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	Seal means - Patent 4453722
		Sealing means as in claim 1 wherein said back-up seal is a piston-like ring bearing up against a sealing surface formed on said first annular member having sufficient tolerance to allow a predetermined leakage to flow therethrough when said bellows fails and permits the flow of air.
		The back-up ring seal is disposed axially in a line-on-line relationship with the primary carbon seal to maintain a pressure balance on the carbon seal and allows a predetermined leakage should the bellows fail and leak.
		The carbon seal is pressure balanced closed in the event of bellows failure and anti-rotational lugs serve to prevent the primary face seal from spinning as a result of being driven by the seal plate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4453722.html (1093 words)

	GMN Bearings Gap Seals technology
		Sealing principle: The basic principle of a labyrinth seal is based on the geometric shape of the labyrinth which causes some turns of the contaminant on its way to penetrate the seal.
		With the GMN Gap Seal the efficiency of the centrifugal force to accelerate the contaminant radially to throw it away from the sealing gap is increased by the conic envelope of the labyrinth.
		To penetrate the seal the contaminant has to overcome the centrifugal force by creeping from the larger labyrinth diameter facing the contaminant to the smaller diameter on the "dry" side of the seal.
	www.gmnbt.com /gapseals_technology.htm (587 words)

	Labyrinth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth was an elaborate maze constructed for King Minos of Crete and designed by the legendary artificer Daedalus to hold the Minotaur, a creature that was half human and half bull, eventually killed by Theseus.
		The predominant labyrinth form during this period is the simple 7-circuit style known as the classical.
		The myth of the labyrinth has in recent times transformed into a stage play by Ilinka Crvenkovska in which exploring notions of a man's ability to control his own fate, Theseus in an act of suicide is killed by the Minotaur only to be killed himself by the horrified towns people.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/la/Labyrinth.htm (802 words)

	GMN Bearings Labyrinth Seals technology
		Sealing principle The basic principle of a Labyrinth Seal is based on the geometric shape of the labyrinth seals which causes some turns of the contaminant on its way to penetrate the seal.
		The major factor for the efficiency of a non-contact seal is the centrifugal force caused by rotation and applied to the contaminant to throw it radially away before penetrating the seal.
		There is no chance for a labyrinth Seal to protect against higher liquid levels and against a pressure gradient between both sides of the seals.
	www.gmnbt.com /labyrinth_technology.htm (563 words)

	Labyrinth seals (Jobst Brandt)
		Seals cannot separate two fluids with a single seal lip because the fluid retained is the lubricant of the seal lip.
		Labyrinth seals are non contacting rotating labyrinths through which splash water cannot enter and gravity drains them.
		The nature of a labyrinth seal is that it uses gravity to purge water from its entrance.
	yarchive.net /bike/labyrinth_seals.html (1630 words)

	Vibrations of shaft bearing systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Seals are used to protect bearings from dirt and foreign matter and retain lubricants.
		The majority of dynamic seals in general use are contact seals with a rubbing contact separated from the shaft by a lubricating oil film.
		The seal works as an oil film is generated between the lip of the seal and the shaft.
	www.brad.ac.uk /research/mbdmst/rotordynamic/seal/seal.html (612 words)

	Labyrinth seal -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A labyrinth seal is a (additional info and facts about mechanical seal) mechanical seal that fits around a rotating (A vertical passageway through a building (as for an elevator)) shaft to prevent the leakage of oil or other fluids.
		A labyrinth seal is composed of many straight threads that press tightly inside another shaft, or stationary hole, so that the fluid has to pass through a long and difficult path to escape.
		The name comes from the (Complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost) Labyrinth, an elaborate (Complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost) maze in (The mythology of the ancient Greeks) Greek mythology.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/la/labyrinth_seal.htm (163 words)

	Manufacturing Engineering: Protecting machine tool spindle bearings
		The scope was to test known seal configurations and evaluate them with regard to their acceptability under various field conditions to evaluate the seal failures to determine the root cause.
		To verify this theory, a standard labyrinth seal with air purge was internally mapped with regard to air pressure.
		Fluid entering the seal exterior is driven from the high-pressure regions to the low-pressure regions ultimately causing leakage.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3618/is_200107/ai_n8961878 (1364 words)

	Pressure-Balanced, Low-Hysteresis Finger Seal
		Finger seals are made by photoetching finger shapes around the inner diameter of thin metal laminate rings, stacking the laminates so that the fingers of one laminate overlap the fingers of the adjacent laminates, sandwiching the stack of laminates between two sideplates, and riveting the whole stack together.
		The cost to produce finger seals is estimated to be 40 to 50 percent of the cost to produce brush seals.
		Finger seal air leakage measured 20 to 70 percent less than for a typical four-knife labyrinth seal with a 0.005-in.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1999/5000/5950proctor.html (417 words)

	Fluent NEWS - Spring 98 - Predicting Windage in Labyrinth Seals
		Labyrinth seals are commonly used in rotating equipment to restrict cooling flow between rotating and stationary components.
		One of the issues in the design of such seals is the accurate prediction of the temperature rise of the cooling flow due to windage heating effects.
		The computational model was axisymmetric, with specification of the pressure ratio (1.5) across the seal as imposed boundary conditions.
	www.fluent.com /about/news/newsletters/98v7i1/a15.htm (319 words)

	Rotary Seals
		The labyrinth seal provides the same function.The Labyrinth Seal restricts the passage of solid, liquid and gaseous contaminants into the sealed area and also restricts the leakage of fluid out of the sealed containment.
		The seal friction is reduced as an oil film is generated between the lip of the seal and the shaft.
		The seal is fluid ring which is retained in place between the rotating and fixed members under the action of magnetic forces.
	www.roymech.co.uk /Useful_Tables/Seals/Rotary_Seals.html (834 words)

	K-CBS Series Circumferential Barrier Seals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kaydon's circumferential barrier seal is partially balanced in the radial direction, which minimizes its imposed total load against the rotating sleeve or shaft.
		The segmented carbon seal ring used in the K-CBS type is a development of the sealing technology Kaydon uses for high performance main-shaft bearing seals in aircraft turbine engines.
		Each of the two circumferential seal rings is segmented with overlapping joints; each has an external garter spring and several internal axial springs; each is "locked" against rotation with specially-designed dowel pins.
	www.kaydon.com /ringseal/kcbs.htm (1166 words)

	Labyrinth Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A grease or lip seal is shown in the top half of the drawing, the labyrinth is shown in the bottom half of the drawing
		A labyrinth seal is a non-contacting circumferential seal utilizing a tortured path for flow between the stationary and rotating parts.
		The labyrinth seal is effective while the pump is running, but when the pump stops you are trying to seal with a hole unless you have purchased a design with a static sealing feature.
	www.mcnallyinstitute.com /CDweb/l-html/l004.htm (108 words)

	Starsys Quarterly News- Cover Sealing Approaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Labyrinth seals are effective at minimizing particulate contamination while providing a non-contact, low-force seal interface.
		Often both line-of-sight and labyrinth sealed containers are purged with dry nitrogen to maintain a positive internal pressure, which assists the labyrinth seal in keeping particles out of the enclosure.
		While a seal of this type may be necessary to maintain the proper environment inside the instrument, an elastomer seal creates several difficult problems that must be addressed to ensure reliable use.
	www.starsys.com /newsletter/issue2/sqn_aug99_application_notes.htm (1139 words)

	Abstracts of Jacob Y. Kazakia 's Publications
		The leakage flow rate through a sequence of labyrinth seal cavities, and the associated pressure and the circumferential velocity distributions are calculated for seals used in turbo machinery.
		The basic equations are derived for compressible flow in a straight-through gas labyrinth seal.
		Integration of the resultant pressure and shear stresses along and around the seal defines the reaction force developed by the seal and the corresponding rotordynamic stiffness and damping coefficients necessary for the lateral stability analysis of the rotor.
	www.lehigh.edu /~jyk0/abs.html (4892 words)

	Turbocharger assembly - Patent 4207035
		A second seal encompasses the shaft and is disposed between the bearing assembly and the turbine chamber.
		The turbocharger assembly of claim 1 wherein the means communicating with the second chamber and the first seal portion includes an elongated internal passageway formed in said shaft and having one end terminating at said second chamber and the opposite end terminating at said first seal portion.
		Such seals, while effective when the turbine and compressor wheels are operating at normal high speeds, nevertheless are plagued with the problem of lubricant migration into the compressor chamber when rotation of the wheels is stopped or is at idling speed.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4207035.html (1830 words)

	Pratt & Whitney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The seal is comprised of thousands of densely packed wire filaments fused between two metallic plates.
		Unlike the labyrinth seal, a brush seal is designed to come in contact with the rotor to provide a positive seal.
		As early as the first start-up, the labyrinth seal could be compromised if it contacts the rotor.
	www.pratt-whitney.com /4/html/services_partrepairca_wib.html (177 words)

	Red's Engine Talk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The seal is only effective when the engine is running and then only if the volume of oil directed at the seal, and the pressure differential, are not too great.
		Labyrinth seals work by centrifugal force, slinging oil, and air, to the outside.
		Even after the rope seal was in use, the drain hole in the cap was generally used through 1948.
	www.reds-headers.com /html/stacked_page_25.htm (640 words)

	Powmat Ltd. - Brush Seal
		The flexibility of the hair-like wires enables the seal to automatically adjust to accommodate rotor excursions typically encountered during start-up, shutdown or even passing through critical vibrations during normal operation.
		As brush seal technology advances, and new applications are explored, we will be working with Pratt and Whitney to bring these improvements to GE frame size gas turbines.
		Seal locations are individually measured and the seals are manufactured to customer specifications.
	www.powmat.com /brush.html (847 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This invention is a labyrinth seal coal injector able to inject dry, sized, coal or other materials having a significant amount of fines into a pressurized pipeline for transport or other purposes.
		The injector is comprised of a rotor or screw of steel helicoidal flights attached to a steel shaft that is rotated by a motor.
		The rotor is in a pipe-like housing with an inlet on the side for coal and an outlet on the downstream end of the housing at the reducer.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=85575 (225 words)

	Articles - Pump (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pumps fall into two categories: positive displacement pumps, which force fluid from one sealed chamber to another with little leakage, and dynamic pumps, which use the momentum of the fluid to move it across an unsealed chamber.
		submersible pump : the fluid is moved by a pump joined to a sealed motor and submerged in the fluid to be pumped.
		Mechanical Seal, labyrinth seal, gasket or Packing - To keep the fluid from leaking out to the atmosphere.
	www.1shredder.com /articles/Pump (684 words)

	Ball bearing sealing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The bottom half of the shaft shows a non-contacting labyrinth seal that will not destroy the shaft and works well, as long as the shaft is turning.
		Most of these labyrinth designs are not effective when the shaft has stopped, because you a trying to seal with a "hole".
		The face seal offers positive sealing of both the oil in the bearing case and the water or moisture that is trying to get in.
	www.mcnallyinstitute.com /CDweb/b-html/b012.htm (193 words)

	Qualiseal Technology - Controlled Gap Seals
		The standard labyrinth seal (i.e., controlled gap seal) consists of one or more carbon-steel composite which is designed to minimize loss of process air pressure by using a closely controlled gap between the floating carbon ring assembly and a rotating shaft.
		The labyrinth ring assembly utilizes a carbon ring which is shrink fitted into a low expansion stainless steel alloy.
		Since the seal gap is held to a small value, there will be times when, due to loading or temperature expansions, the shaft will shift slightly in a radial direction with respect to the housing and will contact the carbon ring.
	www.qualiseal.com /animation.htm (465 words)

	Scanning the Horizon - New Seal Design Protects Machine Tool Spindles
		The seal must protect the spindle in the dynamic or cutting mode when coolant pressure and volume are at their greatest.
		Rubbing seals, for example, generally fit tightly around the spindle shaft and function well in the static mode, but they wear quickly and reduce spindle rpm in the dynamic mode.
		By contrast, seals designed to work in the dynamic mode— common air purge/labyrinth seals, for example, are generally overcome by coolant pressure in the static mode or fail if the air supply is shut off.
	www.mmsonline.com /articles/0999scan2.html (705 words)

	Conveyor Services: Conveyor belt splicing and vulcanizing, conveyor idlers, new and used belting, pulley lagging, laser ...
		Dirt which enters the seal is usually trapped by the centrifugal forces and the grease.
		Most secondary seals on the market are of the labyrinth type and centrifugal forces actually trap dirt in the sealing area, thus forming a grinding paste which can work its way to the bearing.
		The bearing seals form the final barrier against dirt ingress, especially rust particles which are formed due to condensation inside the shell tube.
	www.conveyorservices.com /idlers.htm (489 words)

	8f.18 Bearing Seals
		Moving seals are a more complicated than they first appear and are only slightly related to fixed seals such as beer caps, mason jars, and gas or radiator caps.
		Most so called sealed bearings are not water tight, mainly because they have run dry, burning the seal lip which becomes a capillary to suck water when wet.
		This is the main reason why such "sealed" hubs were not available at the time he introduced them.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/bicycles-faq/part4/section-13.html (663 words)

	Qualiseal Technology - Mechanical Face Seals
		The design incorporating a metal-carbon seal nose composite produces the strength required to resist high system pressures and assures metal to metal contact at the drive lug locations.
		The high speeds and combustion temperatures common to turbine applications are effectively sealed by the labyrinth seal.
		This labyrinth Qualiseal offers a unique stabilizer ring with "fins" which maintain the roundness of the seal ring assembly.
	www.qualiseal.com /facesealdesign.htm (160 words)

	Sealing Solutions \| Aluminum triple labyrinth seal
		Thus the seal must prevent dust, grit and moisture from entering the bearing and at the same time, prevent grease or oil from escaping.
		Extremely close tolerances can be maintained between the housing and the seal resulting in an effective sealing element which is one of the best of its type in the anti-friction bearing industry.
		The compression of the 'O' rings causes the seal to rotate with the shaft, but the amount of compression is so designed that the shaft moves through the seal when axial expansion occurs.
	www.cooperbearings.com /tech18.htm (247 words)

	Fluent - Flow Modeling Examples - Predicting Windage Heating of Air Through Labyrinth Seals
		Labyrinth seals are used in rotating equipment to restrict cooling flow between rotating and stationary components.
		The cooling flow, while necessary to prevent the overheating of the seal, also reduces some efficiency of the equipment, which operates at high temperatures.
		One of the biggest problems in the design of labyrinth seals is to accurately predict this temperature rise of the cooling flow across the labyrinth seal.
	www.fluent.com /solutions/examples/x180.htm (122 words)

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