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Topic: Lactational amenorrhea method

	LAM Bibliography with Abstracts
		LAM is based on the use of lactational infertility for protection from pregnancy and indicates the time for the introduction of a complementary family planning method.
		LAM is recommended for up to 6 months postpartum for women who are fully or nearly fully breastfeeding and amenorrheic and relies on the maintenance of appropriate breastfeeding practices to prolong lactational infertility, with the concomitant delay in menses return.
		Two methods are used to estimate this double coverage: a simple prevalence estimate based on the percentage of all contraceptive users who are in lactational amenorrhea, and the percentage of all person-months of contraceptive use that overlap with lactational amenorrhea.
	www.linkagesproject.org /LAMCD/bibliography.htm (5421 words)

	Comparison of birth control methods - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Barrier methods are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection.
		Both LAM and hormonal methods provide a reduced level of protection against pregnancy if they are occasionally used incorrectly (rarely going longer than 4-6 hours between breastfeeds, a late pill or injection, or forgetting to replace a patch or ring on time).
		If a method is known to have been ineffective (such as a condom breaking), emergency contraception may be taken up to 72 hours after sexual intercourse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods (995 words)

	Lactational Amenorrhea Method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancies which is based on the natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding.
		If not combined with chemicals or devices, LAM may be considered natural birth control or natural family planning.
		Ecological breastfeeding is a stricter form of LAM developed by Sheila Kippley and the Couple to Couple League International.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lactational_Amenorrhea_Method (582 words)

	Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - Health Education To Villages
		Menstruation is defined for LAM use as two consecutive days of bleeding, or when a woman perceives that she has had a bleed similar to her menstrual bleed, either of which occurs at least two months postpartum.
		LAM is a method of contraception that a woman consciously chooses to use to reduce her chance of becoming pregnant by adhering carefully to the three criteria.
		Amenorrhea, or the absence of menstrual bleeding, reflects a reduced risk of ovulation, but neither breastfeeding nor amenorrhea is a family planning method.
	www.hetv.org /resources/breastfeeding/faq-lam.htm (2090 words)

	FHI - Frequently Asked Questions on Contraception
		While most modern means of contraception are effective, the true tests of a method's value are whether it is right for a specific user and whether consistent and correct use is possible within the context of his or her life.
		Lactational Amenorrhea Method: The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is the use of breastfeeding as a temporary family planning method.
		Natural methods: Natural methods of family planning include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, and the use of the lactational amenorrhea method.
	www.fhi.org /en/rh/faqs/index.htm (399 words)

	In Search of Seamless Transition to Post-Lactational Amenorrhea Method Contraception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Nevertheless, guidelines for use of the method implicitly assume that once a woman is informed about the lactational amenorrhea method, she will be protected against pregnancy as long as she meets its simple criteria, and that the health care system will operate to allow a smooth transition from lactational amenorrhea to another contraceptive method.
		Lactational amenorrhea is a wonderful contraceptive method, but the unacknowledged key to its success in many poor countries is providing women with a seamless transition to subsequent methods.
		If providers are not better trained to ease the transition from lactational amenorrhea to other methods, then active users of the method will face the same, increasing risk of unwanted pregnancy as passive users since they both are forced to wait for their menses before obtaining a new method.
	www.guttmacher.org /pubs/journals/2822502.html (1019 words)

	amenorrhea - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Primary amenorrhea is a delay in or a failure to start menstruation; secondary amenorrhea is an unexpected stop to the menstrual cycle.
		It is caused by dysfunctioning of the pituitary gland, ovaries, uterus, and hypothalamus, by surgical removal of the ovaries or uterus, by medication, or by emotional trauma.
		An assessment of the nine-month lactational amenorrhea method (MAMA-9) in Rwanda.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-amenorrh.html (372 words)

	Lactational Amenorrhea Method
		Lactational Amenorrhea Method is a method of contraception.
		Lactational Amenorrhea Method takes advantage of the normal processes that occur in a woman's body after childbirth and when she breastfeeds her baby.
		Because a woman can only rely on this method for up to six months, it is important to plan ahead and to have an alternate method available for use when Lactional Amenorrhea Method is no longer reliable (i.e.
	www.ottawa.ca /residents/health/living/sexual/bc/28_1_19_en.html (328 words)

	Methods of contraception
		For the sake of this discussion, traditional or folk methods are coitus interruptus, postcoital douche, lactational amenorrhea, and periodic abstinence (rhythm or natural family planning).
		The lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) can be a highly efficient method for breastfeeding women to utilize physiology to space births.
		When using lactation as a method of birth control, the mother must provide breastfeeding as the only form of infant nutrition.
	www.health.am /sex/more/methods_of_contraception (509 words)

	Exclusive Breastfeeding/LAM
		When used as a family planning method, this pattern of exclusive breastfeeding is called the lactational amenorrhea method, or LAM.
		The baby does not need any foods other than breastmilk until he or she is six months old as long as (1) the baby is growing well and gaining weight and (2) you are eating a balanced diet and resting in order to have a good milk supply.
		LAM is less effective after the baby is six months old, after the baby begins taking other foods and drinks, or after your period has returned—whichever comes first.
	www.engenderhealth.org /wh/fp/clam2.html (596 words)

	LLLI \| The lactational amenorrhea method
		LAM is a newly developed interim family planning method that is based on utilization of lactational infertility for protection from pregnancy.
		LAM may also promote more effective use of other methods of family planning by breastfeeding women, since the method delays the use of a complementary method until the mother's fertility returns.
		Lactational amenorrhea and the recovery of ovulation and fertility in fully nursing Chilean women.
	www.lalecheleague.org /ba/Aug93.html (1184 words)

	Natural family planning : Rhythm method
		NFP is the sole method of contraception permitted by the Catholic Church and has been given the nickname Vatican Roullette'.
		The calendar method, also known as the "rhythm method", relies solely on counting days in order to estimate the onset of a woman's fertile period.
		The basal body temperature method is based on the fact that two or three days after ovulation, hormonal changes cause a rise in body temperature between 0.3 and 0.9C (0.5 and 1.6°F) that lasts at least until the next menstruation.
	www.fastload.org /rh/Rhythm_method.html (799 words)

	Contraceptive Methods: Lactational Amenorrhea Method
		Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is a natural family planning method that can be used by breastfeeding women.
		LAM is a very effective method if the following three criteria are met: (1) the woman is amenorrheic, (2) the woman is fully breastfeeding (does not give the infant supplementary food), and (3) the baby is less than six months old.
		Immediate; once any of the LAM criteria are not met, a woman should use an additional method of contraception as she may be at risk of pregnancy.
	www.rho.org /html/cont-lam.htm (270 words)

	Baby and Toddler Articles: What Is LAM? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) was created to allow women to safely rely on breastfeeding as a family planning method.
		However, the woman is encouraged to begin using a complementary family planning method when any of the three conditions changes, or whenever she chooses.
		LAM usually is not recommended under the following conditions, except on the basis of careful clinical judgement, taking into account the severity of the condition and the availability and acceptability of other methods.
	www.allaboutmoms.com /allaboutmoms/lam.htm (957 words)

	[No title]
		Lactational amenorrhea is by definition a woman who is breastfeeding her child and has amenorrhea.
		It is also possible to have ovulation happen prior to menstruation and this is common in the setting of LAM and for this reason after 6 months additional contraception should be practiced.
		LAM induces a hypoestrogenic state and it is common to have women complain of introital dyspareunia or genital irritation.
	www.metrokc.gov /HEALTH/famplan/clinicguide/lactation.doc (879 words)

	Benefiting from Breastfeeding: Natural Birth Control After Pregnancy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In 1988, however, the LAM method was reintroduced thanks to new studies that proved its effectiveness in preventing pregnancies during the postpartum period.
		LAM is one of the simplest natural family planning methods to use.
		The LAM method is actually highly effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly during the first six months of the postpartum period.
	www.epigee.org /fetal/contraception.html (707 words)

	Breastfeeding.com's Readng Room - Who's position on LAM
		The Lactational Amenorrhea Method uses three measures of a woman's fertility (the return of her menstrual period, her patterns of breastfeeding, and the time postpartum) to allow women to rely on breastfeeding as a family planning method.
		A group of WHO researchers, led by Dr. Helena von Hertzen of the Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulations of Fertility, concluded that, "The period of lactational amenorrhea is characterized by a profound degree of protection from pregnancy."
		By studying more than 4,000 women in seven countries around the world, the researchers found that in the first six months postpartum, LAM is equivalent to the protection provided by most nonpermanent contraceptive methods.
	www.breastfeeding.com /reading_room/lam_who.html (208 words)

	WABA - World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Based on scientific research, the method uses three measures of a woman's fertility: 1) the return of her menstrual period, 2) her patterns of breastfeeding, and 3) the time postpartum.
		A woman who chooses to rely on LAM should be advised that the method is short-term (up to six months) and is no longer effective when any one of the three criteria changes.
		Medical conditions that affect the use of LAM are few.
	www.waba.org.my /specialpages/lam/lam.htm (747 words)

	Lactational Amenorrhea Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) was codified at a meeting in Washington, DC in 1989, based on research, program work, and the findings of the Bellagio Consensus Meeting of 1988.
		In order for LAM to provide effective protection against pregnancy, the method must be used consistently and correctly with another method started very soon after any of the LAM criteria no longer apply, particularly amenorrhea.
		The follow-up schedule for LAM should be similar to the follow-up schedule used for all temporary methods, with the understanding that before any one of the three criteria will no longer apply, the client should return for counseling and another method of family planning (FP).
	www.reproline.jhu.edu /english/6read/6multi/tgwg/Tgla__e.htm (824 words)

	Jewish Women's Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Abstract: The lactational amenorrhea method is not halachically considered a form of active contraception at all and thus it presents no halachic concerns.
		Discussion: The lactational amenorrhea method is endorsed by the World Health Organization as a valuable method of family planning worldwide due to its efficacy, lack of side effects, and low cost [1, 2].
		Multicenter study of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM): I. Efficacy, duration, and implications for clinical application Contraception 1997 Jun;55(6):327-36.
	www.jewishwomenshealth.org /Article.php?article=1&topic=1 (564 words)

	Preconception.com Today: Not the Way Nature Intended? How Your Birth Control Affects Your Fertility
		Barrier methods (diaphragms, condoms, sponges, etc.) won't affect your fertility later, but they are less likely to prevent pregnancy than hormonal methods.
		In plain English, LAM means that lactation, or the making of milk, results in the absence of menstruation — Mother Nature's way of preventing a nursing mom from getting pregnant.
		To improve your chances of avoiding pregnancy with LAM, you must meet three criteria: you must be exclusively breastfeeding (including night feedings) and offering no supplements, you must not have had a period since giving birth, and you must be less than 6 months postpartum.
	preconception.com /resources/articles/birthcontrol2.htm (593 words)

	MoonDragon's Obgyn Information - Contraception: Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
		If a breastfeeding woman doesn't follow the LAM guidelines and doesn't use another method of family planning or contraception, she can become pregnant.
		This method is less reliable and difficult to manage than other forms of birth control, especially with the sporadic ovulation that may occur while you are breast-feeding.
		LAM usually is not recommended under the following conditions, except on the basis of careful clinical judgment, taking into account the severity of the condition and the availability and acceptability of other methods:
	www.moondragon.org /obgyn/contraception/lam.html (1414 words)

	Chapter 9: Lactational Amenorrhea Method, Series J, Number 44
		Rationale: The method a LAM user has on hand (for use after she is no longer relying on LAM) may be a woman's chosen follow-up method, or it may be for use as a temporary complementary method until she has a chance to visit her family planning provider to procure the method she desires.
		Having a contraceptive method on hand that the user can initiate herself when LAM expires (or when the woman no longer wishes to rely on LAM) is thought to have the potential of reducing the chance of a gap in protection.
		While the risk of pregnancy during lactational amenorrhea is higher after 6 months postpartum, among women with intensive breastfeeding practices the failure rate for lactational amenorrhea up to 1 year postpartum is comparable to the perfect-use failure rates for other reversible methods.
	www.infoforhealth.org /pr/j44/j44chap9.shtml (832 words)

	Birth control guide - MayoClinic.com
		Lactational amenorrhea refers to the normal cessation of menstrual periods for the first few months a woman is exclusively breast-feeding.
		When lactational amenorrhea is used as a means of birth control, the effectiveness rate is 98 percent.
		Using the lactational amenorrhea method costs nothing, but classes that teach this technique may charge fees, which vary from region to region.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/birth-control/BI99999/PAGE=BI00030 (287 words)

	Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit - Sexual Health - Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
		LAM is a short-term method of birth control that may be used by a woman in the first six months postpartum, while she is breastfeeding.
		When your baby is breastfeeding, she is stimulating your body to release hormones which stop your ovaries from releasing eggs (ovulation).
		You can use this method if you are not able to or choose not to use other methods of birth control.
	www.simcoehealth.org /Facts/sexual_health/birth_control/LAM.asp?NAV=SEX (401 words)

	Lactational amenorrhea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This method of contraception can be used by women during the first six months after childbirth.
		The method is for the benefit of both the mother and baby’s health.
		This method of contraception is useful for the baby, because breast milk is the best source of baby nutrition.
	www.sextoys-adult.net /amenorrhea.html (361 words)

	Contraceptive Methods: Bibliography page 4
		Clients interested in sterilization should compare this permanent method with reversible options and be encouraged to select the most appropriate method for their circumstances from a range of contraceptive choices.
		Surgical sterilization is a well-established method of contraception that is highly effective and carries low risk of complications when performed according to accepted medical standards.
		This study examines the associations between methods of contraception, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and incidence of HIV-1 infection among female sex workers attending a municipal STD clinic in Mombasa, Kenya.
	www.rho.org /html/cont-b-04.html (2877 words)

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