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Topic: Lake Fryxell

	Lake Encyclopedia Article @ LakeLocale.com (Lake Locale) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake; runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area; groundwater channels and aquifers; and artificial sources from outside the catchment area.
		The material at the bottom of a lake or lake bed may be composed of a wide variety of materials, including inorganics such as silt or sand sediments, and organic material such as decaying plant or animal matter.
		A lake may be infilled with deposited sediment, and gradually, the lake becomes a wetland, such as a swamp or marsh.
	www.lakelocale.com /encyclopedia/Lake (3499 words)

	Images of permanently ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys
		Lake Fryxell with the Canada glacier in background.
		Tucker and Jill drill a hole in the polar haven at Lake Fryxell.
		The west lobe of Lake Bonney with the Taylor glacier in the background.
	www.brent.xner.net /AntLakesImages.htm (311 words)

	Lake Fryxell Encyclopedia Article @ LakeLocale.com (Lake Locale) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The blue ice covering Lake Fryxell, in the Transantarctic Mountains, comes from glacial meltwater from the Canada Glacier and other smaller glaciers.
		Lake Fryxell (77°37′S 163°11′E) is a lake 4.5 km (3 mi) long, between Canada Glacier and Commonwealth Glaciers at the lower end of Taylor Valley in Victoria Land, Antarctica.
		Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, 1910-13, the lake was visited by Professor T.L. Péwé during USN Operation Deep Freeze, 1957-58, who named it for Dr. Fritiof M. Fryxell, glacial geologist of Augustana College, Illinois.
	www.lakelocale.com /encyclopedia/Lake_Fryxell (266 words)

	Life thrives on Antarctic lake floor - NIWA Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		They measured photosynthesis at lake depths where noon irradiance was less than 0.05% of surface light intensity, and results suggest that it may be possible at intensities 10 times lower still.
		Lake Hoare is a meltwater lake in the Dry Valley region of Southern Victoria Land, the largest ice-free region of Antarctica, and one of the coldest and driest deserts on Earth.
		The micro-organisms living in the lakes may offer insights into the origins of life on earth or other planets: "We're studying a community that appears almost exactly the same as the earliest communities in the fossil record, 2 billion years ago," says Dr Hawes.
	www.niwascience.co.nz /pubs/mr/archive/2006-07-03-1 (757 words)

	Explanation offered for Antarctica's 'blood falls'
		The lake probably formed as much as 5 million years ago when the sea levels were higher and the ocean reached far inland.
		Three of the lakes Bonney, Fryxell and Hoare are in Taylor Valley while Lake Vanda is in the nearby Wright Valley.
		Lake Hoare was then formed on the lower side of the Canada Glacier and filled with fresh water from glacial runoff.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-11/osu-eof110303.php (935 words)

	McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research
		The Lake Bonney map is based on 1963 soundings, which are marked without data in the original publication (Angino, Armitage, and Tash 1964), and the shoreline is significantly distorted (likely from parallax error in the air photo interpretation).
		It may be that the ice covers of Lakes Vida and House do not have the same bubble structure as, for examples, Lakes Fryxell, Bonney, and Vanda, because they are formed by the freezing of annual floodings on the ice surface.
		A GPS survey was not performed for Lake Fryxell, so the shoreline was established with an integration of the 1993 aerial photography and the 1:50,000 USGS topographic map.
	www.nsf.gov /od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/h6.htm (917 words)

	ABSTRACTS 1996
		Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Lake Fryxell, 10 streams flowing into the lake, and the moat surrounding the lake was studied to determine the influence of sources and biogeochemical processes on its distribution and chemical nature.
		Lake Fryxell is an amictic, permanently ice-covered lake in the McMurdo Dry Valleys which contains benthic and planktonic microbial populations, but receives essentially no input of organic material from the ahumic soils of the watershed.
		Sr of groundwater derived mainly as seepage from a precipitation-dominated lake near the head of the watershed decreases with progressive water chemical evolution along its flowpath due primarily to enhanced dissolution of relatively unradiogenic plagioclase.
	water.usgs.gov /nrp/proj.bib/abstracts.96.html (17256 words)

	EFFECTS OF CHANGING WATER LEVELS ON LAKE FRYXELL AND LAKE HOARE, TAYLOR VALLEY, AS EVIDENT BY CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, ...
		In the 1990s, the Taylor Valley lakes had low water input from streams and glaciers; however, during the 2001-02 austral summer, there was a major melt event that increased lake levels dramatically.
		H from Lake Fryxell and Lake Hoare in the Taylor Valley to evaluate the effects of this extremely high melt water year.
		The variations in the tritium profiles between the lakes are caused by different water “sources” for the lakes.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65085.htm (480 words)

	Biodiversity of Methanogenic and Other Archaea in the Permanently Frozen Lake Fryxell, Antarctica -- Karr et al. 72 ...
		Salinity in Lake Fryxell ranges from 0.1 to 0.66% NaCl from 6 to 18 m (18).
		Lake Fryxell is unusual among Taylor Valley lakes in that it
		The geochemistry of methane in Lake Fryxell, an amictic, permanently ice-covered, Antarctic lake.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/2/1663 (2533 words)

	ABSTRACTS 1995
		Aiken, G.R., McKnight, D.M., Harnish, R.A., and Wershaw, R.L., 1995, Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell Basin: Antarctica: Biogeochemistry.
		formosa abundance in the inflow from the upstream lake and in the downstream lake.
		Lake conditions over the past 30 to 50 ka can be inferred from the chloride profiles by using the advective velocity of the pore water through the shale and an appropriate coefficient of molecular diffusion.
	water.usgs.gov /nrp/proj.bib/abstracts.95.html (16128 words)

	Research
		The Lake Erie Center is an integral environmental resource of The University of Toledo and is located in the northwestern corner of Ohio's Maumee Bay State Park.
		The Lake Erie Center assembles within a single facility programs and expertise in aquatic conservation, bioremediation and restoration, coastal zone processes, environmental chemistry and hydrology, ecology and ecosystem management, fishery genetics, geography and land use planning, limnology, and remote sensing and environmental monitoring.
		Lakes in the lee of sand dunes along Michiganâs western coastline contain variable concentrations of sand which can be used as a proxy for lake level change in the Lake Michigan basin to ~6600 before present.
	www.lakeerie.utoledo.edu /html/ResearchLabs.htm (2287 words)

	McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research
		Beneath the trophogenic layer of Lake Bonney, both SRP and PP concentrations are elevated, indicating SRP remineralization from organic detrital particles and/or SRP desorption from mineral phases in the dense brine of the deep layer.
		Lake Hoare exhibits no such detrital PP signature but does show elevated SRP in the deepest sample, where anaerobic decomposition of sedimentary organic material is likely contributing to the SRP pool.
		APase activity in Lake Bonney decreases with depth and is appreciably inhibited by the addition of phosphate (figure 3).
	www.nsf.gov /od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/h10.htm (988 words)

	2006 LTER ASM - Paleolimnology and paleoecology of the Lake Fryxell basin using molecular fossils: Preliminary results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this study, molecular fossils are extracted and analyzed from a 9.14 m-long sediment sequence representing 48,000 years of sediment accumulation in the Lake Fryxell Basin (Taylor Valley).
		The distribution as well as the carbon and deuterium isotopic composition of molecular fossils is used to reconstruct the past physical and chemical characteristics, along with paleoclimate conditions and paleoecology of the Fryxell basin lake.
		The D of phytoplankton steroids serves as a proxy for the isotopic composition of lake water to reconstruct the lake level history.
	www.lternet.edu /asm/2006/posters/poster.php?poster_id=170 (334 words)

	Lake Fryxell Circumnavigation Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The goal of this activity is to map out the wetted zone that surrounds Lake Fryxell and determine the physical characteristics that govern the width of these wetted zones.
		The lake wetted edge and edge of the wetted zone, as determined by eye, were surveyed with a position being acquired every 5 sec.
		Ken surveys the edge of Lk Fryxell and the edge of the wetted fringe around the lake with a Trimble GPS rover unit.
	www.mines.edu /~mgooseff/web_antarctica/survey.html (363 words)

	ABOUT ME
		Lake Fryxell (South Victoria Land, Antarctica) is covered all year by a layer of ice up to 5 m thick, and is an ecosystem dominated by single-celled organisms.
		Ciliated protozoa of two antarctic lakes: analysis by quantitative protargol staining and examination of artificial substrates.
		The abundance of planktonic viruses in antarctic lakes.
	foxweb.marist.edu /users/raymond.kepner/aboutme.htm (485 words)

	Landscape Control of High Latitude Lake and River Ecosystems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The lakes in the Dry Valleys have permanent ice covers, causing depthwise zonation of algal populations in the stable water columns.
		Lake Fryxell is wide and shallow (18 m) with a saline anoxic zone below 9 m.
		In Lake Fryxell, Cryptomonas sp., Chlamydomonas subcaudata, and Pyramimonas sp.
	aslo.org /meetings/victoria2002/archive/503.html (267 words)

	ABRUPT CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT LAKE FRYXELL, ANTARCTICA, FROM THE LGM TO THE PRESENT
		C), sedimentology, and diatom assemblages from Lake Fryxell (77°37’S, 163°06’E) sediment cores display evidence of significant changes in depositional environment from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the present.
		The sedimentologic, isotopic and diatom data suggest that the silt unit was deposited in a large proglacial lake during the LGM when a marine-based ice sheet blocked the valley mouth.
		The combined data describe a lake that responds dramatically on short timescales and can be used to address questions concerning the cause of millennial-scale climate change.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77798.htm (437 words)

	Microzooplankton Species Found in Lake Fryxell
		The lake has a maximum depth of 20m and is a permanently stratified meromictic lake with a conductivity of 1.2 to 2.0 mS/cm in the upper mixomolimnion and 4.1 to 8.4 mS/cm in the lower anoxic monomolimnion.
		METHODS: The water column in Lake Fryxell was sampled at the deepest point in the lake with a 2.21 Niskin bottle, through a hole drilled in thick ice cover (approximately 4m thick).
		This dataset provides a list of the microzooplankton species represented in the lake water samples drawn to analyze Lake Fryxell ciliates, bacteria and nanoflagellates.
	huey.colorado.edu /LTER/datasets/lakes/plankton/zplnktsp.html (493 words)

	CINTACS
		The trip was from Los Angeles to Christ Church, New Zealand then to McMurdo, Antarctica and finally by helicopter to the Taylor Dry Valley for Lake Hoare and Lake Fryxell that are situated on opposite sides of the Canada Glacier.
		Lake Hoare is a narrow deep lake and lake Fryxell is a shallower broad lake.
		These lakes may serve as models of studies of how bacteria interact with lake waters that are not rich in biological material.
	www.che.uc.edu /acs/feb01.html (890 words)

	ScienceDaily: Explanation Offered For Antarctica's 'Blood Falls'
		Mountain-Front Reservoirs Control Cycles Of Great Salt Lake (November 14, 2000) -- Major cycles in the size and depth of Utah's Great Salt Lake are known from as far back as the 19th century, but now a Penn State researcher suggests an explanation for the seemingly odd behavior of...
		Ecosystem Of Vanishing Lake Yields Valuable Bacterium (October 22, 2006) -- A team of researchers that includes an MSU professor is characterizing a bacterium found near Soap Lake, Wash., that could potentially clean polluting nitrates from fertilizer and explosive...
		Lakes With Zebra Mussels Have Higher Levels Of Toxins, MSU Research Finds (March 11, 2004) -- Inland lakes in Michigan that have been invaded by zebra mussels, an exotic species that has plagued bodies of water in several states since the 1980s, have higher levels of algae that produce a...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/11/031105064856.htm (2217 words)

	Newswise
		Researchers here have discovered that a reddish deposit seeping out from the face of a glacier in Antarctica’s remote Taylor Valley is probably the last remnant of an ancient salt-water lake.
		Newswise — Researchers here have discovered that a reddish deposit seeping out from the face of a glacier in Antarctica’s remote Taylor Valley is probably the last remnant of an ancient salt-water lake.
		Three of the lakes – Bonney, Fryxell and Hoare – are in Taylor Valley while Lake Vanda is in the nearby Wright Valley.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/501752 (955 words)

	Irma's Field Notebook: Lake Fryxell
		It turns out that Lake Fryxell is just on the other side of it.
		The lake was frozen on the surface, but you could see that there was water underneath.
		I broke through the ice a little bit at the edge because I had heard that the lakes were slightly salty.
	www.irmahale.com /1999n.html (1330 words)

	Water Sample Analysis
		The vials in the bottom row show a dissolved oxygen profile from Lake Fryxell, based on the Winkler method.
		Moving from left to right, you can see that the upper waters of the lake are super-saturated with oxygen but become increasingly anoxic with depth.
		Through a series of chemical reactions, the oxygen combines with iodine to form a golden yellow chemical, which is evident in the vials on the left from the shallower depths.
	serc.carleton.edu /microbelife/microbservatories/mcmurdo/wsa.html (158 words)

	Antarctica Photos
		The wavy blue ice of Lake Fryxell with the Transantarctic Mountains in the background.
		The ice near the shore is relatively smooth due to annual melting, but the lake ice in the center of the lake is, as shown in this picture, amazingly convoluted and textured and is often strewn with sand or rocks.
		The mountains surrounding Lake Fryxell as seen through an ice formation on the lake.
	www.science.siu.edu /microbiology/Antarctica/Photos.htm (1006 words)

	McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research
		Differences between sampling holes within Lake Fryxell were as great as those between sampling holes in different lakes.
		Assemblages from the shallow Fryxell hole were significantly different from samples collected below the oxycline at the deep water hole, whereas aerobic zone samples from the deep hole were not different from anaerobic samples collected from the same hole.
		The microfauna of algal mats and artificial substrates in southern Victoria Land lakes of Antarctica.
	www.nsf.gov /od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/h7.htm (1168 words)

	Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The McMurdo Dry Valley Lake Microbial Observatory: Microbial Diversity and Function in the Permanently Ice-Covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
		The Dry Valley Lakes Microbial Observatory aims to greatly expand systematic descriptions of two groups of organisms that have historically been under-sampled: (i) psychrophilic/psychrotolerant prokaryotes, and (ii) extreme oligotrophs.
		Results from these experiments will be integrated with other components of the Dry Valley Lakes Microbial Observatory to allow for an assessment of the metabolic robustness of prokaryotes from different physical and geochemical regimes and their role(s) in effecting biogeochemical processes in the lakes.
	mcm-dvlakesmo.montana.edu /data.htm (348 words)

	Lake Fryxell Meteorological Station Measurements
		RESEARCH LOCATION: The Lake Fryxell meteorology station is located at a latitude of 77 10.6 S, a longitude of 163 10.1766 E, and an elevation of 19 meters above sea level.
		As of 8-Dec-1998, the station was 1 meter above Lake Fryxell.
		At that time, it was decided that maintenance of the records at the site of the old Fryxell land station was more important than the ice station so the ice station was cannibalized to re-establish the Lake Fryxell shore station, (which had been destroyed by wind the previous winter).
	huey.colorado.edu /LTER/datasets/meteorology/fryxell.html (1278 words)

	Photosynthetic active radiation measured during in-situ primary production experiments in lakes of the McMurdo ...
		This data set quantifies instantaneous underwater PAR at 10-meter depths in Lakes Bonney and Hoare, and a 7-meter depth in Lake Fryxell.
		RESEARCH LOCATION: Samples were collected from the East Lake Bonney, West Lake Bonney, Lake Hoare, and Lake Fryxell limnological sampling stations, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica.
		Descriptions of these lakes can be found in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lake Descriptions file.
	www.mcmlter.org /datasets/lakes/lakebio/parlog.html (805 words)

	TEA: Demello- -- 1.11.2003
		For example, the rock kenyte that I posted in my Jan 6th entry is only found as far into the Taylor Valley as the Lake Fryxell Region.
		If I collected rock samples at Lake Fryxell, and then when I arrived at Lake Bonney I decided I didn't want them and left them at Bonney, that could result in misinformation about the region.
		We then waited in the cook tent for the 12:30 arrival of the helo that would shuttle us from Lake Fryxell to Lake Bonney.
	tea.armadaproject.org /demello/1.11.2003.html (937 words)

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