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Topic: Lake Kivu

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	C cycle in Lake Kivu
		Lake Kivu is a meromictic lake with a relatively shallow euphotic layer (~18m) usually smaller than its oxic mixolimnion (20-60 m), and with a weak thermal gradient in the mixolimnion.
		Lake Kivu has unique limnological characteristics, with temperature and salinity increasing in the deep water layers, due to the input of geothermal sources at the bottom of the lake.
		As in all Eastern Africa, the Lake Kivu region is characterized by a windy dry season (from June to September) and a calmer rainy season (October-May).
	www.co2.ulg.ac.be /kivu.htm (1124 words)

	Lake Kivu - Definition, explanation
		Lake Kivu is one of three known exploding lakes, along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Moroun, that experiences lake overturns.
		Lake Kivu's methane was only originally thought to be a cheap natural resource for export and the generation of cheap power.
		Once the mechanisms that caused lake overturns began to be understood the risk the lake posed to the local population began to be understood.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/la/lake_kivu.php (471 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lake Tanganyika
		Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3° 20' to 8° 48' South and from 29° 5' to 31° 15' East).
		The lake covers 32,900 km², with a shoreline of 1,828km and a mean depth of 570 m and a maximum depth of 1,470 m (4,823 ft) (in the northern basin) it holds an estimated 18,900 km³ (4500 cubic miles).
		The lake covers 32,900 km², with a shoreline of 1,828km and a mean depth of 570 m and a maximum depth of 1,470 m (in the northern basin) it holds an estimated 18,900 km³.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lake-Tanganyika (2077 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Lake Kivu
		Lakes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
		Lake Kivu is one of three known exploding lakes, along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Moroun, that experience lake overturns.
		Once the mechanisms that caused lake overturns began to be understood the risk the lake posed to the local population began to be understood.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Lake_Kivu (613 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lake Kivu is one of three known exploding lakes, along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun, that experience violent lake overturns.
		The gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes is unique to each lake; in Lake Kivu's case, methane and carbon dioxide due to lake water interaction with a volcano.
		Lake Kivu has recently been found to contain approximately 55 billion cubic metres of dissolved methane gas at a depth of 300 metres.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Lake_Kivu (731 words)

	Lake Kivu - mountain gorilla trekking safar.
		Lake Kivu is an extraordinarily beautiful inland sea enclosed by steep, green terraced hills along the Congolese border Three resort towns, Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu stand on the littoral, connected by a wild roller-coaster road that tumbles through lush plantain fields and relic patches of misty rainforest to offer sweeping views over the blue water.
		Lake Kivu is the largest of numerous freshwater bodies that shimmer in the valleys of Rwanda.
		Lakes Burera and Ruhondo, close to the gorilla-tracking centre of Ruhengeri, are oft-neglected gem, deep blue waters ringed by steep hills and tall waterfalls, with the nearby Virunga Volcanoes providing a spectacular backdrop.
	www.safari-uganda.com /rwanda/lakekivu.php (438 words)

	Lake Kivu \| East Africa
		Set amid the dramatic mountains of the rift valley and the volcanic Virungas to the north, the irregular shores of Lake Kivu form numerous inlets and peninsulas and myriad forest-fringed waterfalls.
		The lake is a 2650 square kilometre freshwater expanse and the largest of all the lakes that fill the valleys of Rwanda.
		Lakes Burera and Ruhondo: close to the gorilla tracking centre of Ruhengeri, are oft-neglected gems: deep blue waters ringed by steep hills and tall waterfalls, with the outlines of the nearby Virunga Volcanoes providing a spectacular backdrop.
	www.bushcamps.com /destinations/east_africa/Rwanda/attractions_sub-1-attractionsId-2-81 (202 words)

	Lake Kivu in Rwanda - Rwanda DG
		Lake Kivu in Rwanda - Rwanda DG Kinyarwanda
		Lake Kivu is the largest of numerous freshwater bodies that shimmer in the valleys of Rwanda.
		Lakes Burera and Ruhondo, close to the gorilla-tracking centre of Ruhengeri, are oft-neglected gems, deep blue waters ringed by steep hills and tall waterfalls, with the nearby Virunga volcanoes providing a spectacular backdrop.
	www.rwandagateway.org /article.php3?id_article=647 (316 words)

	AVEC: Case Studies - Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu
		There is a lake in Rwanda, Lake Kivu, where scientists have established that at depths of around 300m the water is partially saturated with methane and carbon dioxide.
		After planning to return to the lake for demonstrations in February, these finally were scheduled in mid-May. In the intervening time somebody managed to cut an anchor rope despite 24-hour guards, causing the other anchor to seriously tangle the underwater piping and cabling and then break.
		One of the big surprises observed on the lake was the effect of lake water on different metallurgies and eco-systems in the lake.
	www.avec.co.za /casestudies/cs_08.htm (3051 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lake Kivu is extraordinarily beautiful: a vast inland sea enclosed by the steep, green terraced hills that are so characteristic of rural Rwanda.
		Lake Kivu is the largest of numerous lakeswhich fill the valleys of Rwanda.
		Lakes Burera and Ruhondo, close to the gorilla-tracking centre of Ruhengeri, are often neglected gems: deep blue waters ringed by steep hills and tall waterfalls, with the outlines of the nearby Virunga Volcanoes providing a spectacular backdrop, particular as seen from the comfortable Foyer de Charité guesthouse on lake Ruhondo.
	www.ortpn.gov.rw /thelakes.htm (338 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Killer Lakes
		The tragedy of Lake Nyos, also in Cameroon, made headlines around the world when almost 1,800 people sleeping in houses around the lake suffocated in their sleep.
		Lake Kivu is one of the largest and deepest lakes in Africa and two million people live around its shore.
		Worryingly, Lake Kivu is sitting in an earthquake zone and surrounded by active volcanoes, including Mount Nyiragongo.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/horizon/2001/killerlakes.shtml (438 words)

	Savage Planet: Volcanic Killers-Degassing Lake Nyos
		A third lake, Lake Kivu, on the Congo-Rwanda border in Central Africa, is also known to act as a reservoir of carbon dioxide and methane, a valuable natural gas that is gathered from the lake and used locally.
		These three lakes are the only ones in the world known to contain high concentrations of carbon dioxide in their waters.
		Lake Nyos is a deep pool of water sitting in the throat of a dormant volcano.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageplanet/01volcano/01/indexmid.html (763 words)

	Lake Kivu
		Lake Kivu on the Congo-Rwanda border is the highest lake in Africa at 1 459 m (4 788 ft).
		Lake Kivu is also an important tourist center.
		Lake Kivu is one of Africa's "killer lakes", containing a volatile combination of methane and carbon dioxide gases with the capacity to kill thousands of people.
	na.unep.net /digital_atlas2/webatlas.php?id=245 (140 words)

	CVO Website - Volcanic Lakes and Gas Releases
		Only three lakes in the world are known to contain high concentrations of dissolved gas in their bottom waters: Lakes Nyos and Monoun in Cameroon and Lake Kivu in East Africa.
		Lake Monoun is near the center of a volcanic field that includes at least 34 recent craters, and there is evidence that eruptive activity has occurred there as recently as a few hundred years ago.
		However, the chemistry of the lake water and sediments, the uniformly low lake temperature (23-24=B0C), and the absence of new tephra in or around the lake suggested to the research team that the August 1984 event was not the result of an eruption or a sudden ejection of volcanic gas from the lake.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/Lakes/description_volcanic_lakes_gas_release.html (1074 words)

	Kivu, lake, Congo and Rwanda. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It is drained by the Ruzizi River, which flows S into Lake Tanganyika.
		Beneath the lake lie vast reserves of methane gas which have not been exploited.
		Goma, Congo, on the N shore, is subject to the eruptions of nearby Mt. Nyiragongo.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ki/KivuLak.html (122 words)

	AWF: Safari Planner: Virunga
		Lake Kivu forms part of the border with the Congo and is one of the most beautiful lakes in Africa.
		Lake Ngezi (9,843 ft./3,000 m), a small, shallow crater lake, is the easiest hike in the park; it takes only three to four hours round-trip from the Visoke departure point.
		Lake Kivu has some nice, white beaches and is believed to have little or no bilharzias (a disease).
	www.awf.org /section/safaris/virunga (3353 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Lake Kivu
		Bukavu is the provincial capital of the eastern province of North Kivu and sits on a peninsula in Lake Kivu, bordering Rwanda.
		This lake is used for smuggling arms between the various regional rebel groups and, although United Nations troops from South Africa mount boat patrols to try to stop the smugglers, the peacekeepers are few in number and Lake Kivu is huge.
		In this city of Bukavu, for example, on the shores of Lake Kivu, the population has doubled as a result of the conflict, with refugees seeking the relative security of an urban centre where some UN peacekeepers are based.
	news.surfwax.com /geography/files/Lake_Kivu.html (4207 words)

	Rainbow Tours - Rwanda \| Lake Kivu
		Lake Kivu is a beautiful high altitude lake which forms the border between the Congo and Rwanda.
		The drives along Lake Kivu are longish, on unmade roads, but they offer the opportunity to see rural life as it has been for centuries, virtually unchanged.
		Kibuye itself is the prettiest of the lakeside towns, with a bit of a beach, but apart from the lake, there is not a lot to see.You can take a boat out on the lake and explore some of the many tiny islands.
	www.rainbowtours.co.uk /index.php?id=427 (572 words)

	GeoSystems Today Virtual Tour (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The large building overlooking the lake is the headquarters for the CEPGL (Economic Cooperation Center for the Great Lakes Region) as it appeared in the late 1980s before the "crisis" of 1994-97.
		Note the pronounced escarpment across the lake which is the western side of the WRV (Western Rift Valley).
		Lake Kivu is an unusual lake in many respects: it has a high dissolved methane content, a very reduced native fish population, and it has a spectacularly beautiful ria coastline.
	www.wiley.com /college/geocases/cases/case7/images/tour_3/3_14.html (158 words)

	Rwanda Country Profile general information trade issues
		Rwanda is a mountainous land in the heart of Africa, split by the Rift Valley, and dominated by a mountain range that crosses the country from north to south.
		Kivu Lake : Gisenye is the main centre for excursions in the Parc des Volcans.
		Near Cyangugu, on the southern shores of the lake, are the spectacular grottoes of Kaboza and Nyenji, and the thermal waters in Nyakabuye.
	www.fita.org /countries/cadre_82.html (967 words)

	Lake methane could power entire nation - 03 March 2003 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The deep waters of Lake Kivu, on Rwanda's north-western border, are brimming with vast quantities of three dissolved gases: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and methane.
		He is proposing using a single 360-metre-long pipe (see graphic) that will hang down into the depths of the lake from a raft a few kilometres from the shore.
		Because Kivu is so much bigger than Nyos there is little danger of a similar carbon dioxide cloud developing.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3438 (575 words)

	Socio Economic Investigations of Lake Kivu Fisheries
		The Lake Kivu is situated at the altitude of 1,463 m, in western part of Rwanda and in eastern part of Zaire, forming a natural border of some 100 km between these two countries (Figure 1).
		The largest city situated on southern Lake Kivu's shore is Bukavu, followed by the town of Goma and two smaller towns of Kalehe and Katana, all situated on Zaire's lake side.
		There was a total coverage of all strata; the entire shoreline of Lake Kivu as well as that of its numerous islands were surveyed and thus a 100% of all FEU's, active on Lake Kivu between 29.06 and 30.08.1991, were accounted for.
	www.fao.org /docrep/005/AC761E/AC761E02.htm (557 words)

	Lake Kivu Home
		Lake Kivu has remained stably stratified for thousands of years; however, in the last few decades much attention in the scientific field has been directed towards the lake.
		A heat flux into the lake, or other meteorological and limnological forces may cause an overturn, or later described “rollover”, of the lake releasing the dissolved CO from pressure and causing a discharge of gas that could devastate communities located on or near the lake (Rice, 2000; Kling, 1989).
		This study attempts to show the contrary; that a possible release of fatal gas is a hazard associated with the lake and the increasing levels of volcanism and rifting in the area.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /geo5xx/geos577/projects/kayzar/index.html (193 words)

	Methane gas. Kivu lake
		A small volume of lava entered Lake Kivu but had no significant consequences on the physico-chemistry of its deep gas-charged waters.
		As detected by sudden major rise in the lake level, this eruption was also remarkably associated with perhaps up to 0,6-1 m of ground subsidence in the Goma area along the axis of the rift and thus aligned with the newly formed fractures.
		Geological evidence that volcanic centers have occurred on the SW and S volcanic rift zones at or below the level of the lake render such considerations fundamental as the volcano and rift integrated multidisciplinary monitoring system is further developed.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /mhalb/kivu/eg/eg_4f_risquevolcanique.htm (417 words)

	Rwanda National Parks :: Africa National Parks, Wild Life Centuries and Reserves
		Lake Kivu forms part of the border with Zaire and is one of the most beautiful lakes in Africa,
		Lake Kivu has some nice sandy white beaches and is believed to have little or no bilharzias.
		Kibuye Kibuye, located on Lake Kivu midway between Gisenyi and Cyangugu, is a small town with an attractive beach.
	rwanda.africaetravel.com (860 words)

	[No title]
		Lake Kivu has never had a lake overturn but along with Monoun and Nyos it is one of the three lakes in the world which contain such large amounts of carbon dioxide making it very possible that the lake could overturn at some point.
		This showed that approximately every thousand years an event occurred which caused all living creatures in the lake to be wiped out and huge amounts of vegetation to be swept into the lake, which is consistent with a lake overturn.
		If the lake was to overturn huge amounts of carbon dioxide would be released, suffocating millions of living creatures, but the lake also contains a large amount of methane which could cause explosions above the lake.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2002/whitehouse/Kivu.htm (340 words)

	Magnum Search results for: AFRICA. 2003.
		A yard from the lake's edge, women traditionally have dug a hole and filtered the water through the sand, believing that this makes it clean.
		An old woman on the edge of the lake with washing drying on the reeds in the background.
		Although Lake Kivu is a dead lake, fisherman still trawl for tiny fish 5cm long.
	www.magnumphotos.com /archive/C.aspx?VP=Mod_ViewBoxInsertion.ViewBoxInsertion_VPage&R=29YL53585JLI&RP=Mod_ViewBox.ViewBoxThumb_VPage&CT=Story&SP=Story (305 words)

	FeedNavigator - RSS Mobile
		Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction.
		The introduction into Lake Kivu of the planktivorous fish Limnothrissa miodon at the end of the 1950s raised major concern about the fate of mesozooplankton, but few data were available to assess the impact of predation.
		Present Lake Kivu mesozooplankton is dominated by cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis and Tropocyclops confinis), b...
	www.terkko.helsinki.fi /mobile/feednavigator/?articleid=584385 (95 words)

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