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	Ladislaus Bortkiewicz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ladislaus Josephovich Bortkiewicz (August 7, 1868 - July 15, 1931) was a Russian economist and statistician of Polish descent.
		In political economy, Bortkiewicz is important for his analysis of Karl Marx's reproduction schema in the last two volumes of Capital.
		Bortkiewicz identified a transformation problem in Marx's work which, if proven, would profoundly undermine Marx's claim to have provided a consistent account of capitalist economics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ladislaus_Bortkiewicz (260 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ladislaus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ladislaus V LADISLAUS V [Ladislaus V] or Ladislaus Posthumus, 1440-57, king of Hungary (1444-57) and, as Ladislaus I, king of Bohemia (1453-57).
		Ladislaus III LADISLAUS III [Ladislaus III] 1424-44, king of Poland (1434-44) and, as Uladislaus I, king of Hungary (1440-44), son of Ladislaus II.
		Ladislaus Herman LADISLAUS HERMAN [Ladislaus Herman], 1040-1102, duke of Poland (1079-1102), brother and successor of Boleslaus II.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/07144.html (539 words)

	Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although a friend of Leon Walras and an eminent advocate of mathematical economics, the Russian-born Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz nonetheless could be said to be a "Classical" economist of the Ricardian vein.
		Bortkiewicz's solution to the Marx's "Transformation Problem" (1907) is considered legendary, although it was ignored at the time.
		Bortkiewicz was also involved in other theoretical controversies - particularly against Böhm-Bawerk and the Austrian theory of interest and also against the Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/bortk.htm (211 words)

	[No title]
		Bortkiewicz’s work, written in German, was introduced to the English-speaking world in 1942 by Sweezy (1970), and most of it was translated between 1949 and 1952, but Dmitriev’s work, written in Russian, was almost unknown in the West until its translation into French in 1968 and English in 1974.
		Similar critiques came from Bortkiewicz (1952) in 1907, Georg von Charasoff (1910) in 1910, Natalie Moszkowska (1929) in 1929, Kei Shibata (1934) in 1934, and Samuelson (1957) in a brief footnote to a 1957 paper.
		Bortkiewicz (1952: 6-9) began his attempted proof by assuming that inputs are bought at values and that simple reproduction (zero growth) prevails.
	www.iwgvt.org /files/sympkliman.doc (10501 words)

	Poisson distribution
		The number of bombs falling on each square mile of London during a German air raid in the early part of the Second World War.
		Accordingly, the Poisson distribution is sometimes called the law of small numbers because it is the probability distribution of the number of occurrences of an event that happens rarely but has very many opportunities to happen.
		The Law of Small Numbers is the title of a book by Ladislaus Bortkiewicz about the Poisson distribution, published in 1898.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Poisson_distribution.html (607 words)

	Augsburg Bazi Collection of PR Literature
		Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz: «Mathematisch-Statistisches zur preussischen Wahlrechtsreform.» Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Dritte Folge 39 (1910) 692-699.
		Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz: «Ergebnisse verschiedener Verteilungssysteme bei der Verhältniswahl.» Annalen für soziale Politik und Gesetzgebung 6 (1919) 592-613.
		Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz: «Zur Arithmetik der Verhältniswahl.» Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Mathematischen Gesellschaft 18 (1920) 17-24.
	www.math.uni-augsburg.de /stochastik/bazi/literature.html (11048 words)

	Eugen Bohm-Bawerk - Selected primary works.
		Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, and Hilferding Rudolf.
		Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, Rudolf Hilferding, and Ladislaus von Botkiewicz.
		Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, Rudolf Hilferdinh, and Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz.
	socserv2.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/bawerk/bawerkbib.html (618 words)

	Marx's Economics and Lord Desai's "revenge": A response to the book "Marx's Revenge" by Meghnad ...
		Von Bortkiewicz’s point was that Marx had produced prices of production from values as the ‘output’ of his economic model.
		The main problem of Von Bortkiewicz’s and all the later mathematical solutions from a Marxist point of view was that they all produced results where either total value was not equal to total price of production or where total surplus value was not equal to total profit.
		Von Bortkiewicz was followed by generations of mathematically sophisticated economists who developed input-output models of the economy.
	www.marxist.com /marx-desai-transformation260805.htm (5239 words)

	Kohler Biographies
		Attention was drawn to it in 1898 in a paper by Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz.
		He noted how deaths of Prussian soldiers, caused by horsekicks, could be described as a Poisson process and how their number could be estimated by Poisson's formula.
		When examining the experience of 10 army corps over 20 years (a total of 200 observations), von Bortkiewicz found the absolute and relative frequency distribution noted in the Chapter 9 Preview.
	www.swlearning.com /quant/kohler/stat/biographical_sketches/bio9.3.html (263 words)

	The Labor Theory of Value - A FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Dmitriev, and even another more general essay by von Bortkiewicz that was not restricted to the specific sectors examined in the essay Sweezy chose to translate.
		He generalized von Bortkiewicz's statement of the problem, and showed that restrictions imposed by Marx's Volume 2 reproduction schemes are irrelevant to the transformation problem.
		Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, "On the Correction of Marx's Fundamental Theoretical Construction in the Third Volume of Capital," in Sweezy (1949)
	www.dreamscape.com /rvien/Economics/Essays/LTV-FAQ.html (15584 words)

	Statistics 1635
		The number of soldiers killed by horse-kicks each year in each corps in the Prussian cavalry.
		This example was made famous by a book of Ladislaus Josephovich Bortkiewicz (1868–1931).
		The distribution of visual receptor cells in the retina of the human eye.
	www.cod.edu /dept/math/statsonline/assessment/m135p2v2.htm (589 words)

	Zur Berechtigung der grundlegenden theoretischen Konstruktion von Marx im ersten Band des 'Kapital' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Bortkiewicz' 'classical' approach to the transformation problem it is endeavoured to show that the only proper method to allocate profits is the distribution of the surplus in proportion to the input of labour.
		Auf der Grundlage des "klassischen" Ansatzes zur Behandlung des Transformationsproblems von Ladislaus v.
		Bortkiewicz wird der Nachweis angestrebt, daß die Verteilung des Überschusses nach Maßgabe des Arbeitseinsatzes die einzig stimmige Methode der Profitaufschlüsselung darstellt.
	archiv.tu-chemnitz.de /pub/2004/0170/index_en.html (210 words)

	'Marx’s Concept of Intrinsic Value' -- News & Letters, March 2004
		Where the former expresses value, measured in labor-time, the latter expresses price at the market.
		Because Bortkiewicz reduced "value" to exchange-value, however, he felt the need to "salvage" Marx’s theory by developing two isolated systems: one for value, one for price.
		This duality is more striking and consequential in Nobuo Okishio’s argument against Marx’s law of the tendential falling profit rate because price turns out to be irrelevant in Okishio’s mathematical formulations.
	www.newsandletters.org /Issues/2004/March/Essay_Marchb04.htm (1859 words)

	Amazon.com: Theory of Capitalist Development: Books: Paul M. Sweezy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This book is an explanation of Marxian economics - the economic theories of Marx and the work of his followers up until the 1940s when this book was written, and the various debates over his theories.
		One should know however that there are various schools of Marxian thought, and not every Marxist economist thinks Ladislaus Bortkiewicz solved the "transformation problem", if there is a transformation problem in the first place.
		Sweezy is graduated in Harvard, and dedicated all his academic life to become the marxism an "integral and respected part of intellectual life of the USA".
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/085345079X?v=glance (883 words)

	t (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		To rely on an incomplete survey was to become dependent on conjecture, a procedure that statisticians associated with the discredited political arithmetic and an obligation from which they had thankfully been absolved due to the massive expansion of official statistics.
		As late as 1901, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz observed, correctly, that the degree of exactitude of inferential calculation had been little investigated in social statistics.
		Let alone any statistics gathered in a cause perceived as less important, such as brewing beer.
	flyservers.registerfly.com /members5/culturalconstructioncompany.com/t-time.htm (1178 words)

	Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (S)
		The modern re-birth of the term can be seen in the OED quotations.
		In 1917 Ladislaus Josephowitsch Bortkiewicz (1868-1931) used it in Die Iterationem p.
		bezeichnet werden" A. Tschuprow (Chuprov) put the term into English and explained Bortkiewicz’s choice of term: "I use the word ‘stochastical’ as synonymous to ‘based on the theory of probability’--cf.
	members.aol.com /jeff570/s.html (13129 words)

	Amazon.com: Walras's Market Models: Books: Donald A. Walker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		SIPs: pledges markets, pledges model, oral pledges market, disequilibrium sales, new durable capital goods (more)
		CAPs: Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, Charles Gide, Enrico Barone, Maffeo Pantaleoni, New York Stock Exchange (more)
		This chapter is concerned with Walras's conception of the major features of the behavior of a real market economy.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521562686?v=glance (657 words)

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