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Topic: Laetoli footprints

	Human Ancestors Hall: The Laetoli Footprints
		Rain fell, causing the ashy surface to take on the properties of plaster, and across this ground numerous animals walked, leaving their footprints in the wet volcanic ash to be preserved as it turned into a hard cement.
		The importance of the fossil footprints at Laetoli cannot be overstated.
		* The photograph of the Laetoli footprint** has been provided to the Smithsonian Institution by John Reader, and is used here with his consent.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/laetoli.htm (286 words)

	Newsletter 10.1 Spring 1995 (Conservation at the Getty)
		The footprints at Laetoli, dated at around 3.6 million years, resolved one of the major issues of contention in palaeoanthropology (the study of early mankind), a field characterized by fierce rivalries of discovery and interpretation.
		The Laetoli hominids were therefore fully bipedal well before the advent of toolmaking—an event considered to define the beginning of culture—and the traces they left behind provide evidence that the feet led the way in the evolution of the modern human brain.
		The footprints at Laetoli, recorded by the Leakey team using various techniques including molding, casting, and photogrammetry, were reburied in 1979 as a means of preservation.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/publications/newsletters/10_1/laetoli.html (1545 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Laetoli Footprints
		The Laetoli footprints were discovered in 1976, not far from the village of Laetoli in a remote part of Tanzania.
		The individual footprints are sufficiently well-formed and well-preserved to provide information on the soft tissues (skin and muscle) of their creators, yet even more interesting is the information determined about the skeletons of these upright-walking creatures.
		Although creationists want to see the Laetoli footprints as evidence that humans existed much earlier than evolutionists or paleoanthropologists admit, most scientists see the footprints as evidence supporting the theory that a hominid of that time was fully bipedal.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A944336 (1453 words)

	DARWINISM-WATCH.com - Responding Evolutionist Propaganda in the Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		These footprints were found in a layer that was calculated to be 3.6 million years old, and more importantly, they were no different from the footprints that a contemporary man would leave.
		Examinations of the morphological form of the footprints showed time and again that they had to be accepted as the prints of a human, and moreover, a modern human (Homo sapiens).
		If the G footprints were not known to be so old, we would readily conclude that there had been made by a member of our genus, Homo...
	www.darwinism-watch.com /hurriyetscience_newscientist.php (1118 words)

	Laetoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The is well-known for the footprints found in the ground at Laetoli.
		was invited by Mary Leakey to investigate the Laetoli footprints.
		Laetoli is a hominid and faunal fossil trackway located in northern Tanzania.
	flowers.zalp.net /page-laetoli.html (423 words)

	Creationist Arguments: Anomalous Fossils
		Laetoli footprints: according to most creationists, these are modern human footprints that are dated at 3.7 million years ago, long before humans were meant to exist.
		Creationists emphasize the close resemblance between these and modern human footprints, but often neglect to mention their extremely small size and the fact they may also be similar to the feet of the australopithecines living at the same time.
		Some other supposed footprints are either erosional features or, in a few cases (such as the Burdick footprint shown at right (Whitcomb and Morris 1961)), carvings.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/a_anomaly.html (2961 words)

	Paul Abell
		Many scientists claim that the footprints are effectively identical to those of modern humans (Tattersall 1993; Feder and Park 1989), while others claim the big toes diverged slightly (like apes) and that the toe lengths are longer than humans but shorter than in apes (Burenhult 1993).
		He was followed at Laetoli in 1938-1939 by a German named Kohl-Larsen, who recovered a bit of an upper jawbone with a couple of premolars in it, and a well-preserved alveolus - or socket - for a canine tooth.
		But what sets Laetoli apart from every other site in the world is some footprints that have been found there, certainly one of the most extraordinary cases of preservation and discovery in all of paleoanthropology.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n01240.html (3238 words)

	Evolution: Library: Laetoli Footprints
		The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a chance combination of events -- a volcanic eruption, a rainstorm, and another ashfall.
		When they were found in 1976, these hominid tracks, at least 3.6 million years old, were some of the oldest evidence then known for upright bipedal walking, a major milestone in human evolution.
		Until then, the oldest known footprints of human ancestors were tens of thousands of years old.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/07/1/l_071_03.html (497 words)

	Footprints Literacy 6.
		Since all footprints are produced by the imprint of the foot on the ground, it cannot be denied that there is symmetry between the form of the foot and the shape of the footprint it created.
		Footprints and pictures, like words, concepts, numbers, equations, models and theories, belong to the world of ideas or patterns and not to the world of objects; they are of the kind of mindstuff that makes possible the complementarity of mind and reality.
		For on the one hand, the pattern of the footprint is symmetrical to the foot; but on the other hand, the ground which surrounds the footprint and which is an inseparable part of it, is asymmetrical to the foot.
	www.mi.sanu.ac.yu /vismath/avital/av6.htm (2616 words)

	Laetoli
		The Laetoli layers are in fact around 3.5 to 3.7 million years old, and include the famous footprints left, probably, by a man, a woman and a child strolling across an area of damp ash for a few moments, with a human gait.
		Laetoli lies roughly 500 kilometres to the south of the Tugen Hills.
		The footprints of man’s hominoid ancestors walking from north to south through fresh volcanic ash 3.6 million years ago were discovered at Laetoli in Tanzania 18 years ago by the archaeologist Mary Leakey.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n00322.html (12955 words)

	Australopithecus afarensis
		Laetoli footprints, and the type specimen for the species A.
		This species is also extremely important in that there is good evidence (from both the Laetoli footprints and examination of the lower limbs of the afarensis material) that the species was bipedal in a human-like manner (though not everyone agrees).
		The upper border of this sloping internal wall ends in a temporal line that runs parallel to the back of the supraorbital torus and then angles strongly towards the midline rather than swinging backward at the outside corner of the supraorbital torus and not parallel to it, as in the African apes.
	www.modernhumanorigins.net /afarensis.html (1978 words)

	A Science Odyssey: You Try It: Human Evolution: Fossil
		In 1976, members of a team led by Mary Leakey discovered the fossilized footprints of human ancestors in Laetoli, Africa.
		The footprints were formed 3.5 million years ago when at least two individuals walked over wet volcanic ash.
		And because the footprints fall next to each other, they indicate that the two hominids were walking side by side and close enough to each other to be touching.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/footprints.html (286 words)

	Laetoli: Footprints In the Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		So old in fact that the humans that left the footprints found at Laetoli were made by a species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
		The footprints of Australopithecus afarensis were discovered in Tanzania, as stated earlier by Dr. Mary Leakey and her husband.
		Laetoli proved that increased brain size led to toolmaking not bipedalism since tools were first made 2.6 million years ago well after humans began to walk upright.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/laetoli2.html (498 words)

	Lesson: evolution mini-lesson:Footsteps in Time
		The Laetoli footprints provide evidence confirming early hominin bipedalism, suggested earlier from leg and foot bones of early hominins.
		An easy extension of the Laetoli trackway analysis is to ask students to discuss the break in strides seen in the northern section of the trackways, especially tracks G2/ 3-3, 3-5, 3-6, and G1/ 6,7,8,9.
		Try "The Laetoli Puzzle," a more detailed inquiry and analysis of the trackways, using a portion of the "topographic" (photogrammetric) version of the Laetoli trackway (from the Mary Leakey source).
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/lessons/footstep.html (2055 words)

	FELLOWSHIP CHURCH ONLINE - BIBLE STUDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1978, a 75-foot trail of footprints were found in a layer of volcanic ash, which was dated at 3.75 million years old.
		Of course, if these footprints were made by a human, this would disprove the theory of evolution because no human was supposed to have existed that long ago.
		After extensive research the following conclusion was made: "(If the) footprints were not known to be so old, we would readily conclude that they were made by a member of our genus" (Tuttle, Natural History, March 1990).
	www.fellowshiponline.org /biblestudies/laetolifootprints.htm (140 words)

	Australopithecus afarensis
		The upper border of this sloping internal wall ends in a temporal line that runs parallel to the back of the supraorbital torus and then angles strongly towards the midline rather than swinging backward at the outside corner of the supraorbital torus and not parallel to it, as in the African apes.
		The Laetoli material was recovered at the site of Laetoli, Tanzania, about 50 km south of Olduvai Gorge, mostly between 1974 and 1979 by M. Leakey.
		The upper canines of Laetoli generally have 2 wear facets, and 3/4 of the remains show a diastema.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /australopithecusafarensis.htm (1774 words)

	[No title]
		If indeed the australopithecines were bipedal, there is strong evidence that their locomotion was significantly different from that of humans (consequently most paleoanthropologists agree that if they did in fact walk, it was not in a human manner).
		These footprint trails, preserved in fresh volcanic ash by a unique combination of circumstances, are one of the greatest fossil discoveries of the twentieth century.
		The most extensive recent study of these footprints was done by specialist Russel H. Tuttle at the invitation of Mary Leakey.
	www.greenhaw.com /ccbc/lucy.htm (531 words)

	Footprints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Footprints is an ethical, experienced recruiting agency with full time support - visit our job board.
		Footprints the Birkenstock and Dansko Store Footprints is your complete source for Birkenstock and Dansko footwear.
		Evolution: Library: Laetoli Footprints The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a chance combination of events -- a volcanic.
	flowers.zalp.net /page-footprints.html (544 words)

	Agnew lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		His work at Laetoli was featured as the cover article in the September issue of Scientific American magazine, co-authored by Agnew and Getty colleague Martha Demas.
		The footprints at Laetoli were discovered 20 years ago by famed archeologist Mary Leaky, who considered her work at Laetoli as the crowning achievement of her six decades of research in east Africa.
		The footprints are evidence of early human ancestors in east Africa more than three million years ago.
	www.nsula.edu /news/agnew22.htm (205 words)

	Laetoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Laetoli is located in Tanzania near Lake Victoria.
		Although it was Mary Leakey who made the site famous with her discoveries in the 1970's, her husband, Louis Leakey found the first fossil there, a single canine, in 1935.
		The footprints at Laetoli clearly show that the hominids that made them, walked bipedally.
	vassun.vassar.edu /~piketay/evolution/Laetoli.html (229 words)

	Laetoli footprints -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Several trails of bipedal footprints, possibly those of Australopithecus afarensis (see Australopithecus), preserved in volcanic ash at Laetoli in northern Tanzania and dated to 3.6 million years ago.
		The footprints indicate that the mechanism of weight and force transference through the early hominid foot was virtually identical to that of modern humans and suggest that two of the individuals, one larger and one smaller, walked together in stride and were close enough to have been touching.
		The earliest known evidence of bipedal locomotion is not that of fossil hominid remains but of several trails of bipedal footprints found remarkably preserved in consolidated volcanic ash at the Laetoli site in northern Tanzania and dated to 3.6 million years ago by radiometric analysis.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9369604 (741 words)

	Laetoli footprints - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Laetoli footprints are fossilised footprints from two (or perhaps three) individuals.
		They were preserved because of the eruption, soon after, of a mountain twelve miles away, around 3.7 million years ago (determined by K/Ar radiometric dating).
		The larger one stood at 4 feet 9 inches, and the smaller one stood at 4 feet 1 inch.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Laetoli_footprints (94 words)

	Footprints to Fill -- [ ORIGINS ]: Scientific American
		Discovered in 1978 by a team headed by Mary Leakey, the Laetoli footprints led to the stunning revelation that humans walked upright well before they made stone tools or evolved large brains.
		To get a toehold on the Laetoli problem, the researchers first compared the gaits of modern humans walking on sand with two sets of the fossil tracks.
		This analysis confirmed that the ancient footprints were left by individuals who had a striding bipedal gait very much like that of people today.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=0005C9B3-03AE-12D8-BDFD83414B7F0000 (779 words)

	Out of Place Artifacts
		The Laetoli Footprints were discovered by Marry Leaky in 1976.
		The joints in the foot bones showed the flexibility that suggests it was capable of grasping limbs, like chimpanzee's does and totally unlike human foot.
		Simply put Australopithecus could not have made the Laetoli Footprints so they were probably human.
	genesismission.4t.com /ooparts/opparts.html (1294 words)

	Hominid Trackway at Laetoli (Conservation at the Getty)
		Laetoli is a hominid and faunal fossil trackway site located in northern Tanzania.
		The Leakey team recorded the footprints using various techniques, and then reburied the trackway under soil, sand, and lava boulders.
		The Getty Conservation Institute, in collaboration with the Tanzanian Department of Antiquities, undertook the conservation of the Laetoli trackway, which included reburial and development of a monitoring and maintenance program for its long-term preservation.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/field_projects/laetoli (189 words)

	Search Preview on Hominid footprints at Laetoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The footprints found in Laetoli, Tanzania were very similar to those of modern man (Leakey: 452).
		Following Jane EyreЎЇs footprints, the author described the life course and spirit course of an uneducated woman, and expressed her understanding of the society and life.
		History and Culture of Kenya The first of many footprints to be stamped on Kenyan soil were left way back in 2000 BC by nomadic tribes from Ethiopia.
	us-mirror.www.ai.net /free_search/Hominid_footprints_at_Laetoli/1.html (1022 words)

	Laetoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		These footprints were believed to have been approximately 3.6 million years old.
		After studying these footprints, Mary Leakey came to the conclusion that the prints were made by Australopithecus afarensis that had been walking bipedally.
		After thoroughly studying the footprints, in 1979, the excavation site was reburied, so the footprints would be preserved.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/laetoli.html (407 words)

	Laetoli Pliocene Environments
		Therefore, the study "Laetoli Pliocene Paleoecology: A reanalysis via morphological and behavioral approaches" was an attempt to model Laetoli Pliocene environments using functional, morphological, and behavioral variables of bovid limb morphology as they relate to various locomotor patterns.
		Likewise, Laetoli vertebrate fossil fauna is also of great interest because the taxonomic composition is different from other East African fauna of comparable age.
		Most remarkably also are the Footprint Tuffs at Laetoli, in which tracks and trails of a great variety of animals, many long extinct, are well preserved (Leakey, 1987).
	www.iit.edu /~levythe/design (628 words)

	Hominid Origins Pleio-Pleistocene Hominids Bipedalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The importance of the Laetoli footprints is first in the fact that the two hominids that created the footprints were fully bipedal, but not fully as efficient as modern sapiens are.
		The second is the social implications of the footprints.
		30 other species of animals also put their footprints into the same bed, probably fleeing the same catastrophic eruption.
	fhss.byu.edu /anthro/faculty/Nielsen/Hominid_Origins_!ntroduction_files/slide0021.htm (111 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Found by Mary Leakey in 1975, these fossilized footprints have frozen a moment in time dating more than 3.7 million years ago.
		The footprints are of early hominds, obviously bipedal and are found among thousands of animal prints.
		The footprints show at least two, maybe three bipedal hominids walking side by side, erect, one larger than the other two.
	itrs.scu.edu /anthroweb2/026/AFRICA/LAETOLI.htm (169 words)

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