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Topic: Lake Makgadikgadi

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	Botswana History Page 7: Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The ancient lake beds of Botswana date from wet climatic periods when the Makgadikgadi Pans and Okavango Delta were lakes covering up to three times their present areas.
		Lake levels are known to have been high 40,000-35,000 years ago, and as recently as 15,000-10,000 years ago.
		The ancient lakes of Okavango and Makgadikgadi are evidence of ancient tectonic movements in northern Botswana.
	ubh.tripod.com /bw/bhp7.htm (2144 words)

	Scuba diving news from South Africa and Worldwide destinations: Lost African lake spawned fish diversity "beyond ...
		Known as Lake Makgadikgadi, it once covered an area larger than Switzerland and was centered north of the Kalahari Desert in present-day Botswana.
		It's possible that the lake, though short-lived on an evolutionary timescale, could have spawned as many as 100 to 400 new species of cichlids, according to Ole Seehausen, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Bern, Switzerland, and a member of the study team.
		He said another key innovation in the type of cichlids that first colonized the Great Lakes and Lake Makgadikgadi is that females carry their eggs in their mouths for several weeks before releasing the young to fend for themselves.
	divesouthafrica.blogspot.com /2005/05/lost-african-lake-spawned-fish.html (1192 words)

	Makgadikgadi Pans \| Maun \| Botswana... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The shimmering salt pans of Makgadikgadi along with the Nxai Pans are believed to be the largest in the world.
		Makgadikgadi Pans is situated directly between Maun and Francistown.
		The Makgadikgadi pans are the remains of a once ancient lake and now form part of the route of Southern Africa's largest remaining migration.
	suncity.hotel.co.za /africa_makgadikgadi.html (423 words)

	Botswana History Page 7: Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The ancient lake beds of Botswana date from wet climatic periods when the Makgadikgadi Pans and Okavango Delta were lakes covering up to three times their present areas.
		Lake levels are known to have been high 40,000-35,000 years ago, and as recently as 15,000-10,000 years ago.
		The ancient lakes of Okavango and Makgadikgadi are evidence of ancient tectonic movements in northern Botswana.
	www.thuto.org /ubh/bw/bhp7.htm (2135 words)

	Lake Agassiz -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The lake's modern-day remnants, the largest of which is (A lake in southern Canada in Manitoba) Lake Winnipeg, dominate the geography of (One of the three prairie provinces in central Canada) Manitoba.
		At its greatest extent it may have covered as much as 440,000 square kilometers, larger than any lake currently in the world (including the (A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world) Caspian Sea).
		These lakes are still shrinking slowly, due to (additional info and facts about isostatic rebound) isostatic rebound.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/La/Lake_Agassiz.htm (343 words)

	African Safari Vacations - Specialized & Personal Service
		The Makgadikgadi consists of two major pans: Sowa (meaning 'salt' in one of the San languages) and Ntwetwe, plus a scattering of smaller pans.
		Nxai Pan was once part of Lake Makgadikgadi, but when the lake dried up it became one of the smaller, isolated lakes left behind.
		The Makgadikgadi pans are the remains of a once ancient lake and now form part of the route of Southern Africa's largest remaining migration.
	www.african-safari-vacations.net /html/African-Destinations/Botswana-Destinations/Makgadikgadi-Pans.htm (320 words)

	TCS Daily : Discussion Forum
		Their diversity is perhaps most impressive in the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a handful of colonizing fish species have multiplied over thousands of years into many hundreds of species found nowhere else in the world.
		Lake Makgadikgadi dried up following further land upheavals, which caused the lake to empty into the middle Zambezi River.
		It's possible that the lake, though short-lived on an evolutionary timescale, could have spawned as many as 100 to 400 new species of cichlids, according to Ole Seehausen, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Bern, Switzerland, and a member of the study team.
	www.tcsdaily.com /discussionForum.aspx?fldIdTopic=8398&fldIdMsg=34428 (310 words)

	Makgadikgadi Pans Map, Botswana Safaris
		The Makgadikgadi Pans are the residue of a great lake that once covered much of northern Botswana, fed by rivers carrying salts leached from the lake's catchment area.
		Suffering badly from thirst, the lakes kept drawing them hurriedly on in their attempts to reach the life-giving water that always remained just ahead of them.
		Both dry season and wet season visits to this park are recommended in order to witness the dramatic appearance of the pans at their driest and to experience the transformation to a water wonderland, and see the wildebeest and zebra migrations, in the wet season.
	www.eyesonafrica.net /african-safari-botswana/makgadikgadi-safari.htm (481 words)

	Wildfowl & Wetland Trust - Satellite Tracking Lesser Flamingos in East Africa
		The alkaline lakes of the Rift Valley are the primary feeding areas for the East African population.
		During the past 30 years, the East African population is known to have bred successfully only at Lake Natron in Tanzania, while the southern African population is known to have bred successfully only at the Makgadikgadi salt pans in Botswana and the Etosha Pan in Namibia.
		Normally, the Lesser Flamingo is not migratory in the accepted sense but is highly nomadic, moving daily in large numbers from lake to lake within the Rift Valley and amongst the saltpans of southern Africa.
	www.wwt.org.uk /flamingo/lesser.asp (525 words)

	Lost African Lake Spawned Fish Diversity "Beyond Belief" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Kocher said Lake Makgadikgadi's remnant cichlids, which now swim the Congo, Zambezi, Okavango, and Limpopo Rivers, are almost as varied in appearance as species from the East African Great Lakes of Victoria and Malawi.
		Radiocarbon dating suggests that extinct Lake Makgadikgadi formed at least 52,000 years ago: Shifting faults in the region severed the Zambezi River and diverted flows of three large rivers to an inland drainage basin, creating the lake.
		He said another key innovation in the type of cichlids that first colonized the Great Lakes and Lake Makgadikgadi is that females carry their eggs in their mouths for several weeks before releasing the young to fend for themselves.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/InNews/cichlids2005.html (1049 words)

	eng.html
		Makgadikgadi Camp was established on Hyena Island in 1997.
		The pans are the remnants of the once-great Lake Makgadikgadi: 80,000 square kilometres in extent, and up to 30 metres deep, this was the largest inland sea in Africa.
		In the wet season, this vast area of salt pans interspersed with low-lying grass islands is the destination of herds of migrating zebra.
	www.sausage.bw /gweta/eng.htm (639 words)

	Okavango Delta
		Eventually the lake was filled to capacity and the water had to find a way to the ocean.
		Windblown sand, as well as the Okavango River depositing increasing amounts of sediment and debris in the lake, were gradually filling the lake.
		Today the only remains of the Ancient Lake Makgadikgadi (apart from the Okavango Delta) are Nxai Pan, Lake Ngami, Lake Xau, the Mababe Depression, and the two main pans of Makgadikgadi (Sua and Ntwetwe Pans).
	www.bushways.com /delta.html (1170 words)

	Makgadikgadi Camp - Kalahari Desert - Botswana
		Nestled among the palms and acacias on Hyena Island, Makgadikgadi Camp, is located on the edge of the salt pans and adjacent to Makgadikgadi National Park.
		The Makgadikgadi salt pans were once an ancient great lake, now a dried up lunar landscape of great wide open uninhabited spaces and endless horizons.
		Makgadikgadi Camp has been built with a belief that not everything in Africa is khaki.
	www.kalahari-desert.com /makgadikgadi_Pans_Kalahari_desert.asp (632 words)

	Lake Makgadikgadi -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Lake Makgadikgadi is an ancient (A body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land) lake that existed in what is now the (A desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana) Kalahari Desert in (A landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s) Botswana.
		The (additional info and facts about Okavango) Okavango, (An African river; flows into the Indian Ocean) Zambezi, and (additional info and facts about Cuando) Cuando rivers once all emptied into the lake.
		Modern-day remnants of the lake include the (additional info and facts about Okavango Delta) Okavango Delta, (additional info and facts about Lake Ngami) Lake Ngami, and the Makgadikgadi Pan.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/La/Lake_Makgadikgadi.htm (143 words)

	zfsheet08
		Lake Malawi, one of the many natural lakes formed by faulting and rifting which resulted in the Great African Rift Valley, is sometimes treated as a separate entity, therefore, the fourth section, because of the large number of endemic species in the lake.
		Lakes Kariba, Cahora Bassa and Malawi are large water bodies, each with their own biodiversity.
		Two examples of pollution observed in the basin include pollution of the Lake Chivero near Harare where fish deaths were observed in 1995 and the effect of mining on tributaries such as the Kafue in Zambia.
	www.sardc.net /imercsa/zambezi/zfsheet/zfsheet08.html (1925 words)

	Greatest Places: Notes: Okavango
		The Okavango is the last surviving remnant of the great Lake Makgadikgadi whose waters and associated swamps once covered much of the Middle Kalahari.
		A small channel, the Nghabe River, continues southwest toward Lake Ngami, serving as both inlet and outlet depending on the strength and direction of the annual floods.
		In fact there are 2 groups of outlets: west to Lake Ngami, and south and east to the Makgadikgadi Pan via the Boteti River.
	www.greatestplaces.org /notes/okavango.htm (1239 words)

	Wetlands - FUTEF
		A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land.
		A vast majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes.
		In ecology the environment of a lake is ref...
	futef.com /q/cats:[Wetlands] (498 words)

	Cuando River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some 10,000 years ago, the Cuando continued south to Lake Makgadikgadi, but now the river makes a sharp left turn east along the border with Botswana.
		The river flows through a seasonal lake, Lake Liambesi.
		Beyond Liambesi, the river is known as the Chobe River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuando_River (117 words)

	Soda Ash
		Numerous salt lakes, saline springs and some areas of internal drainage covered by salt crust during several months of the year are found in the Central Rift Valley System of Tanganyika.
		The shape of Lake Natron is that of an elongated structure stretching roughly from North to South for a length of approximately 50 km and the East-West width of approximately 20 km.
		The geology of the areas surrounding Lake Natron indicate that the formations, until Paleogene, presented a stable land mass consisting of manly pre-cambrian rocks.
	www.ndctz.com /sodaash.htm (2147 words)

	Tour Itinerary - Botswana and Falls Adventure
		The Makgadikgadi pan consists of two main pans, Namely Ntwetwe and Sowa pan, both of which are surrounded by a myriad of smaller pans.
		The major trade routes during the time of the early explorers ran through the narrowest section of Ntwetwe pan, the journey was usually done at night to avoid the heat, which was intensified by the reflection of the white pans.
		Makgadikgadi Pans National Park is situated 162 km east of Maun and 143 km west of Nata (to the left of the Makgadikgadi pans).
	www.iexplore.com /itinerary/result/51704 (3280 words)

	Okavango Article by Gregor Woods
		The lake is thought to have last been full about 35.000 years ago, then its level dropped by some 25m about 10.000 years ago.
		There is evidence that the lowest levels of the lake, the Makgadikgadi pans, had a substantial amount of water in them as recently as 1500 years ago.
		Credit for the discovery of Lake Ngami in 1849 has generally gone to Dr. David Livingstone, but the truth is, it was a joint effort with William Cotton Oswell, without whom Livingstone could not have made the journey.
	www.okavangohouseboats.com /okavangoarticle.htm (2410 words)

	Botswana Safaris, Makgadikgadi National Park
		Makgadikgadi Pans National Park was declared a game reserve in 1970, but in December 1992 it was enlarged and declared a national park.
		The whole reserve was once submerged beneath the ancient lake Makgadikgadi.
		The valley in which the Boteti River is situated once formed the "neck" of the original hourglass shape of the ancient lake Makgadikgadi.
	www.bushways-safaris.com /dmakgadipark.htm (170 words)

	Discover Botswana, Kalahari desert in Africa
		Three major basins were formed in the interior — the Chad basin in the north, the Congo basin in central Africa that is the largest of the three, and the Kalahari basin in the south, which covers 80% of the land surface of Botswana.
		The lake has long since dried up but new rainfall, leaching the salts from the land, continually evaporates leaving crystallised salt deposited in the depressions.
		The Makgadikgadi and Nxai national pans were integrated into the Makgadikgadi and Nxai national park in 1993.
	www.discover-botswana.com /articles/kalahari.php (1633 words)

	African Encounter: Destination Portfolio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gateway to the Makgadikgadi Pan, this attractive village halfway between Nata and Maun, is set amidst mopane and combretum woodland, massive sprawling marula trees, African star chestnut or tick trees and baobabs.
		Large herds of zebra and wildebeest dot the Makgadikgadi plains when the pans hold water, but later on they move toward the river, often leaving the national park for the sanctuary of the wooded area around Bushman Pits where they are generally under less pressure from hunters.
		The Makgadikgadi Pans area of the national park is situated almost midway between Maun and Nata (158 kilometres from Maun).
	www.africanencounter.com /de/makgadikgadi.shtml (1946 words)

	Botswana // Africa's finest. Naturally.
		Makgadikgadi, the name of which implies a vast open lifeless land, is not without its folklore.
		The variety of other bird life found in the Makgadikgadi is outstanding and the grasslands are home to a wide range of animals.
		The Makgadikgadi Pans National Park is situated roughly halfway between Maun and Nata on the Francistown road in northern Botswana.
	www.botswanatourism.org.uk /destination.php?id=7 (1982 words)

	Workshop Thumbnail View \| TrekNature
		The alkaline lakes of the Rift Valley are the primary feeding areas for the East African population.
		During the past 30 years, the East African population is known to have bred successfully only at Lake Natron in Tanzania, while the southern African population is known to have bred successfully only at the Makgadikgadi salt pans in Botswana and the Etosha Pan in Namibia.
		Normally, the Lesser Flamingo is not migratory in the accepted sense but is highly nomadic, moving daily in large numbers from lake to lake within the Rift Valley and amongst the saltpans of southern Africa.
	www.treknature.com /workshops/45075 (465 words)

	African Encounter - Destinations Portfolio: The Kalahari (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Makgadikgadi & Nxai Pan NP The Makgadikgadi Pans are at the southern end of the Great Rift Valley that runs the length of Africa.
		The pans are remnants of the once great superlake - Lake Makgadikgadi: 80,000 square kilometres in extent, and up to 30 metres deep, this was the largest inland sea in Africa.
		Today, this vast area of salt pans are predominately dry, being interspersed with low-lying grass islands and in the wet season, becomes the destination of herds of migrating zebra.
	www.africanencounter.com /de/kal.shtml (1878 words)

	Natural Events - Botswana Mobile Safaris
		Eventually the lake was filled to capacity and the water had to find a way to the ocean.
		Today the only remains of the Ancient Lake Makgadikgadi (apart from the Okavango Delta) are Nxai Pan, Lake Ngami, Lake Xau, the Mababe Depression, and the two main pans of Makgadikgadi (Sua and Ntwetwe Pans).
		Makgadikgadi Pans National Park was declared a game reserve in 1970, but in December 1992 it was enlarged and declared a national park.
	www.natural-events.com /IthalaSafari/Botswana_mobiles.htm (4465 words)

	Lake Makgadikgadi - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Lake Makgadikgadi - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This Southern African location article is a stub.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Lake Makgadikgadi contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Lake_Makgadikgadi (131 words)

	The Africa Guide Special Exploratory Tour to Botswana and Namibia
		The large pans of Makgadikgadi are the most visible remnants of a lake that has been formed more than five million years ago.
		Makgadikgadi was once a superlake some 30 metres (100 feet) deep, covering a massive area of 80,000² km (30,888² miles).
		The pan was originally a lake fed by the Kunene River.
	www.africaguide.com /travel/package/1518.htm (1610 words)

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