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Topic: Lake Maracaibo

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	Maracaibo
		The city of Maracaibo, founded in 1571, is the capital of the State of Zulia and is Venezuela's second largest population center.
		Maracaibo was founded on the western side of the lake.
		Favored by prevailing winds and a protected harbor the city is located on the shores of Lake Maracaibo where the narrows, which eventually lead to the Gulf of Venezuela, first become pronounced.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Maracaibo.html (817 words)

	DiscoverVenezuela - Maracaibo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Maracaibo, the capital of Zulia state, lies on the northwestern shore of Lake Maracaibo, in the western part of Venezuela.
		Maracaibo has a large international airport with links to all major cities in the country, and there is a also bus terminal with links to Coro, Caracas, Valera, San CristÃ³bal and the Colombian town of Maicao.
		Lake Maracaibo, which covers an area of 12,800kmÂ², is the biggest lake in South America.
	www.discovervenezuela.com /maracaibo.cfm (532 words)

	Maracaibo, Lake - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Discovered in 1499 by the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda, the lake lies in the extremely hot, humid lowlands of the Maracaibo basin, a region that, almost enclosed by mountains, is semiarid in the north but has an average annual rainfall of 50 in.
		Lake Maracaibo, with the Catatumbo River, its chief tributary, is a major artery of communication for products of the adjacent region and those of the Colombian-Venezuelan highlands.
		Cabimas and the port of Maracaibo are the principal cities on the lake.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-maracaibl1.html (376 words)

	Maracaibo - Venezuelatuya
		It is on the coast of the lake named after the city and discovered on August 24th 1499, by Alonso de Ojeda a sailor of Columbus' crew in his second trip to America.
		Maracaibo Lake is the greatest natural feature of the Zulia State with a total extension of 13000 km2, it comes 23rd among the largest lakes in the world.
		Such is the case of the "palafitos" (huts built in the lake waters) of Santa Rosa, at the northern part of the city.
	www.venezuelatuya.com /occidente/maracaiboeng.htm (1494 words)

	Lake Maracaibo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As of June 18, 2004, a large portion (18%) of the surface of Lake Maracaibo is covered by duckweed.
		Maracaibo is fed by both salt water from the Caribbean and fresh water from numerous rivers.
		The lake basin hosts Venezuela's largest oil fields, and high concentrations of biodegradable dispersants that contain phosphorus and poliaspartic acid—a chemical used to increase nutrient uptake in crops—have been found, a veritable feast for the plants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Maracaibo (1139 words)

	ESA - Observing the Earth - Earth from Space: Maracaibo, Venezuela
		Lake Maracaibo is generally considered the largest lake in South America, although by some estimates it should be considered an inland sea since it has a direct connection with the ocean – a connection strengthened in the 1950s when the strait was dredged.
		Maracaibo is one of the oldest lakes on Earth – at 36 million years old it is predated only by Lake Baikal in Russia - with major oil deposits located under and around its coastline.
		The port of Maracaibo, located on the west side of the strait, is the second city of Venezuela after Caracas and the capital of Zulia state.
	www.esa.int /esaEO/SEM8DUZCU8E_index_0.html (464 words)

	Maracaibo lake western coast - Venezuelatuya
		Maracaibo Lake Western Coast is among the richest Venezuelan lands in oil as well as in fertile soils.
		Bachaquero is another important "pueblo de agua" ("village in the lake"), which took its name from the enormous nests made in the zone by the "bachacos" (huge ants extremely destructive), that sometimes reached a hight of 50 to 80 m.
		Among the relevant towns of Maracaibo Lake Western Coast, there is Santa Rita that has a wide range of economic sources such as the chemical, livestock and tanning industries.
	www.venezuelatuya.com /occidente/costaorientaldellagoeng.htm (447 words)

	Lake Maracaibo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lake Maracaibo acts as a major route for sea traffic to the ports of Maracaibo and Cabimas.
		Tanker Esso Maracaibo and wrecked bridge At 11:45 pm on the 6th of April 1964 the supertanker Esso Maracaibo, loaded with 236,000 barrels of crude oil hit pier # 31 of the 2-year-old General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge that connects Maracaibo with much of the rest of Venezuela.
		As of June 18, 2004, a large portion (12%) of the surface of Lake Maracaibo is covered by duckweed.
	lake-maracaibo.kiwiki.homeip.net (541 words)

	Think Venezuela - The Tourism Directory of Venezuela - The Northwest
		Maracaibo, the capital of the state, lies on the northwestern shore of the Lake.
		Maracaibo has a large international airport with links to all major cities in the country and there is a bus link to and from Coro, Caracas, Valera, San Cristóbal and the Colombian town of Maicao.
		The topography of the park is dramatic; the mountains rise abruptly from the lowlands of Lake Maracaibo to a height of 3,500m (Pico Tétari).
	www.think-venezuela.net /northwest.htm (2656 words)

	Duckweeds in the Maracaibo Lake [Voltaire]
		The Maracaibo lake, which is one of the biggest lakes in the world and the biggest one exposed the sea, has for some months been victim to the spread of the lenna spp, commonly called duckweed or “lenteja de agua” (water lentil) in South America.
		The accelerating growth of the duckweed in the Maracaibo basin is indicator of the high degree of degradation of the ecosystem of the lake and lake catchments.
		Under the Instituto para la Conservación del Lago de Maracaibo, ICLAM (Institute for the conservation of the Maracaibo Lake), adscript to the Ministry of the Environment, the research of the duckweed situation is still in progress.
	www.voltairenet.org /article121458.html (1557 words)

	Water Lentils on the Offensive
		This is not normally the case for this lake, which covers 12,000 square km and holds 245 billion cubic meters of water, the salinity of which has increased a great deal in the past few decades due to oil industry activity.
		In the first half of the 20th century, the lake's salinity was 1.0 to 1.5 grams per liter, but reached nearly five grams per liter at the water's surface, and as much as 15 grams in the lake's depths during dry season.
		Over the lake stands a sort of forest of hundreds of oil drilling towers, many of which are inactive or have been abandoned, and thousands of kilometers of pipeline runs under the surface of its waters.
	www.tierramerica.net /2004/0529/iacentos.shtml (738 words)

	MISR Image Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Several oil slicks occurred on Lake Maracaibo in northwestern Venezuela between December 2002 and January 2003, and were observed by various satellite instruments.
		The lake is somewhat saline, since it is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela by a narrow strait in the north.
		Venezuela is the largest oil producing nation in the Western Hemisphere, and the Lake Maracaibo basin includes the largest oil fields and almost a quarter of this nation's population.
	www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov /gallery/galhistory/2003_may_21.html (437 words)

	Maracaibo From Space
		Lake Maracaibo taken from the Space Shuttle on flight STS 73, taken in 1995.
		Lake Maracaibo taken from the Space Shuttle on flight STS 109 from 305 nautical miles high, taken in 2002 with a Hasselblad on Kodak Elite 100S film, 10% cloud cover.
		The Lake is surrounded on either side by mountain chains, to the east the Cordillera de Mérida and to the west the Sierra de Perijá.
	www.cclausen.net /maracaibo_from_space.html (2891 words)

	Petroleum and Salt a Deadly Mix for Maracaibo Lake
		The lake, connected to the Caribbean Sea via a natural canal with the Gulf of Venezuela, suffers the multiple onslaught of salinity, oil spills and sewage, phenomena that local authorities are confronting with optimism that they can change the situation.
		As a result, the salinity of the lake rose form 1.0-1.5 grams per liter in the first half of the 20th century to nearly five grams/liter in surface water samples, and up to 15 grams/liter during the dry season.
		Only a portion of Maracaibo's sewage is treated, coming from more than a million residents, and from cities like Cabimas and Lagunillas, with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, meaning that untreated wastewater is dumped in the lake, absorbing oxygen and asphyxiating the ecosystem's flora and fauna.
	www.tierramerica.net /2003/0609/iarticulo.shtml (938 words)

	Data Bank - Lakes
		Lakes have special communities of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) depending on such things as the size and shape of the lake, surrounding rocks and soil and the local climate.
		Lakes and ponds are also very abundant in many tundra regions, where frozen ground called permafrost keeps water from sinking into the earth.
		Lake Baikal is known for its somewhat unusual process of self-purification, which makes it one of the world’s clearest lakes.
	www.nibbleuniversity.com /research/lakes.htm (1469 words)

	GEO Year Book 2004
		Lake Maracaibo in northwestern Venezuela is the largest natural lake in South America at 13 330 km
		The first image (right), from the Aqua MODIS satellite on 17 December 2003, shows the lake during the winter months, when duckweed is absent from the lake’s waters, and the silvery sunglint is absent.
		The lake itself lies in the Maracaibo basin, which is semi-arid in the north, but averages over 1 200 mm of annual rainfall in the south.
	www.unep.org /geo/yearbook/yb2004/047.htm (351 words)

	Lake Maracaibo Ports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Maracaibo city, northwestern Venezuela, capital of Zulia State is the chief seaport and industrial center for the petroleum-rich Maracaibo Basin.
		A port is to be built at the southern end of Lake Maracaibo for coal export.
		Venezuela’s Lake Maracaibo management authority, (Comlago), which is located in Zulia state, has published plans to implement a three-phase seaport development close to the Panama Canal.
	seaport.homestead.com /files/maracaibo.html (246 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Duckweed Invasion in Lake Maracaibo
		According to scientists from the Institute for the Conservation of Lake Maracaibo (ICLAM), one of the government organizations charged with the care of Lake Maracaibo, the weed is probably native to the lake, but few studies have been conducted in the past to confirm that suspicion.
		The lake basin hosts Venezuela’s largest oil fields, and Acosta reports finding high concentrations of biodegradable dispersants that contain phosphorous and poliaspartic acid—a chemical used to increase nutrient uptake in crops—a veritable feast for the plants.
		On December 17, 2003, before the duckweed invasion, MODIS onboard the Aqua satellite captured another image of Lake Maracaibo in which the green swirls that are so notable in the above image are missing.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16605 (773 words)

	Recollections of the Maracaibo, Venezuela Star Fleet
		Lake Maracaibo is at the north western edge of Venezuela, which is itself the northern most country in South America.
		In the 1930s the lake, fed by many rivers, held mainly fresh water as the narrows connecting it to the Gulf of Venezuela and the Caribbean Sea were narrow and shallow with relatively little salt water entering.
		The lake's weather makes for variable sailing and is generally calm with moderate breezes, ranging from ten to twenty miles per hour.
	www.starclass.org /artman/publish/article_89.shtml (1956 words)

	Print news - IPS Inter Press Service
		This is not normally the case for this lake, which covers 12,000 square km and holds 245 billion cubic metres of water, the salinity of which has increased a great deal in the past few decades due to oil industry activity.
		In the first half of the 20th century, the lake's salinity was 1.0 to 1.5 grams per litre, but reached nearly five grams per litre at the water's surface, and as much as 15 grams in the lake's depths during dry season.
		Over the lake stands a sort of forest of hundreds of oil drilling towers, many of which are inactive or have been abandoned, and thousands of kilometres of pipeline runs under the surface of its waters.
	www.ipsnews.net /print.asp?idnews=24054 (697 words)

	Lake Maracaibo - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Maracaibo, Lake, shallow body of water, northwestern Venezuela, covering 13,300 sq km (5,140 sq mi) in the Maracaibo Basin.
		All early concrete bridges used arched designs by necessity because concrete has great compressive strength but is very weak in tension.
		Maracaibo : Lake Maracaibo and Gulf of Venezuela
	encarta.msn.com /Lake_Maracaibo.html (89 words)

	Zoo Lies
		The real Lake Maracaibo is located at the northwest corner of Venezuela, and flows directly into the Gulf of Venezuela, at the southern corner of the Caribbean Sea, near the border with Colombia.
		The "upper" lake, the one that is farther from the zoo's entrance, is supposed to represent the famous Lake Victoria, of Africa.
		This island is in both lakes, with a fence across it dividing the Lake Victoria part from the Lake Maracaibo part.
	www.animalliberationfront.com /Philosophy/Opinionatedly/ZooLies.htm (6895 words)

	Lago Oil & Transport Co
		Was it because the buzzed back and forth between Aruba and Lake Maracaibo like swarms of mosquitoes, sucking up crude like blood, or was it because of the mosquitoes they must have encountered while at the lake and making the passage through the shallow cannel into the lake.
		The operation of the lake tankers (a lake tanker was a small vessel of about 6,000 tons) was critical to the operation of the Aruba refinery and although ownership of the tankers changed during the period they always operated to supply the Aruba refinery until after World War II.
		In this attack on the night of February 16, 1942 four lake tankers, the Pedernalas, Oranjestad, Tia Juana, and the San Nicholas, were torpedoed and three sank and the forth, the Pedernalas, was beached with her mid-section, (the bridge and ships steering), destroyed.
	lago-colony.com /THE_LAKE_TANKER/TANKER.htm (1912 words)

	Cutter Suction Dredge, dredge equipment, dredges, the word for dredge is Ellicott
		INC was formed to manage a new dredging program to deepen the navigable channel of Lake Maracaibo from its average of 11 feet to a new depth of 35 feet.
		Of particular interest is the Hydraulic Laboratory and scale model of Lake Maracaibo, located in Maracaibo City in conjunction with the Central University of Venezuela.
		All aspects of the dredging operations in the Maracaibo channel and the Tablazo Project are considered in the hydraulic model.
	www.dredge.com /casestudies/venfleet.htm (628 words)

	International -- Spotlight on Venezuela
		The image stuck, and the country where Maracaibo is located was eventually named Venezuela--''Little Venice.'' But today, Vespucci might have a different metaphor for South America's largest lake, which is forested with oil derricks, crowded with tankers, and saturated with sewage and chemicals.
		Lake Maracaibo once was a pristine sanctuary for flamingos and mangroves-- until the 1920s discovery of oil in and around the lake.
		Seawater enters the lake through the narrow channel at its mouth, which was dredged in 1956 to allow tankers passage.
	www.businessweek.com /2000/00_51/c3712238.htm (694 words)

	CWR Contract Research - Lake Maracaibo
		The Lake Maracaibo Remediation Study is a major multi-disciplinary study for the Petroleos de Venezuela carried out by an international consortium including the Centre for Water Research and headed by Bechtel International Systems.
		Lake Maracaibo is one of Venezuela's most important water resources, providing fresh water for agriculture and supporting a local fishery, and is also the location of a major petroleum industry.
		However, over the past few decades the water quality in the lake has deteriorated, due primarily to increasing salinity and eutrophication caused by the dredging of navigation channels and the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of the shores of the Lake.
	www.cwr.uwa.edu.au /~contract/Current_projects/maracaibo.html (414 words)

	Making Progress in Lake Maracaibo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Surrounded by mountains, the lake is so large (5,100 sqaure miles, extending 110 miles inland) that it actually has a semi-arid climate in the north, yet boasts an average rainfall of more than 50 inches in the south.
		Due to the abundance of precious crude oil under Lake Maracaibo, it is a bustling beehive of commercial diving activity.
		Another source of pollution is the wastewater from the city of Maracaibo and all the important urban centers on the east coast of the lake drain into the lake waters.
	www.underwater.com /archives/arch/021.07.shtml (2105 words)

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