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Division of labour

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	Division of labour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Division of labour is generally speaking the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.
		In the history of the human species, the first division of labour was between men and women, but it became ever more sophisticated since the invention of agriculture and the dawn of civilization.
		Unlike Plato, Smith did not regard the division of labour as a consequence of human inequality but famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Division_of_labour (2446 words)

	Division of labour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Division of labour is the breakdown of labour into specific, circumscribed tasks for maximum efficiency of output, particularly in the context of manufacturing.
		Within the human race, division of labour largely did not exist prior to the use of agriculture and the subsequent beginnings of civilization.
		Marx wrote that "as a result of division of labour," the worker is "reduced to the condition of a machine." He believed, though, that the fullness of production is essential to human liberation and subsequently accepted immiseration of humanity along the road of capital's development as a necessary evil.
	www.lakeworth.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Division_of_labour (559 words)

	I. Book I. Of the Division of Labour. Smith, Adam. 1909-14. Wealth of Nations. The Harvard Classics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.
		The effects of the division of labour, in the general business of society, will be more easily understood, by considering in what manner it operates in some particular manufactures.
		The occasions for those different sorts of labour returning with the different seasons of the year, it is impossible that one man should be constantly employed in any one of them.
	www.bartleby.com /10/101.html (2468 words)

	Human Requirements and Division of Labour, Marx, 1844 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Or, since labour is only an expression of human activity within alienation, of the manifestation of life as the alienation of life, the division of labour, too, is therefore nothing else but the estranged, alienated positing of human activity as a real activity of the species or as activity of man as a species-being.
		Precisely in the fact that division of labour and exchange are aspects of private property lies the twofold proof, on the one hand that human life required private property for its realisation, and on the other hand that it now requires the supersession of private property.
		Division of labour and exchange are the two phenomena which lead the political economist to boast of the social character of his science, while in the same breath he gives unconscious expression to the contradiction in his science – the motivation of society by unsocial, particular interests.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm (4935 words)

	division of labour - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about division of labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The division of labour is an example of specialization.
		Division of labour also exists in traditional societies where men and women perform gender-related tasks (a sexual division of labour).
		The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Division+of+labour (269 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Di (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Division of labour is as old as labour itself, stretching back to the birth of the human race.
		Prior to the rupture of society into classes, the social division of labour was almost exclusively based on kinship relations, within a relatively closed circle, wherein the character of an individual’s labour was determined by their age, sex and position within the family.
		Further, the division of labour implies the contradiction between the interest of the separate individual or the individual family and the communal interest of all individuals who have intercourse with one another.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/d/i.htm (5186 words)

	DARWINISM AND THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
		The second is the arguments by which specific forms of the division of labour have been justified, in particular, the movement of justifications away from theology and towards biology — especially evolutionary biology, or Darwinism.
		The history of the division of labour is the history of the way society developed from a system based on natural differences of sex, strength, predisposition, to a more complex one no longer wholly natural but rooted, ultimately, in economic relationships.
		In his classic treatise The Division of Labour in Society, Émile Durkheim synthesized the ideas of Saint-Simon and Comte with those of Spencer to argue that the division of labour was the basis of social solidarity.
	www.human-nature.com /rmyoung/papers/pap109h.html (4133 words)

	Gendered division of labour - The Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gendered division of labour, also known as sexual division of labour, refers to the way that people are divided according to what is appropriate work for men and women.
		The gendered division of labour is derived from social perceptions about what is 'natural' for a particular sex to do as an occupation.
		Examples of the gendered division of labour can be seen in the primacy of women engaged in informal employment, and caring for children, or in the numbers of men who sit on the boards of the world's largest corporations.
	www.the-encyclopedia.com /description/Gendered_division_of_labour (154 words)

	Division Of Labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Labour shortages were answered by the transport of people from distant parts of the world; a national division of labour exploded to become a vast...
		But new forms of international division of labour appeared, like offshoring or outsourcing, whereby certain production stages are allocated abroad, thus...
		Division of labour is a method of working, described by Adam Smith in his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).
	www.wikiverse.org /division-of-labour (340 words)

	Smith: Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapters 1-4: Library of Economics and Liberty
		labourers, it will hereafter appear, is every where in proportion to the quantity of capital stock which is employed in setting them to work, and to the particular way in which it is so employed.
		in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.
		This division of labour, from which so many advantages are derived, is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion.
	www.econlib.org /library/Smith/smWN1.html (8214 words)

	Division of labour - Trade Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Division of labour is generally speaking the specialisation of co-operative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.
		Therefore, while for Plato the level of specialisation determined by the division of labour was externally determined, for Smith it was the dynamic engine of economic progress.
		Marx wrote that "as a result of division of labour," the worker is "reduced to the condition of a machine." He believed that the fullness of production is essential to human liberation and accepted the idea of a strict division of labour only as a temporary necessary evil.
	www.bestbuy.tiptophot.com /trade/index.php?title=Division_of_labour (2084 words)

	THE CONQUEST OF BREAD: CHAPTER 15 -- The Division of Labour
		Talk to them about the organization of work during the Revolution, and they answer that the division of labour must be maintained; that if you sharpened pins before the Revolution you must go on sharpening them after.
		The ideal of industrial agriculture is to do away with the agricultural labourer altogether and to set a man who does odd jobs to tend a steam-plough or a threshing-machine.
		The division of labour means labelling and stamping men for life--some to splice ropes in factories, some to be foremen in a business, others to shove huge coal-baskets in a particular part of a mine; but none of them to have any idea of machinery as a whole, nor of business, nor of mines.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/kropotkin/conquest/ch15.html (897 words)

	Writer's Block, Business Word, The Division of Labour in the New Economy: Looking to the Past for Future Solutions - ...
		This trend is in sharp contrast to the theories held by early thinkers of economics.
		Smith observes that "modern-day" (18th century) countries, in which the separation of labour is most pervasive, enjoy the "highest degree of industry and improvement." "What is the work of one man in a rude state of society, [is] generally that of several in an improved one.
		With the right division of labour, each individual can produce work in his or her area of expertise, and in the process deliver a superior product within less time than if he or she were the sole resource responsible for every aspect of the project.
	www.writersblock.ca /winter2000/busword.htm (869 words)

	SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
		In this chapter, Durkheim asks what the division of labor (DOL) in society is. First, he states that since the DOL increases both the reproductive capacity and skill of the workman, it is the necessary condition for the intellectual and material development in societies (12).
		The DOL is a necessary consequence of the growth of volume and density of society.
		The DOL is typically a normal phenomenon, but from time to time it enters a pathological state (291), In certain points of the social organism, certain functions are not adjusted to one another.
	ssr1.uchicago.edu /PRELIMS/Theory/durkheim.html (11107 words)

	Chapter Division of Labour and Manufacture of Das Kapital by Karl Marx
		He generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become." After describing the stupidity of the detail labourer he goes on: "The uniformity of his stationary life naturally corrupts the courage of his mind...
		This division of labour, like every other, is an effect of past, and a cause of future progress...
		Since, however, manufacture carries this social separation of branches of labour much further, and also, by its peculiar division, attacks the individual at the very roots of his life, it is the first to afford the materials for, and to give a start to, industrial pathology.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/261/1294/24749/12.html (659 words)

	pintday.org: Adam Smith: Of the Division of Labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The greatest improvements in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.
		Their lands are in general better cultivated, and having more labour and expense bestowed upon them, produce more in proportion to the extent and natural fertility of the ground.
		I shall only observe, therefore, that the invention of all those machines by which labour is to much facilitated and abridged, seems to have been originally owing to the division of labour.
	www.pintday.org /ebooks/smith_adam/division_of_labour.shtml (2457 words)

	III. Book I. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market. Smith, Adam. 1909-14. Wealth of ...
		Book I. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market.
		it is the power of exchanging that gives occasion to the division of labour, so the extent of this division must always be limited by the extent of that power, or, in other words, by the extent of the market.
		The navigation of the Danube is of very little use to the different states of Bavaria, Austria and Hungary, in comparison of what it would be if any of them possessed the whole of its course till it falls into the Black Sea.
	www.bartleby.com /10/103.html (1163 words)

	Gender and division of labour
		Women are involved in every stage of food production and, although there is a gender-based division of labour, women do tend to shoulder the larger share.
		The absence of male labour, however, may force women with an expanded workload to grow less labour intensive - and often less nutritious - crops with a reliance on child labour.
		The division of labour between genders still remains poorly understood.
	www.fao.org /Gender/en/lab-e.htm (646 words)

	Durkheim and the Division of Labour in Society
		The answer to this question, he asserts, is "a transformation of social solidarity due to the steadily growing development of the division of labour.
		Although the concept of the division of labour was first suggested by Aristotle, it had failed to advance much since Adam Smith.
		Durkheim took from this the notion that the division of labour was part of a much wider evolutionary process.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/972.html (429 words)

	American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The: Discursive Rationality and the Division of Labour: How Cooperation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the great achievements of economic science is the explanation of the benefits of the division of labour in market economies.
		However, despite its merits this utilitarian, explanation is insufficient as an account for the widespread division of labour.
		In critical elaboration of her thesis, the division of labour is explained by taking into account a different aspect of human reason, namely, discursive rationality.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0254/is_4_58/ai_58496756 (481 words)

	Division of Labour from the Chapter "The Vedic Religion And Varna Dharma", in Hindu Dharma : kamakoti.org:
		Division of Labour from the Chapter "The Vedic Religion And Varna Dharma", in Hindu Dharma : kamakoti.org:
		If there were no principle to guide us in the fulfilment of the common good, the only concern of people would be that of finding such work as can bring them a lot of cash.
		There is no place for any division of labour in all this and so also no concern for the well-being of mankind in general.
	www.kamakoti.org /hindudharma/part3/chap1.htm (1274 words)

	Division of labour. Beguin. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Division of labour occurs when the various steps of printmaking (drawing, engraving, preparing the plate for impression, and printing) are done by different people in order to speed up the process or in order to achieve better results.
		The division of labour system foreshadowed modern methods of increasing rationality.
		Actually division of labour was practiced very early in studios that had line engravers, colouring personnel, and printers.
	www.polymetaal.nl /beguin/mapd/division_of_labour.htm (96 words)

	The Division of Labor in Society (1893) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Durkheim had shown how the organized structure (and thus the division of labor) had developed as the segmental structure had disappeared; thus, either the disappearance of the segmental structure is the cause of the division of labor, or vice versa.
		The difficulty with the anomic division of labor, of course, is that such rules either do not exist or are not in accord with the degree of development of the division of labor.
		The "forced division of labor" is thus the consequence of that structural condition in which the distribution of social functions does not correspond to the distribution of natural talents.
	www.relst.uiuc.edu /durkheim/Summaries/dl.html (11586 words)

	Response Threshold Reinforcement and Division of Labour in Insect Societies - Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Deneubourg ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		More generally, the formulation of the model lends itself to many modifications, and, we believe, sets the stage for a global picture of division of labour in social insects.
		Finally, while our model suggests that absolute age need not be invoked to explain 12 temporal division of labour, the testable predictions made in this article with respect to the removal...
		1 A genetic component to division of labour within honey bee c..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /theraulaz98response.html (824 words)

	Division of labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Labour is work done by mind or body either partly or wholly for the purpose of producing utilities.
		Labour Protect is a network of South African labour experts who assist employees facing unfair labour practices, dismissals, retrenchment or discrimination in the work place.
		Contains the Diamonds division, the Minerals, Oil and Gas division, the Investment and Economic Analysis division, the Industrial Initiatives division, the NWT Film Commission and the Tourism and Parks division.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Division_of_labor (2226 words)

	Division Of Labour - History Forum
		We gain a lot from division of labour, and that's why we live together.
		The division of labour, for a large part, is in that of the Proletariat.
		So although the following comments do not specifically address the question of division of labor, they do aim to rescue "civilization" from the traps of economic determinism that could be sprung by the concept of "exchange" as it is being treated here.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2551 (1616 words)

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