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Topic: Labiovelar consonants

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	Labiovelar consonant
		A labiovelar consonant is a consonant made with two blockages, one at the lips (labial) and the other at the soft palate (velar).
		When the consonant is a plosive[?], the effect is of a simultaneous articulation of a labial consonant such as [p] or [b], and a velar consonant such as [k] or [g].
		The term 'labiovelar' may also be used in a somewhat looser way to refer to labialized velar consonants, that is ones that are primarily a velar such as [k] or [g] but have a secondary rounding of the lips.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Labiovelar_consonant.html (134 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Labiovelar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Labiovelar phonemes combine, in one way or another, a bilabial and a velar articulation, though the phonetic manifestation of labiovelarization may vary considerably from language to language.
		Two labiovelars, [b.sup.w] and [m.sup.w], were first suggested for POc in the 1950s and have been a standard and generally accepted part of reconstructed POc phonology since the 1960s (albeit under various orthographic guises, the most notable being np for [b.sup.w] and nm for [m.sup.w]).
		Labial-velar Labial-velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Labiovelar (270 words)

	Labial-velar consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Labial-velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips.
		They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term which can also refer to labialized velars, such as the approximant [w].
		Truly doubly articulated labial-velars occur as plosives and nasal stops in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa, and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labial-velar_consonant (378 words)

	Labiovelar Encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence.
		There are five basic active articulators: the lip ("labial consonants"), the flexible front of the tongue ("coronal consonants"), the middle/back of the tongue ("dorsal consonants"), the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis ("radical consonants"), and the larynx ("laryngeal consonants").
		When a language is claimed to lack nasal consonants altogether, as with several Niger-Congo languages, or the Pirahã language of the Amazon, nasal and non-nasal consonants usually alternate allophonically, and it is a theoretical claim on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal version is not the basic form of the consonant.
	pathetique.en.ogarnij.info.cob-web.org:8888 /en/labiovelar (5092 words)

	Labiovelar consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It may mean labial-velar (a consonant made at two places of articulation, one at the lips and the other at the soft palate), or it may mean labialized velar (a consonant with an approximant-like secondary articulation).
		When the manner of articulation is a plosive, nasal stop, or fricative, these are quite different.
		The most common labiovelar consonant is the voiced approximant [w].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labiovelar_consonant (358 words)

	ToB AgorÃ - Glossary
		Labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or viceversa.
		Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth).
		Consonants with other primary articulations may be palatalised, that is, accompanied by the raising of the tongue surface towards the hard palate.
	www.geocities.com /robocaps_tower_of_babel/Agora-001.htm (2371 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cayuga language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth).
		Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
		An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) and that doesnt have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative (or, in one language, into a trill).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cayuga-language (848 words)

	Ge'ez alphabet - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Ge'ez script is an abugida: each symbol represents a consonant+vowel combination, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both the consonant and the vowel.
		For each consonant in an abugida, there is a basic or unmarked symbol which represents that consonant followed by a default vowel, called the inherent vowel.
		The symbols for the labialized velar consonants are variants of the non-labialized velar consonants:
	www.encyclopedia-of-world-knowledge.com /default.asp?t=Ge%27ez_alphabet (1243 words)

	The Indo-European Language Family
		The Centum-Satem division explains the evolution of PIE labiovelar, velar, and palatovelar consonants.
		Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, and ng] but with rounded lips.
		Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/IEFamily.html (980 words)

	Bulgarian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The contrast 'voiced vs. voiceless' is neutralized in word-final position, where all consonants are pronounced as voiceless (as in most Slavic languages, German, etc.); this neutralization is, however, not reflected in the spelling.
		The hard and the palatalized consonants are considered separate phonemes in Bulgarian.
		During the palatalization of most hard consonants (the bilabial, labiodental and alveolar ones), the middle part of the tongue is lifted towards the palatum, resulting in the formation of a second articulatory centre whereby the specific palatal "clang" of the soft consonants is achieved.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Bulgarian_language (5072 words)

	[No title]
		The labiovelars are made by contact of the tip of the tongue with base of the jaw, and they are called “tongue-root” sounds.
		Palatal consonants are not as common as labiovelars, the [c] being the most common of them and the [jh] excessively rare.
		The consonants [t], [th], [d], and [dh] are in the dental class of Sanskrit.
	www.cheracole.net /other/Ling_Sanskrit.doc (1030 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Velar consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).
		Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive and the movements of the dorsum are not very precise, velars easily undergo assimilation, shifting their articulation back or to the front depending on the quality of adjacent vowels.
		The velar consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Velar_consonant (244 words)

	Klingonska Akademien - pIqaD, And How to Read It.
		Note that for consonants the center referenced is between left and right cheeks, but for vowels the center is between front and back of the oral cavity.
		Consonant articulated in a manner involving a complete blockage of airflow somewhere in the oral tract.
		Consonant articulated in a manner that involves a mobile active articulator fluttering in a turbulent air stream and striking another articulator rapidly and repeatedly - for example, the apex of the tongue fluttering against the aveolar ridge, or the uvula vibrating against the root of the tongue.
	klingonska.org /piqad (5002 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Proto-Celtic language
		Although some complete sentences are recorded in Gaulish and Celtiberian, the oldest substantial Celtic literature is found in Old Irish, the earliest recorded of the Insular Celtic languages.
		The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic consonants may be summarised as follows.
		The voiced aspirate labiovelar gÊ·Ê° did not merge with gÊ·, though: plain gÊ· became b in Proto-Celtic, while aspirated gÊ·Ê° became gÊ·.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language (1349 words)

	Ge'ez_alphabet info here at en.after-gasoline-alley.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Compared to the of 29 consonants in the South Arabian alphabet, continuants of Ä¡, áº“ und the interdental fricatives (á¸, á¹¯) are missing, as bushy-tailed as South Arabian s (Ge'ez Saut á derived from South Arabian Å¡).
		The Ge'ez fist is an abugida: each symbol represents a consonant vowel combination, und the symbols are coordinated in shooting matchs of in understanding symbols on the of both the consonant und the vowel.
		To represent a consonant with no following vowel, for representation at the limitation of a syllable or in a consonant cluster, the consonant É frame is used (the symbol in the sixth column).
	en.after-gasoline-alley.info /Ge'ez_alphabet (1741 words)

	Ge'ez_alphabet info here at en.16-yo.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Compared to the file of 29 consonants in the South Arabian alphabet, continuants of Ä¡, áº“ and the interdental fricatives (á¸, á¹¯) are missing, as as South Arabian s (Ge'ez Saut á substantiality derived from South Arabian Å¡).
		The Ge'ez longhand is an abugida: each symbol represents a consonant vowel combination, and the symbols are grouped in congregations of consubstantial symbols on the scandalous of both the consonant and the vowel.
		To represent a consonant with no following vowel, for symbol at the magnitude of a syllable or in a consonant cluster, the consonant É classic is used (the symbol in the sixth column).
	en.16-yo.info /Ge'ez_alphabet (1786 words)

	Ge'ez_alphabet info here at en.articles-by-ken-blanchard.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Ge'ez fist is an abugida: each symbol represents a consonant vowel combination, the symbols are ranged in leagues of allied symbols on the bed of both the consonant the vowel.
		For each consonant in an abugida, there's a intrinsic or unmarked symbol which represents that consonant springed from by a default vowel, hailed the inherent vowel.
		To represent a consonant with no following vowel, for unimpeachable at the limitation of a syllable or in a consonant cluster, the consonant É articulation is used (the symbol in the sixth column).
	en.articles-by-ken-blanchard.info /Ge'ez_alphabet (1693 words)

	The Proto-Oceanic labiovelars: some new observations. \| Oceanic Linguistics (December, 2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although Proto-Oceanic has been reconstructed as having three labiovelar consonants ([b.sup.w], [p.sup.w], and *[m.sup.w]) that contrast with simple bilabials, this distinction was apparently not present in Proto-Austronesian or Proto--Malayo-Polynesian.
		A small sample of reflexes of the three labiovelars and the corresponding bilabials in a few representative diagnostic languages is given in table 3 (Geraghty 1983, Ross 1988).
		In addition to this rather skewed phonotactic distribution, the situation with Oceanic labiovelar correspondences is further complicated by the failure of many languages to consistently reflect the POC labiovelars as labiovelars.
	www.accessmylibrary.com /coms2/summary_0286-2738732_ITM (2605 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the next sections, the consonants are described as classes of sounds that are produced at different places of articulation.
		The English velar consonants are found at the ends of the words brick [brèk], brig [brèg], and bring [brè], and at the start of win [wèn].
		Consonants are formed by causing constriction in the vocal tract at various points of articulation.
	www.ling.unt.edu /~idoak/Consonants.doc (1974 words)

	The Tower of Babel
		Tense (unaspirated) consonants are at the present time preserved in Archi, Lezghi and Udi, though in Udi PL tense consonants generally give voiced reflexes; the preservation of tense ones is observed only sporadically, usually not in the initial position.
		Hushing labialized consonants are preserved in the Kurakh and Akhty dialects (including the subdialect of the village Khliut), develop into hissing labialized in the Gµne dialect, and yield labialized velars in the Yarki dialect.
		Therefore, the distinction between PL hissing and hushing labialized consonants is preserved only in the Kurakh dialect, as well as in some subdialects of Akhty (Khlyut); in other dialects they either merge in hissing labialized consonants (Gµne dialect), or in hushing labialized consonants (Akhty dialect), or else in labiovelar consonants (Yarki dialect).
	starling.rinet.ru /Texts/pref6.htm (9496 words)

	Labial-velar consonant - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The only common labial-velar consonant is the approximant [w].
		The plosives may occasionally be ejective or implosive.
		The only other labial-velar consonants are the velarbilabial clicks.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /default.asp?t=Labial-velar_consonant (179 words)

	Velar - KneeQuickie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because velar consonants are at the back of the mouth, they are always dorsal (articulated with the back of the tongue).
		Apical velar consonants are impossible for a regularly equipped human being.
		Nearly all natlangs include velar consonants, with the plosives, fricatives and nasal all being at least fairly common.
	penguindeskjob.com /wiki/index.php/Velar (161 words)

	[No title]
		Consonant and Vowel Assignment Although some questions still remain to be answered regarding the number of ``forms'' to use for the ASCII/ETHIOPIC table, we have retained the original arrangement of twelve (12) for SERA pending decisions relating to the Unicode/ISO standards currently under discussion.
		Labiovelar, ``W'', Forms Special consideration is made for transcription of labiovelar classes occurring spoken languages using Fidel as a writing system.
		A convention for gemination of the consonant component of a Fidel syllable is employed in a number of texts on the study of these languages.
	www.abyssiniacybergateway.net /fidel/sera-faq.txt (5668 words)

	The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language by Cyril Babaev
		But consonants survived a greater change: aspirated ones disappeared, velar and palatal ones transformed into hushing sounds, labiovelar consonants became velar stops.
		Aspirated and labiovelar sounds disappeared, practically all consonants were divided into soft and firm; new sibilants appeared.
		Sometimes they are situated in the stem of the word and are already morphological; but mostly they appeared due to phonetic processes, such as stress, neighbour phonemes and their place in the word.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/archive/grammar11.html (2748 words)

	Fidel Input for Ethiopic Mule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		About Vowels When a key corresponding to a consonant is first struck, you will see the sixth form of the character appear on the screen with a small underline, `_'.
		You may then type a vowel to modify the syllabic form of the consonant, or type any non-vowel character to terminate the entry of the letter (the underline goes away).
		Extended forms (8-12) of the `w' series are provided to model the labiovelar sounds with a base consonant when a unique labiovelar glyph is not available for the consonant.
	www.abyssiniacybergateway.net /mule/input.html (448 words)

	Words in Mawu
		Thus a consonant whose place of articulation is alveolar--that is, whose constriction is made with the tip or blade of the tongue pressing against the alveolar ridge, just behind the top front teeth--can be of six different kinds, according to how the constriction is made, and what is happening elsewhere in the vocal tract.
		Furthermore, it readily spreads to influence the initial consonant of a following syllable, in a systematic pattern according to which voiceless consonants become voiced; voiced stops and fricatives become prenasalized (that is, they acquire a short nasal segment at their beginning); and glides, liquids and implosives all become the corresponding nasal consonants.
		CVN (where N is a nasal consonant of some sort) is almost as simple and natural a syllable structure as CV, and it is quite common for languages to allow only a such a nasal as a syllable-final element.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_1998/ling001/mawu/node2.html (8641 words)

	2. Consonant and Vowel Assignment
		The lower case ``w'' is reserved exclusively for consonant 21 with the ``w'' sound.
		While multiple means are provided for transcription of three of the labiovelar forms, it is best when writing text intended to be read primarily in Latin that all three characters be given (``mWa'' vs ``mW'') for benefit of the reader.
		It is assumed that all labiovelar forms found in spoken languages that Fidel as a writing system, are known priori to the SERA designers.
	www.abyssiniacybergateway.net /fidel/sera-faq_2.html (1321 words)

	[No title]
		This means that it is relatively richer in phonemic stop consonants than in fricatives (unlike English).
		Note: bracketed characters represent phonetically realizable sounds which occur either as allophones of the stated phoneme or are in free variation with it.
		Some languages have strict conditions on how any two sounds may come together, disallowing consonant or vowel clusters entirely, while others may be relatively lax on this, allowing strings of consonants to build up one on another.
	www.angelfire.com /tx/eclectorium/degaphono.html (994 words)

	The Pronunciation of Classical Latin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because the difference between the two consonants was not significant to the speakers and there were not grammatical functions associated with it, it became a common practice to mark both sounds by the letter c.
		['kwartus], while before consonant in the beginning or the middle of the word and after consonant at the end of the word was heard [u], as in
		The double consonants are separated between the syllables: stella.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Latin/Grammar/Latin-Pronunciation-Syllable-Accent.html (1609 words)

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