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	Lactulose
		Lactulose is a semisynthetic disaccharide comprised of the sugars D-galactose and D-fructose.
		Lactulose is fermented by bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and some other bacteria in the colon to produce the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate; the gases hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and methane; and lactate, pyruvate, succinate and formate.
		Lactulose is used with good results in some with compensated liver disease; lactulose has been shown in various studies to increase protein tolerance and help prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/lac_0300.shtml (1931 words)

	Data Sheet
		Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and in hepatic encephalopathy.
		In the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy studies have shown that lactulose syrup reduces the blood ammonia levels by 25-50% and this is generally paralleled by an improvement in the patient's mental state and by an improvement in EEG patterns.
		Lactulose reaches the colon virtually unchanged where it is metabolised by saccharolytic bacteria with the formation of simple organic acids mainly lactic acid and small amounts of acetic and formic acids.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/Datasheet/a/Alphalactulosesyrup.htm (1624 words)

	Lactulose
		LACTULOSE (CephulacÂ®, ChronulacÂ®, DuphalacÂ®) is a complex sugar-like laxative derived from lactose.
		LACTULOSE (CephulacÂ®) is a complex sugar-like laxative derived from lactose.
		Lactulose may be given as a retention enema to patients who are unable to take the medication orally (for example, those in a coma).
	www.stjohn.org /HealthInfoLib/swArticle.aspx?26,338 (1108 words)

	Patient Education - Drugs - lactulose
		Lactulose is a sugar which is not metabolized and absorbed by the body.
		Lactulose is used to treat constipation and the mental changes that can occur when cirrhosis of the liver is severe.
		Lactulose can be effective in treating chronic constipation, especially if it is taken together with a high fiber diet.
	www.endowsec.com /pated/lactulose.htm (678 words)

	Duphalac - lactulose as a prebiotic
		Lactulose is a synthetically manufactured disaccharide with a prebiotic effect made from fructose and galactose.
		The prebiotic effect of lactulose appears to have a positive influence on a series of illnesses whose pathogenesis involve disrupted intestinal bacterial flora and its consequences.
		Lactulose reduces the presence of ammonia in the intestine by, on the one hand, the conversion of NH to NH + which low pH values promote, and, on the other hand, by suppressing ammonia-forming bacteria through bifidobacteria or lactobacillus.
	www.duphalac.com /professionals/prebioticeffectpro/0,,10320-2-0,00.htm (1120 words)

	Lactulose
		Lactulose is a sugar which is not metabolized, and therefore is not absorbed by the body.
		Lactulose is used to treat constipation, as it produces softer stools which can be easier to pass.
		Lactulose comes in the form of a sugary syrup which is swallowed neat or can be mixed with water and other liquids.
	www.irritable-bowel-syndrome.ws /lactulose.htm (196 words)

	[No title]
		In the colon, bacteria degrade lactulose to various organic acids (eg, formic acid, acetic acid) with subsequent lowering of colonic pH.
		Lactulose remains the mainstay therapy, but there is a paucity of clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy.
		Data from three of the subjects were excluded from all breath hydrogen analysis; one subject produced significant quantities of methane in all lactulose breath gas tests, indicating that the subject was a methane producer.
	www.lycos.com /info/lactulose--miscellaneous.html (512 words)

	Method for preparing a non-hygroscopic lactulose-containing powder - Patent 4142916
		A lactulose syrup was spray-dried according to the method similar to Example 2 of the present invention to obtain a highly hygroscopic lactulose-containing powder with a composition of 77.3% of lactulose, 1.2% of water and 21.5% of other sugars (such as lactose, galactose and the like).
		A lactulose syrup with a composition of 52.8% of lactulose, 14.7% of other sugars (galactose, lactose and the like) and 32.5% of water in an amount of 2.0kg was flowed over a drying pan for the shelf-type freeze-drier forming a layer with a thickness of 5mm, and was subjected to freeze drying initially with -40.degree.
		A lactulose syrup with a composition of 52.8% of lactulose, 14.7% of other sugars (galactose, lactose and the like) and 32.5% of water was spray-dried by a known method to obtain a highly hygroscopic lactulose-containing powder with a composition of 1.2% of water, 77.3% of lactulose and 21.5% of other sugars.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4142916.html (3278 words)

	Lactulose
		Lactulose is a disaccharide: a sugar molecule composed of two smaller sugar molecules bonded together, in this case fructose and galactose.
		Lactulose is primarily used as a stool softener or in the treatment of liver patients.
		If lactulose has been prescribed to you in a clear plastic bottle, be sure to store it in a cabinet or inside a bag.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_lactulose.html (387 words)

	Lactulose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lactulose is a synthetic sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy, a complication of liver disease.
		It consists of the monosaccharides fructose and galactose and is yellow.
		Lactulose is metabolized in the colon by bacterial flora to short chain fatty acids, acidifying the colonic contents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lactulose (220 words)

	lactulose - Drug Finder - MSN Health & Fitness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Lactulose is in the FDA pregnancy category B. This means that it is not likely to harm an unborn baby.
		Symptoms of a lactulose overdose are not known, but diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and possible complications of dehydration from excessive diarrhea would be expected.
		Lactulose is available with a prescription generically and under several brand names.
	health.msn.com /drugfinder/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100060184 (874 words)

	Lactulose - Lactulose Side Effects - Lactulose Information - Canada Pharmacy - Canada Drugs
		Lactulose is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and no enzyme capable of hydrolysis of this disaccharide is present in human gastrointestinal tissue.
		Lactulose should not be taken within 2 hours of another medicine because the desired effect of the other medication may be reduced.
		Lactulose should not be used in the presence of abdominal pain, nausea, fever or vomiting.
	www.rxcarecanada.com /Lactulose.asp?prodid=995 (508 words)

	Lactulose Indications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Lactulose has been tested in a number of double-blind studies and it has proven beneficial particularly for children and elderly people.
		The accelerated intestinal transit and the acidified colon content are the explanation for the reduced levels of ammonia observed under lactulose.
		Lactulose is more effective than sorbitol for hepatic encephalopathy; lactitol and neomycin have similar activity.
	www.infomed.org /100drugs/lactind.html (166 words)

	MEDLINE Search on Medscape.com
		Lactulose ingestion increases faecal bifidobacterial counts: a randomised double-blind study in healthy humans.
		Physiological effects of lactulose and inulin in the caecum of rats.
		The aim of this study is to assess the effect of an oral lactulose load on fatty acid metabolism in overweight subjects.
	search.medscape.com /uslclient/searchMedline.do?queryText=Lactulose (459 words)

	Untitled1
		GUSH (Lactulose) is a synthetic disaccharide in the form of solution for oral use.
		GUSH (Lactulose) is poorly absorbed from G.I. tract.
		Lactulose is poorly absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and only small amounts reach the blood.
	www.panacea-biotec.com /products/gush.htm (666 words)

	Lactulose - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		Lactulose may not produce any result for between 24 and 48 hours.
		Do not take lactulose for more than one week unless your prescriber or health care professional has prescribed a regular schedule for you.
		If you are taking other medication, take lactulose at least 2 hours before or afterwards so that it will not interfere with your other medicines.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,367\|Lactulose,00.html (524 words)

	Celiac Disease; Intestinal Permeability Measurements; References
		We studied the permeability to human alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, mannitol, and lactulose on 46 occasions in 33 celiac disease patients in various phases of the disease; in addition, mannitol and lactulose permeability was studied in 18 healthy controls.
		Lactulose recovery was higher in newly diagnosed patients and patients with subtotal villous atrophy than in controls (p = 0.007 and 0.03, respectively).
		The determination of mannitol and lactulose in serum provides an acceptable alternative to urine collection and may be particularly useful in young children.
	www.nutramed.com /celiac/celiacpermref.htm (1773 words)

	No. 01-1188: Bhutani v. United States - Opposition
		Although Bhutani told an insurance adjuster that the Lactulose concentrate was not fit for human consumption and would have to be destroyed, petitioners used the concentrate as a drug component and sold the contaminated drugs to the public.
		Instead, the government argued that petitioners spiked the Lactulose because the lots were old and petitioners wanted to conceal the age of the lots-an argument that was not undercut by evidence that the Lactulose was not close to becoming ineffective at the time it was spiked.
		In petitioners' view, the government's theory at trial was that the Lactulose was medically ineffective or would soon become medically ineffective, and that petitioners' spiked the Lactulose to mask that fact, while the government's theory on appeal was that petitioners' spiked the Lactulose in order to mask its age.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-1188.resp.html (3700 words)

	Cephulac (Lactulose) drug warnings and precautions - prescription drugs and medications at RxList
		A theoretical hazard may exist for patients being treated with lactulose who may be required to undergo electrocautery procedures during proctoscopy or colonoscopy.
		Although this complication has not been reported with lactulose, patients on lactulose therapy undergoing such procedures should have a thorough bowel cleansing with a non-fermentable solution.
		Administration of lactulose syrup in the diet of mice for 18 months in concentrations of 3 and 10 percent (v/w) did not produce any evidence of carcinogenicity.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic2/lactulose_wcp.htm (454 words)

	[No title]
		LACTULOSE must be used cautiously in children and the elderly.
		Use lactulose with caution in animals with fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
		Lactulose may be given to prevent intestinal bacteria from creating ammonia, and as a laxative to evacuate blood from the intestines.
	www.lycos.com /info/lactulose--laxatives.html (231 words)

	Information to Lactulose
		They were the first in the world, and are today, with a market share of around 50 %, the world's largest manufacturers with production facilities in the Netherlands and Canada.
		Solvay is continuously researching into new possibilities for the application of lactulose in human medicine, as a nutritional supplement and in livestock breeding.
		In the future, lactulose is expected to play an important role in ensuring healthy food for humans and animals.
	www.lactulose.com /lactulose/0,,6833-2-0,00.htm (170 words)

	Lactulose BP
		Lactulose is made up of sugar molecules which are broken down by the bacteria that live in the lower part of the gut.
		The presence of ammonia in the gut causes water to be drawn into the lower bowel, which causes an increase in the water content and volume of the stools, therefore relieving constipation.
		Lactulose is also used in higher doses to help reduce a complication associated with liver disease called hepatic encephalopathy.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /medicines/100001447.html (530 words)

	Increased lactulose/rhamnose ratio during fluid load is caused by increased urinary lactulose excretion -- Hallemeesch ...
		Lactulose, rhamnose, and 3-OMG were administered intravenously at 8 h, and urine was collected for 24 h.
		Biochemical determination of urinary lactulose, rhamnose, and 3-OMG concentrations was performed as described previously (23).
		Lactulose and mannitol as probe markers for in vivo assessment of passive intestinal permeability in healthy cats.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/1/G83 (3011 words)

	LACTULOSE
		Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide, a combination of galactose and fructose, which is not absorbed by the small bowel.
		Lactulose is fermented in the large bowel to acetic and lactic acids, hydrogen and carbon dioxide with an increase in faecal acidity, which also stimulates peristalsis.
		Lactulose does not affect the management of diabetes mellitus; 15ml contains 14 calories.
	www.palliativedrugs.com /content/monographs/LACTULOSE.html (148 words)

	ACS :: Cancer Drug Guide: lactulose
		Lactulose belongs to the general class of laxatives used to treat constipation.
		Lactulose pulls water into the large intestines causing distention.
		Talk to your doctor before taking lactulose if you have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, blood in the stool, or haven’t had a bowel movement in several days.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/CDG/content/CDG_lactulose.asp (573 words)

	Clinical Trial: Lactulose for the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Children
		Lactulose is a semi-synthetic disaccharide made from lactose by a chemical reaction which was first described in 1930(6).
		Lactulose has been used for 40 years in the treatment of constipation [10] and for more than 30 years for encephalopathy.The dosages used in PSE are up to four times higher than those usually applied in constipation.
		Our hypothesis is that lactulose, with its proven prebiotic properties, given to children during their hospital stay, would be beneficial in reducing nosocomial infections.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00273949 (563 words)

	Lactulose may help prevent urinary tract infections -- Battle et al. 323 (7318): 936 -- BMJ
		Lactulose also has several additional properties, including an anti-endotoxin effect and alteration of faecal floral patterns.
		Lowered prevalence of infection with lactulose therapy in patients in continuing hospital care.
		The effect of lactulose on the faecal flora of patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
	www.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/323/7318/936 (350 words)

	Lactulose Solution , SPC from the eMC
		In common with other preparations used for the treatment of constipation, Lactulose solution should not be used in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction.
		Lactulose solution should not be given to patients with galactosaemia or lactose intolerance.
		Lactulose solution should be used with caution during the first trimester of pregnancy.
	emc.medicines.org.uk /emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?DocumentID=13252 (458 words)

	Lactulose
		Lactulose produces an osmotic effect in the colon as bacterial flora breaks down the lactose into lactic, formic and acetic acids.
		Lactulose produces results much more slowly than the saline type of hyperosmotic and has been used for long-term treatment of chronic constipation.
		Certain antibiotics such as neomycin may reduce the effectiveness of lactulose when it is used to treat liver failure
	www.fruit-eze.com /ingredients/lactulose.html (205 words)

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