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Topic: Laetoli

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	Richard Hay
		He was followed at Laetoli in 1938-1939 by a German named Kohl-Larsen, who recovered a bit of an upper jawbone with a couple of premolars in it, and a well-preserved alveolus - or socket - for a canine tooth.
		But what sets Laetoli apart from every other site in the world is some footprints that have been found there, certainly one of the most extraordinary cases of preservation and discovery in all of paleoanthropology.
		She also reported the probable presence at Laetoli of knuckle-walking apes and the existence of a water hole around which the animals and birds appeared to have clustered.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n01241.html (2600 words)

	Newsletter 10.1 Spring 1995 (Conservation at the Getty)
		The footprints at Laetoli, dated at around 3.6 million years, resolved one of the major issues of contention in palaeoanthropology (the study of early mankind), a field characterized by fierce rivalries of discovery and interpretation.
		The Laetoli hominids were therefore fully bipedal well before the advent of toolmaking—an event considered to define the beginning of culture—and the traces they left behind provide evidence that the feet led the way in the evolution of the modern human brain.
		The footprints at Laetoli, recorded by the Leakey team using various techniques including molding, casting, and photogrammetry, were reburied in 1979 as a means of preservation.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/publications/newsletters/10_1/laetoli.html (1544 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Laetoli Footprints
		The Laetoli footprints were discovered in 1976, not far from the village of Laetoli in a remote part of Tanzania.
		The creationists were delighted with the find, gleefully declaring this to be a clear fossil anomaly that destroys some of the basis for evolution and current anthropological theories as well as strongly challenging the methods of paleoanthropologists and their interpretation of the entire fossil record.
		Although creationists want to see the Laetoli footprints as evidence that humans existed much earlier than evolutionists or paleoanthropologists admit, most scientists see the footprints as evidence supporting the theory that a hominid of that time was fully bipedal.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A944336 (1467 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: The Laetoli Footprints
		The importance of the fossil footprints at Laetoli cannot be overstated.
		* The photograph of the Laetoli** footprint has been provided to the Smithsonian Institution by John Reader, and is used here with his consent.
		Please note that this image is the copyrighted material of Mr.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/laetoli.htm (286 words)

	Creationist Arguments: Anomalous Fossils
		Laetoli footprints: according to most creationists, these are modern human footprints that are dated at 3.7 million years ago, long before humans were meant to exist.
		Creationists emphasize the close resemblance between these and modern human footprints, but often neglect to mention their extremely small size and the fact they may also be similar to the feet of the australopithecines living at the same time.
		Clarke (1999) believes that the Laetoli tracks could have been made by feet very similar to those of the new australopithecine fossil Stw 573.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/a_anomaly.html (2961 words)

	Evolution: Library: Laetoli Footprints
		The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a chance combination of events -- a volcanic eruption, a rainstorm, and another ashfall.
		When they were found in 1976, these hominid tracks, at least 3.6 million years old, were some of the oldest evidence then known for upright bipedal walking, a major milestone in human evolution.
		It certainly did in 1976, when paleoanthropologist Andrew Hill and a colleague were tossing elephant dung at each other in Laetoli, a hominid archeological site in Tanzania.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/07/1/l_071_03.html (497 words)

	Laetoli Pliocene Environments
		Therefore, the study "Laetoli Pliocene Paleoecology: A reanalysis via morphological and behavioral approaches" was an attempt to model Laetoli Pliocene environments using functional, morphological, and behavioral variables of bovid limb morphology as they relate to various locomotor patterns.
		Laetoli differs from other African Pliocene sites such as Aramis and Hadar in the Awash Valley (Ethiopia); Kanapoi, Lothagam, and Koobi Fora in the Gregory Rift Valley (Kenya); and Makapansgat Lime Works and Kromdraai (South Africa).
		Likewise, Laetoli vertebrate fossil fauna is also of great interest because the taxonomic composition is different from other East African fauna of comparable age.
	www.iit.edu /~levythe/design (628 words)

	Laetoli: Footprints In the Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		So old in fact that the humans that left the footprints found at Laetoli were made by a species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
		This is a species on the tree of human evolution identified by 300 individuals found to date, a forward protruding face and a 430cc brain case.
		Laetoli proved that increased brain size led to toolmaking not bipedalism since tools were first made 2.6 million years ago well after humans began to walk upright.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/laetoli2.html (498 words)

	Laetoli Pliocene Environments - Dissertation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Pliocene paleoanthropological site of Laetoli (3°13'S, 35°13'E) is located on the western flank of the Ngorongoro Volcanic Highlands within the Serengeti Plains in the northern part of Tanzania.
		Laetoli is about 40 km south of Olduvai Gorge and lies within the Western Zone of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority.
		Laetoli receives a varying annual precipitation of between 60 and 100 mm, mainly during a single wet season that is occasionally followed by a varying short rainfall period between August and October.
	www.iit.edu /~levythe/design/laetoli.html (149 words)

	The Leakey Foundation - Funded Research Project
		This project is a continuation of a long-term program of geological and paleontological research at Laetoli and other localities on the Eyasi Plateau, with a special focus on the Pliocene-aged Laetolil and Ndolanya Beds.
		The major goals of the proposed field program are: (1) to continue systematic collections of fossils at currently known localities, (2) to prospect for new paleontological localities, (3) to attempt to reconstruct the paleoecology of the region more fully, and, (4) to recover additional fossil hominids.
		Continued investigations in the Laetoli area no doubt will yield important new findings that will contribute to an improved understanding of the fossil evidence for human evolution, including a better appreciation of the anatomy, paleobiology and phylogenetic relationships of A.
	www.leakeyfoundation.org /discoveries/d3_x_x.jsp?id=3453 (289 words)

	Australopithecus afarensis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This species is also extremely important in that there is good evidence (from both the Laetoli footprints and examination of the lower limbs of the afarensis material) that the species was bipedal in a human-like manner (though not everyone agrees).
		The upper border of this sloping internal wall ends in a temporal line that runs parallel to the back of the supraorbital torus and then angles strongly towards the midline rather than swinging backward at the outside corner of the supraorbital torus and not parallel to it, as in the African apes.
		The upper canines of Laetoli generally have 2 wear facets, and 3/4 of the remains show a diastema.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /afarensis.html (1978 words)

	ACM Tanzania Program -- Projects fall 2000
		Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Laetoli From Habitat Analogy and Taphonomic Analysis of Pliocene Fossil Fauna.
		The objective of this study is to determine the Pliocene paleoenvronment of Laetoli.
		After completing the analysis of the fossils and their counterparts, ti was determined that the paleoenvironment at Laetoli was most likely a patchwork of savannas, woodlands, and bush.
	www.acm.edu /tanzania/abstracts2000.htm (2653 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		These footprints were found in a layer that was calculated to be 3.6 million years old, and more importantly, they were no different from the footprints that a contemporary man would leave.
		Evolutionary paleoanthropologists desperately tried to come up with an explanation, as it was hard for them to accept the fact that a modern man had been walking on the earth 3.6 million years ago.
		None of their features suggest that the Laetoli hominids were less capable bipeds than we are.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /origin_of_man_11.html (1143 words)

	Donald C Johanson
		Mary Leakey first excavated at Laetoli in 1935 with the late Louis Leakey, but nobody realized for over forty years that this site was actually both richer and older than Olduvai and it was only in the mid-1970s that Mary Leakey returned to Laetoli to begin serious and systematic work.
		The Laetoli layers are in fact around 3.5 to 3.7 million years old, and include the famous footprints left, probably, by a man, a woman and a child strolling across an area of damp ash for a few moments, with a human gait.
		Leakey was born in England, raised in large part in France and appears to have been independent, exacting and abhorrent of tradition from her very beginnings.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n00272.html (6189 words)

	Laetoli footprints - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Laetoli footprints are fossilised footprints from two (or perhaps three) individuals.
		They were preserved because of the eruption, soon after, of a mountain twelve miles away, around 3.7 million years ago (determined by K/Ar radiometric dating).
		The larger one stood at 4 feet 9 inches, and the smaller one stood at 4 feet 1 inch.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Laetoli_footprints (94 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		One of the oldest traces of man are the "footprints" found by the famous palaentologist Mary Leakey in 1977 in Tanzania's Laetoli region.
		In any case, we should shelve the loose assumption that the Laetoli footprints were made by Lucy's kind, Australopithecus afarensis.
		The fact that they do not give up this spurious family tree shows that evolution is not a theory that is defended in the name of science, but rather a dogma they are struggling to keep alive in the face of the scientific facts.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /20questions03.html (2141 words)

	Hominid Trackway at Laetoli (Conservation at the Getty)
		Laetoli is a hominid and faunal fossil trackway site located in northern Tanzania.
		The Getty Conservation Institute, in collaboration with the Tanzanian Department of Antiquities, undertook the conservation of the Laetoli trackway, which included reburial and development of a monitoring and maintenance program for its long-term preservation.
		The materials and methods developed for reburial of the trackway are applicable to many archaeological sites that might otherwise deteriorate through exposure to the elements.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/activities/laetoli (188 words)

	Laetoli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Plio-Pleistocene site of Laetoli in Tanzania is famous for its hominid footprints, preserved in volcanic ash (Site G).
		The site of the Laetoli footprints is located 45 km south of Olduvai gorge.
		The footprint-bearing layers are Pliocene in age, dated by the K/Ar method to 3.7 million years ago (m.y.a.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laetoli (475 words)

	Australopithecus afarensis
		However, with the discovery of the ramidus material, the specimens should be reexamined, and determined to one or the other, as ramidus shares many features with afarensis, yet is earlier, with some major differences.
		The type specimen was selected from the Laetoli materials at the time of the species designation over the more complete Hadar specimens due to its distinctive diagnostic features.
		There also seems to be several important differences between the dentition of the early afarensis material from Laetoli, and that of the later material from Hadar.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /australopithecusafarensis.htm (1774 words)

	Laetoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laetoli is in Tanzania, which is located in eastern Africa.
		Long ago, a layer of volcanic ash fell over the area of Laetoli, and shortly later three Australopithecus afarensis walked through the ash, leaving their footprints.
		This same entire process of re-excavation and preservation was done to the northern section of the tracks in 1996.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/laetoli.html (407 words)

	PROVENANCE OF MIDDLE STONE AGE TOOLS OF THE LAETOLI ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, TANZANIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the basis of texture, mineralogy, and major and trace-element compositions (see Wirth and Adelsberger, this volume), we conclude that at least two non-Ogol sources were used in the manufacture of the Laetoli basaltic tools.
		Possible nearby sources included Lemagrut, Sadiman, and Oldeani volcanoes which are 20-30 km distant from Laetoli suggesting that "archaic" H. sapiens at Laetoli had a wide geographic range.
		Although the source of the basalt used in the manufacture of stone tools at the LAS was not be determined in this study, it is clear that the widely-available and local Ogol basalts were not preferred by archaic Homo sapiens.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_45175.htm (508 words)

	A Science Odyssey: You Try It: Human Evolution: Fossil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1976, members of a team led by Mary Leakey discovered the fossilized footprints of human ancestors in Laetoli, Africa.
		A human foot transmits weight from the heel, along the outside of the foot, across the ball of the foot, and finally through the big toe -- this is a much more efficient way to transfer energy when walking upright.
		The imprints left behind at Laetoli clearly show the weight distribution of true upright walkers.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/footprints.html (286 words)

	Lucy: walking tall—or wandering in circles?
		Since their discovery, the well-known Laetoli footprints (in volcanic ash) have long been acknowledged by all camps as having been made by two upright-walking individuals.
		But this needs to be weighed against the much greater amount of evidence which supports the opposite conclusion, especially given the acknowledged limitations of the computer model and the (less acknowledged) weaknesses in the reconstructions available.
		The Lucy skeleton itself had no footbones, and one candidate for the Laetoli trackmakers was what could perhaps be dubbed the ‘Piltdown foot’—a composite foot made from combining the footbones of the Hadar hominid with those of another specimen allegedly from another species and separated by an alleged one million years.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2005/0722lucy.asp?vPrint=1 (1730 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog
		The teeth from Laetoli, Maka, and Hadar appear to form a single series of continuous morphology spanning from 3.7 million to slightly less than 3 million years ago.
		There are still large single canines--especially at the earlier sites of Laetoli and Maka--but these increasingly exhibit wear on the tip and project less beyond the other teeth than in earlier remains.
		afarensis was that the samples from Laetoli, Maka, Hadar, and other smaller samples belonged to a single species with substantial sexual dimorphism (gorilla-like or orangutan-like in extent) and considerable temporal change from the early to late end of the sequence.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/fossils/afarensis/index.html (5478 words)

	UCL Anthropology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ecomorphological models (which link skeletal morphologies to the exploitation of specific habitat types) of bovid postcrania have been developed to investigate the palaeoecology of both the Upper Ndolanya and Upper Laetolil Beds.
		Kovarovic, K., Andrews, P., and Aiello, L. An ecological diversity analysis of the Upper Ndolanya Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania.
		Use of discriminant function analysis in ecomorphological research: establishing the baseline of accuracy.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /Anthropology/staff/staff_member_fire.htm (296 words)

	CC052: Laetoli Footprints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Laetoli footprints, dated 3.7 million years old, appear to be those of modern humans.
		How similar the Laetoli footprints look to australopithecine feet is a matter of debate.
		Tuttle (1990) thought that they were too humanlike for Australopithecus afarensis and may have belonged to another species of australopithecine or to an early Homo species.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CC/CC052.html (88 words)

	Govardhan Hill Publishing--Forbidden Archeology--Sample Chapter
		In 1979, researchers at the Laetoli, Tanzania, site in East Africa discovered footprints in volcanic ash deposits over 3.6 million years old.
		But according to other scientists, such as physical anthropologist R. Tuttle of the University of Chicago, fossil bones of the known australopithecines of 3.6 million years ago show they had feet that were distinctly apelike.
		Here again, some will caution us not to set a few isolated and controversial examples against the overwhelming amount of noncontroversial evidence showing that anatomically modern humans evolved from more apelike creatures fairly recently--about 100,000 years ago, in Africa, and, in the view of some, in other parts of the world as well.
	nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu /~ghi/fachap.html (6710 words)

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