol of the vision of the cross in the sky which led to it.
		It was a lance with a cross-bar at its extremity and a crown on top, and the monogram consisted of the Greek letter for Ch and R. Definition taken from
	www.fromoldbooks.org /Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/l/labarum.html (115 words)

	Orthodox Church Flags
		The labarum was a purely military/emperor flag, and definitely not a flag for the church.
		Most probably the prototypic labarum (as we know it, or as we think we know it) was made as a flag proper several years after the battle at the Milvian bridge.
		Th first image of the labarum that we have is on a coin from 327.
	www.fotw.us /flags/rel-orth.html (2812 words)

	Labarum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In addition to the original meaning described in this article, labarum is also used for any ecclesiastical banner, such as those carried around in processions.
		There is a claim that Microsoft Windows XP is named after the Chi-Rho symbol, with 'Cairo' (which is a homonym for Chi-Rho) as the predecessor.
		When using Microsoft IME Standard 2002 or Microsoft Natural Input 2002 Japanese input method editor, enable Microsoft IME Symbol dictionary from properties dialogue, set input mode to hiragana, katakana, or alphanumeric mode, then enter 'XP', then space key from keyboard, one of the input candidates is the labarum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labarum (1123 words)

	Chapter Labarum <i>to</i> Lady of the Sun of L by Brewer's Readers Handbook
		Chapter Labarum to Lady of the Sun of L by Brewer's Readers Handbook
		Labarum, the imperial standard carried before the Roman emperors in war.
		N.B.—The labarum bore the device of a cross, above which was a crown adorned with the sacred monogram and the Greek letters
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/174/1122/14790/1.html (518 words)

	Legion XXIV - Glossary - L
		LABARUM Late Empire era Standard, instituted by Constantine.
		His Labarum bore the likeness of the "sign" he saw in the heavens prior to the Battle of Milvian Bridge or Saxa Rubra (red stones).
		Constantine" Page of the site for a further description of this battle and his Labarum.
	www.legionxxiv.org /glossaryL (519 words)

	Labarum
		is the celebrated sign which appeared in the sky at noon-day to the Emperor Constantine and his troops, and was afterwards adopted by him on his standard; the monogram is hence sometimes called the Labarum, as
		head is surmounted by the Labarum probably the date of this is the latter part of the fourth century.
		One or two early signet-rings have been found with the Labarum for a device, one of which is here engraved...
	www.orderofthegrail.org /labarum_and_chiro.htm (429 words)

	Applications/Renewal - Labarum Guard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Commitment: You may state your commitment here, or simply affirm that you have made a donation or committment to a charity or community activity in the name of the Order.
		Eligibility Statement: I desire to be considered for appointment/renewal/reappointment in the Labarum Guard.
		I have read the purpose of the Labarum Guard and support its cause.
	orderofcenturions.org /labarum_guard/application.html (181 words)

	Labarum \| THG Lexikon
		Das Labarum war die Hauptheeresfahne bei den Römern seit Kaiser Konstantin dem Großen.
		Eusebius von Caesarea behauptet in seiner etwa 25 Jahre nach der Schlacht entstandenen Vita Constantini, der Kaiser habe dieses Zeichen damals auch auf die Hauptheeresfahne setzen lassen, doch dürfte dies ein Irrtum sein.
		Das Labarum bestand aus einer langen goldenen Lanze mit einem Querbalken, von welchem ein purpurfarbener Schleier niederhing.
	www.tomshardware.de /lexikon/Labarum (268 words)

	Labarum Investments Inc. :: Home
		Labarum Investments Inc. is a diversified company engaging in proprietary trading in the international derivatives markets, hedge fund investing and computerized trading systems development.
		Our mission is to provide shareholders with strong and stable returns on their investment and customers with exceptional products and services.
		Labarum Investments Inc. was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands in 2002 as an International Business Company.
	www.labaruminvestments.com (178 words)

	Chi Rho, Chrismon, Monogram of Christ, or Labarum -- Early Christian Symbols of the Ancient Church
		Chi Rho, Chrismon, Monogram of Christ, or Labarum -- Early Christian Symbols of the Ancient Church
		Sometimes it is called the Monogram of Christ or Chrismon or Labarum.
		While it was used very early by persecuted Christians in the catacombs, when Constantine I was struggling to become emperor, he used the symbol at the front of his armies and was victorious (see below).
	www.jesuswalk.com /christian-symbols/chi-rho.htm (736 words)

	LM
		Constantine was a strong supporter of Christianity, and sought to build a Christian empire.
		The labarum was widely used as a Constantinian insignia.
		The Chi-Rho is an ancient Christian symbol that is still used as a sacred monogram today.
	www.episcopalchurch.org /19625_14633_ENG_Print.html (222 words)

	Amazon.com: labarum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		THE RIDDLE OF THE 'LABARUM': AND THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS.
		The Chi-Rho symbol, or labarum, was adopted by early Christians.
		It was the labarum, a monogram of Mithra and...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=labarum&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (1000 words)

	Origin of the Cross
		After Constantine had the "vision of the cross", he and his army promoted another variety of the cross, the Chi-Rho or Labarum or sometimes.
		This has subsequently been explained as representing the first letters of the name Christos, the being the Greek for "Ch" and the being the Greek for "r".
		according to Suicer the word (labarum) came into use in the reign of Hadrian, and was probably adopted from one of the nations conquered by the Romans.
	www.albatrus.org /english/religions/pagan/origin_of_cross.htm (1424 words)

	Roman Empire - Historical Flags (Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		When placed over the general's tent it was a sign for marching, or for battle.
		The labarum of the emperors was similar in form, and frequently bore upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family.
		The term is sometimes used for other standards, and its form may be recogized in the banners carried in ecclesiastical processions.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it_rmemp.html (891 words)

	Ancient Byzantine Coins
		Cross on three steps/ Facing bust of the Emperor, holding labarum and globus cruciger.
		The head of the Emperor is impressed on reverse (9 to 12 o'clock), and part of the reverse is impressed on obverse.
		Facing bust of the Emperor, holding labarum and globus cruciger.
	www.ancientcoins.ca /byzf3.html (1232 words)

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