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Topic: Lahar

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	USGS Photo Glossary: Lahar
		A small lahar triggered by rainfall rushes down the Nima II River near the town of El Palmar in Guatemala.
		Lahar is an Indonesian word for a rapidly flowing mixture of rock debris and water that originates on the slopes of a volcano.
		Lahars are also referred to as volcanic mudflows or debris flows.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/lahar.html (132 words)

	Lahar Summary
		Lahars triggered by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens traveled at an average velocity of 41.6 mph (67 kph).
		Lahars can be huge: the Osceola lahar produced 5,600 years ago by Mount Rainier in Washington produced a wall of mud 180 m (600 feet) deep in the White River canyon and extends over an area of over 320 km².
		The 1953 Tangiwai disaster in New Zealand was caused by a lahar.
	www.bookrags.com /Lahar (755 words)

	Volcanic Hazard: Lahars (definition, triggering mechanisms, and effects)
		Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano and (or) river valleys.
		Lahars almost always occur on or near stratovolcanoes because these volcanoes tend to erupt explosively and their tall, steep cones are either snow covered, topped with a crater lake, constructed of weakly consolidated rock debris that is easily eroded, or internally weakened by hot hyrothermal fluids.
		Lahars racing down river valleys and spreading across flood plains tens of kilometers downstream from a volcano often cause serious economic and environmental damage.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Hazards/What/Lahars/lahars.html (822 words)

	WA00263 - Bumping Lake Dam - Washington
		The lahar materials mantle the glacial drift to a depth of up to 13 feet near the center of the valley floor and decrease to a thickness of approximately 4 feet at the ends of the dam.
		The lahar underlies the shells of the embankment, and appears to be continuos for the entire length of the structure, except in the lowest portion of the valley where the shells are founded on alluvium.
		The Evans Creek drift is composed of gravel sand and silt with cobbles and boulders.
	www.usbr.gov /dataweb/dams/wa00263.htm (468 words)

	Lahar - Definition, explanation
		A lahar is a mixture of rock, mud, and water that flows down from a volcano (or occasionally other mountains), typically along a river valley.
		Lahars can be huge: the lahar produced 5,600 years ago by Mount Rainier in Washington state produced a wall of mud 180 m (600 feet) deep in the White River canyon and extends over an area of over 320 km².
		The lahars from the Nevado del Ruiz eruption in Colombia in 1985 killed an estimated 23,000 people who were buried under 8 m (26 ft) of mud and debris.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/la/lahar.php (443 words)

	Links 1
		A lahar is a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slope of a volcano or river valley.
		Lahars can begin when snow or ice on a volcano melt quickly during an eruption, or when a lake at the volcano’s crater is destroyed during an eruption.
		Lahars almost always happen on stratovolcanoes because these volcanoes erupt explosively, and they are usually covered with snow or have a crater lake.
	www.bham.wednet.edu /studentgal/onlineresearch/4th/Mt_Baker/lahar.htm (456 words)

	Alaska Volcano Observatory - Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most lahars move rapidly down the slopes of a volcano as channelized flows and deliver large amounts of sediment to the rivers and streams that drain the volcano.
		The flow velocity of some lahars may be as high as 20 to 40 meters per second and sediment concentrations of greater than 750,000 parts per million are not uncommon.
		Such lahars form when meltwater produced by the interaction of pyroclastic flows and snow or ice picks up locally available sediment on the flanks of a volcano, or in stream channels developed on the volcano.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /downloads/glossary.php (4287 words)

	Nicaraguan Ecotourism/Planeta.com
		When the lahar reached the flatter area at the base of the volcano, it was approximately 2.5 km wide (1.5 miles) and traveling in excess of 25 m/s (60 mph) (3).
		Also known as a volcanic mudflow, a lahar is a highly fluid mixture of rock, soil and debris that "skates" on a film of water.
		Lahars are a common threat to volcanic slopes, either during eruptions or when some other factor causes a subsidence in the presence of water.
	www.planeta.com /planeta/99/0599nicaragua.html (1460 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The water holding capacity and the organic matter of the lahar was found to have improved from the averages of 22.4 and 0.01 to 40.8 and 1.62, respectively.
		The lahar application is being done in collaboration with the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) and is on a trial basis to assess the effect of liquid septage application on the growth and yield of sugar cane.
		Lahar deposits on the Tarlac application area are reportedly from 3 to 6 meters and fields were not previously used for agricultural purposes, i.e.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/22/000012009_20050222154317/Rendered/INDEX/E10730v40EIS0V1in0Lahar0area0Feb005.txt (10765 words)

	EO Study: When Rivers of Rock Flow Page 2
		For lahars to be considered a major hazard after an eruption, two conditions must be met: the eruption threw out a great deal of ash and rock, and the volcano is in a part of the world that receives heavy rainfall.
		A lahar is defined as a rock-laden flood made up of 40 percent or more by weight volcanic debris.
		Walking on a lahar deposit is like "walking on a pebbly beach that is constantly wet," says Mouginis-Mark, who hiked over miles of Pinatubo lahar with Torres and a team of scientists in November 1999.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/Lahars/lahars_2.html (739 words)

	Lahar: World of Earth Science
		Lahars are debris flows associated with volcanoes, and can be further classified as either hot or cold depending on their temperature.
		Lahars can be mobilized by processes similar to those producing non-volcanic debris flows, most notably the transition of saturated landslide masses into debris flow, but can also be associated with the rapid melting of snow and ice by hot volcanic (pyroclastic) debris during an eruption.
		Trees and other organic material found ancient lahar deposits can be dated using radiometric methods, allowing geologists to assemble a chronology of lahar activity in the area around a volcano.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/lahar (393 words)

	Lahar Plan
		Living near Mt. Rainier has potential hazards that include eruption, lava or ash fall and mudflows known as lahars.
		It is anticipated that the county will receive advance indications of increased volcanic activity at the mountain and that the valley schools may already be operating in alternative modes prior to any eruption or lahar flow.
		It is estimated that there is approximately (after the lahar alert) 60-90 minutes for safe evacuation from the valley.
	www.sumner.wednet.edu /studentfamilyservices/ERPreparedness/Pages/LaharPlan.html (560 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lahars have the consistency of concrete: fluid when moving, then solid when stopped.
		Lahars can be extremely dangerous, because of their energy and speed.
		The lahars from the Nevado del Ruiz eruption in Colombia in 1985 killed an estimated 25,000 in the city of Armero, buried under 8 m (26 ft) of mud and debris.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=lahar (320 words)

	Vic Camp - lahars
		The maximum temperature of a lahar is 100 degrees Centigrade, the boiling temperature of water.
		As demonstrated by the graph below, lahars can also be generated directly from a volcanic eruption as massive amounts of water are generated either by the rapid melting of ice and snow, or by the disruption of crater lakes.
		lava tiggers a lahar on the Villarica volcano (1984)
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Lahars.html (589 words)

	Ruapehu crater lake dame starting to erode - lahar possible - Land of the Long White Cloud - Care2.com
		The impending lahar - a flow of water and volcanic debris from the mountain's crater lake - is being closely monitored by a plethora of government agencies.
		This year's lahar is expected to be twice the volume of the one in 1953.
		That would be a lahar almost twice the size of the one that caused the Tangiwai disaster in 1953 in which 151 people on an overnight train died - enough to capture anybody's attention.
	www.care2.com /c2c/groups/disc.html?gpp=1152&pst=612752 (3571 words)

	Lahars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The lahars from Nevado del Ruiz transported a boulder with a volume of 208 cubic meters, 300 m downstream (Mileti, 1991).
		When a lahar travels down valley, the high point of the lahar is usually marked by the mudline it leaves on trees, valley walls, and buildings.
		Lahars are extremely dangerous especially to those living in valley areas near a volcano.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/hazards/primer/lahar.html (585 words)

	Lahar Detection System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If people are informed of lahar activity in enough time, it is possible to escape physical harm by climbing or driving to higher ground.
		Lahars caused from an eruption can be predicted, but since lahars can also occur without warning, the challenge lies in knowing when to expect one.
		Once a lahar is detected warnings can be broadcast instantaneously and simultaneously to emergency workers and citizens in danger.
	www.uccs.edu /~geogenvs/ges199/rainier/afm.htm (379 words)

	National Lahar Mapping Program in the Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The basic assumption here is that areas previously affected by lahar deposition in the past have high probability of being affected again by lahar flows in the future.
		This type of hazard map may be adequate in anticipating areas to be affected by syn-eruption lahars but it does not prepare communities that may potentially be devastated by lahar events that occur months or even years after an eruption.
		With lahar hazard zones identified and lahar hazards maps generated, proper land utilization may be implemented, high risk zones may be avoided, and future lahar-related disasters may be minimized.
	www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph /GGRDDpage/projects/lahar/lahar.htm (276 words)

	Lahars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lahars are mudflows formed by the mixing of volcanic particles and water which often cause a lot of environmental and economical damage.
		The direct impact of a lahar's turbulent flow front or from the boulders and logs carried by the lahar can easily crush, abrade, or shear off just about anything at ground level in the path of a lahar.
		The force of a lahar is so big that buildings and valuable land may become partially or completely buried by one or more cement-like layers of rock debris (even if not crushed or carried away).
	library.thinkquest.org /17457/volcanoes/hazards.lahars.php (172 words)

	Casita, Nicaragua: 1998 lahar
		On October 30, 1998 a disastrous avalanche and lahar occurred on the south flank of Casita Volcano.
		A lahar that originated within the avalanche deposits rapidly spread across the terrain on the depositional apron surrounding the volcano.
		Computer simulations such as these could be useful in designating lahar hazard zones for volcanoes such as Casita, which have not been studied in detail, but which have a geologic record of avalanches and debris flows.
	www.eng.buffalo.edu /~mfs/CasitaAbs.htm (694 words)

	Lahar
		This is image shows the remains of a lahar on the slopes of Mt. Akutan in Alaska.
		Lahars are mudslides caused by the mixing of volcanic ash and debris with water.
		Lahars are very dangerous, and anyone caught in the path of one is in great danger of death from severe crushing injuries.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/interior/lahar.html (156 words)

	Lahars
		Lahar (also called debris flow) is an Indonesian word used by geologists to describe a mudflow or a water-saturated debris flow on a volcano.
		Lahars are powerful forces capable of moving great quantities of debris - house-size boulders, trees, etc. for long distances in a short amount of time.
		This lahar traveled at a speed of 10-30 km/hr down the Azufrado River valley (Milet and others, 1991:12) and buried the town of Armero and approximately 24,000 of its residence before they knew what was happening (Milet and others, 1991:68).
	www.uccs.edu /~geogenvs/ges199/rainier/lahars.htm (533 words)

	EO Study: When Rivers of Rock Flow
		The lahars seemed to diminish a year after the 1991 eruption, and people returned to the village.
		Most casualties were caused by the collapse of buildings under the weight of rain-soaked ash and the lahars spawned by the eruption.
		Whereas the onset of a volcanic eruption can be monitored by observing a relatively small area, lahars can cover tens of square kilometers and are a moving hazard that changes location and shape with each heavy rainfall.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/Lahars (586 words)

	CD Baby: LAHAR: Collapsing of the soul
		LAHAR's mission is to write the most unmerciful, brutal, and well thought-out music with out abandoning their influences, and to bring that all into recording and touring relentlessly.
		On stage, LAHAR is unmatched in sheer intensity and disciplined showmanship.
		Lahar is sick metalcore at the very root of aggressive and taunt apex of hardcore and metal.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/lahar (482 words)

	Geotimes — April 2004 — Paths of Destruction: The Hidden Threat at Mount Rainier
		And the glaciers feed the cycle that has triggered many of the large prehistoric lahars: surges of meltwater cascading from the rapid heating of snow and ice during eruptions.
		Lahars can be triggered by structural weakness due to various phenomena, including small eruptions (which may leave behind little evidence), melting snow and possibly earthquakes.
		During a lahar, the key is to get to higher ground, even only 50 feet up, to steer clear of the dangerous flow.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/apr04/feature_MountRainier.html (3751 words)

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