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Topic: Lake Vanda

	Barren, dead and dry -- like a place on Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lake Vanda is just beginning to defrost, and a moat of water has formed around the streaky ice that covers 90 percent of the lake.
		There are lakes in these valleys so salty they won't freeze at -140 degrees Farenheit; their water, it is said, becomes syrupy.
		Lake Vanda is a 10-minute helicopter ride in from the Ross Sea coast, which is packed with pure white ice and water that is so straight and blue and smooth you'd swear Sherwin-Williams painted it with high-gloss.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /antarctica/journey/ice05.shtml (733 words)

	EO News: Explanation Offered for Antarctica's Blood Falls - November 4, 2003
		The lake probably formed as much as 5 million years ago when the sea levels were higher and the ocean reached far inland.
		Three of the lakes Bonney, Fryxell and Hoare are in Taylor Valley while Lake Vanda is in the nearby Wright Valley.
		Lake Hoare was then formed on the lower side of the Canada Glacier and filled with fresh water from glacial runoff.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2003/2003110416160.html (837 words)

	PAW April 23, 2003: Features
		Lake Vanda water is used for comparisons with water from Lake Bonney.
		But soon after hearing about Lake Bonney in 1992, she realized she had no choice but to trade her sandals and al fresco lunch hours at University of California—Santa Cruz, where she chaired the marine science department, for a massive red parka, subzero temperatures, frozen peanut butter sandwiches, and hair-raising helicopter rides.
		It turns out that Lake Bonney was everything she had hoped for, yielding a host of rich findings.
	www.princeton.edu /~paw/archive_new/PAW02-03/14-0423/features1.html (2560 words)

	TEA: Smith- -- 12.3.1999
		Lake Vanda even has an inlet stream, the Onyx River, from which we could get a drink.
		Except that there are no fish in Lake Vanda or any of the lakes in the dry valleys.
		The frozen Lake Vanda lies at the floor of the Wright Valley.
	tea.armadaproject.org /smith/12.3.1999.html (1282 words)

	Aquatic ecosystems of the McMurdo Dry Valleys - the edge of survival - NIWA Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lake mats grow extremely slowly due to the low light but, like the communities in streams, they can accumulate large amounts of biomass because of minimal disturbance and an absence of grazing.
		For example, old lake terraces on the side of the valley above Lake Vanda show that 5000 years ago the lake was at least 130 m deep.
		A little over 1200 years ago, the climate was such that inflows to Lake Vanda virtually dried up, and the lake evaporated to a brine pool just a few metres deep.
	www.niwascience.co.nz /pubs/wa/11-3/mcmurdo (1469 words)

	VANDA - The Lake Database
		VANDA is short for VANn-DAtabase (=Water Database), and is a lake monitoring program in cooperation between the University of Bergen and upper secondary schools in Norway.
		Participating schools make a report on the lake's catchment area with maps of vegetation, farms, industry and residence areas, as well as local pollution sources.
		Local environmental engagement is also promoted, since the conditions in each lake depend on the constitution of the catchment area and its use by man. Establishing a contact forum between teachers, students and specialists should further stimulate activity and engagement.
	www.miljolare.no /vanda/english/DEFAULT.HTM (617 words)

	Antarctica New Zealand
		Lake Vanda was the site of a small New Zealand station occupied from 1968 to 1995, when it was removed due to concerns over rising lake levels.
		The occupation of Vanda Station and associated activities had resulted in disturbance by trampling and vehicle movement, excavations and erection of buildings, storage of consumables, accidental spills and waste disposal.
		Sampling and analysis of the lake water and algae was conducted for several years after the station was removed to make sure this was not occurring.
	www.antarcticanz.govt.nz /article/4538.html (213 words)

	International Society for Salt Lake Research
		Nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium cycling with manganese in Lake Vanda (Wright Valley, Antarctica).
		The diatom flora and limnology of lakes in the Amery Oasis, East Antarctica.
		Tirez lake as a terrestrial analog of Europa.
	www.isslr.org /news/news2001.asp (14102 words)

	TEA: Weiss- -- 1.25.2003
		The Onyx River is an 18-mile long melt water stream that flows into Lake Vanda from a glacier at the end of the valley.
		The ice-covered Lake Vanda is almost 200 feet deep and over 70 degrees Fahrenheit at the bottom.
		The deep section of the Lake is extremely saline and because there isn't any mixing the denser salt water remains at the bottom.
	tea.armadaproject.org /weiss/1.25.2003.html (579 words)

	Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The ice sediment particles serve as nutrient (inorganic and organic)-enriched microzones for the establishment of a physiologically and ecologically complex microbial consortium capable of contemporaneous photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and decomposition.
		O flux from the lake to the atmosphere is >200 times the areal flux reported for oceanic systems; most of this gas apparently enters the atmosphere through a small moat that occupies ~ 3% of the surface of the lake and exists for ~ 10 weeks in summer.
		Phytoplankton in perennially ice-covered Lake Bonney (Antarctica) are exposed to a limited range of light variation both in terms of intensity (<1-3% of incident) and spectral distribution (blue-green) during the austral spring and summer.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~lkbonney/DOCS/Abstracts.html (2411 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The significant expansion of the lake area coupled with measure-ments of the rise in lake-level over the 200-year interval and elevation permit calcul-ation of the volume of water added due to melting glaciers.
		Rectified SPOT xs subscene (40/560) of Lake Vanda, Wright Valley, Antarctica on 16, Feb 1991.
		Lake Vanda shoreline and surrounding elevation contours from 1977 USGS maps.
	www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu /contributions/sensing.html (216 words)

	Lake Vanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Vanda is a lake in Wright Valley, Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica.
		The lake is 5 km long and has a maximum depth of 69 m.
		Lake Vanda is only one of the many saline lakes in the ice-free valleys of the Transantarctic Mountains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Vanda (171 words)

	THE LAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Near the New Zealand's station of Vanda is Lake Vanda, which acts as the oasis of the valleys.
		About 10 km east of the Lake Vanda is Lake Don Juan, a shallow lake of about 30 cm deep and several hundred meters wide differing by seasons.
		This lake is famous for its ice-free waters.
	library.advanced.org /28779/geography2.html (371 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Several large lakes occupy parts of some valley floors, their surfaces frozen much of the year.
		Lake Vanda, which is typical, has 10 percent dissolved solids in its lowest few meters- -three times as saline as sea water--while the upper 50 meters have only 0.1 percent.
		Explorations of lake bottoms by scuba-equipped limnologists, including core sampling of bottom sediments, have disclosed the existence of algal life forms that are similar to those representing the earliest forms of life found on earth.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /antarctica/background/NSF/valleys.html (1763 words)

	Manganese Reduction by Microbes from Oxic Regions of the Lake Vanda (Antarctica) Water Column -- Bratina et al. 64 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		surrounding a peak of soluble manganese in Lake Vanda and characterized.
		Manganese reduction by a Lake Vanda isolate (LV62:W1) is seen as a clearing in the fl manganese oxide overlay around colonies in this backlit photograph of a typical streak plate.
		Lake Vanda is one of the least productive lakes in the world (24).
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/10/3791 (4875 words)

	Dry Valleys in Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lake Vanda, which is typical, has 10 percent dissolved solids content in its lower few meters--three times as saline as sea water-while the upper 50 meters has only 0.1 percent.
		The lakes are by far the most interesting and diverse habitats in the Dry Valleys.
		Organisms are found growing on and in the ice cover, in the water, and on the bottom of the lakes.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/science/dryvalleys.shtml (704 words)

	ANTARCTICA MAY OFFER CLUES ON WHETHER LIFE EVER EXISTED ON MARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The huge Commonwealth Glacier adjacent to Lake Vanda has been melting so fast during the past decade that the level of the lake has recently risen three feet a year Dr. Fountain said.
		New Zealand's Lake Vanda research station was closed this season because of the rising water, which was about to engulf it.
		At Lake Hoare, Dr. Fountain's measurements of the rate of melting of the adjacent Canada Glacier and the resulting flow of meltwater into the lake showed a similar pattern.
	www.anomalies.net /archive/cni-news/CNI.0320.html (1234 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover Mission:
		Antarctic lakes such as this one are reminiscent of features on Mars.
		On Earth, Lake Lahontan no longer has any water as a result of climate change since the Pleistocene Epoch, when much of North America was covered by ice sheets.
		Lake Missoula periodically breached its ice dam 13,000 to 15,000 years ago and unleashed a series of catastrophic floods that created the channeled scablands in Washington.
	marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov /spotlight/spirit/a24_20040602.html (2075 words)

	ScienceDaily: Explanation Offered For Antarctica's 'Blood Falls'
		Mountain-Front Reservoirs Control Cycles Of Great Salt Lake (November 14, 2000) -- Major cycles in the size and depth of Utah's Great Salt Lake are known from as far back as the 19th century, but now a Penn State researcher suggests an explanation for the seemingly odd behavior of...
		Ecosystem Of Vanishing Lake Yields Valuable Bacterium (October 22, 2006) -- A team of researchers that includes an MSU professor is characterizing a bacterium found near Soap Lake, Wash., that could potentially clean polluting nitrates from fertilizer and explosive...
		Lakes With Zebra Mussels Have Higher Levels Of Toxins, MSU Research Finds (March 11, 2004) -- Inland lakes in Michigan that have been invaded by zebra mussels, an exotic species that has plagued bodies of water in several states since the 1980s, have higher levels of algae that produce a...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/11/031105064856.htm (2304 words)

	Millennial-Scale Surface-Level Changes of Closed-Basin Antarctic Lakes
		Here we present evidence of millennial-scale surface-level changes of closed-basin, amplifier lakes in the Dry Valleys (77-78 S) region of Antarctica.
		Moreover, they suggest that millennial-scale climate change was not limited to the glacial period, but has occurred in the present interglacial period.
		The cause of such large and abrupt variations in lake level is not well-known, but is believed to relate to climatically induced changes in meltwater production.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/chapconf/hall_abs.html (228 words)

	New Zealand Antarctic Covers - the 1960s
		The saline bottom water in Lake Vanda traps solar energy and is well above freezing.
		The glacier melt water flowing into Lake Vanda from the east remains unfrozen for a period.
		Vanda was also famous for the quality of its scones.
	www.100megsfree3.com /glaw/scott/60s.htm (1277 words)

	Landforms
		Lake Vanda in the Wright Valley, view west with the creek entering below.
		The bluff at the end of the spur dividing the valley beyond the left edge of the lake is Basement sill at bottom with a step of granite.
		A concentration of salts washed from the locals screes, from wind-blown sea spray and from the saline lakes left after marine incursion formed a fiord, the salts have a mixed origin, and their geochemistry has been long investigated expecially by Lois Jones from OSU.
	rosssea.info /landforms.html (4280 words)

	Polar studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The composition of these lakes ranges from near freshwater, to extremely saline, with unusual enrichments in iodine.
		Similar enrichments have been observed in fracture fluids of the Fennoscandian and Canadian shields, and were interpreted by other researchers to contain cryogenically-enriched seawater which has been isolated for over 100 million years.
		Preliminary data suggests that the Dry Valley Lakes (colored points) are similar to fracture fluids in the Canadian and Fennoscandian Shields.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~gsnyder/antarctic.html (247 words)

	Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A preliminary study of the sedimentary history of Lake Vanda, Antarctica: climatic implications.
		We have analysed sections of DVDP4 sediment core from Lake Vanda, Antarctica for total dissolved salt, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, biogenic silica, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
		This work, together with other published data from Lake Vanda, indicates that the sediments contain a useful climatic history of Wright Valley.
	www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu /abstracts/Lyons3.html (100 words)

	Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Module - Links to Other Saline Lakes
		Lake Bonney in one of the Dry Valleys (from the National Science Foundation).
		LEARNZ-95 resources on Lake Vanda and Victoria Land to find transcripts on an audio tour about the lake and the so-called "Dry Valleys" (ID and Password required).
		Salton Trough - LAKE CAHUILLA from the USGS Groundwater Atlas, with links to the geologic history and a map of Pleistocene lakes in the western United States, and a satellite photo of the Gulf of California.
	resweb.llu.edu /rford/docs/VGD/GSLVT/gslnetlinks.html (897 words)

	Formation and character of an ancient 19-m ice cover and underlying trapped brine in an "ice-sealed" east Antarctic ...
		Lake Vida, one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, was previously believed to be shallow (<10 m)
		Lake Vida represents an aquatic ecosystem that is the result of an unusual combination of summers warm enough to generate
		Lake Vida provides a unique model for understanding what may have happened to other lakes during severe climactic deteriorations
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/1/26 (3733 words)

	Cool Antarctic Stuff - Objectivism Online Forum
		The most striking one, however, is Lake Vanda.
		Another lake, Don Juan Pond, is so saline it contains 1 kg of salts for every 2 kgs of water, and contains so much calcium chlorate that all but the heaviest winds don't stir up more than tiny ripples on the surface.
		And the biggest of the subglacial lakes is Lake Vostok, which might have been isolated from the rest of the world by 2 1/2 miles of ice for half a million years or more.
	forum.objectivismonline.net /index.php?showtopic=6497 (356 words)

	Early Mars Was Frozen - But Habitable: Part II
		So when the glaciers melt, the water flows down the Onyx River, and it's stable against boiling and it flows into the lake.
		Lake Vanda in Antarctica could be an analog, for example, for Gusev Crater, which Nathalie Cabrol and many others have shown is likely once to have been full of water.
		So the remnant of an ice-covered lake could be what the MER-A lander "Spirit" is going to land in.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mars-life-03i.html (1680 words)

	USGS Wyoming Water Science Center - Stream-gaging in Antarctica
		During the brief Antarctic summer, 24-hour daylight and relatively warm temperatures (often near 32°F) cause snow and ice on the glaciers within the Dry Valleys to melt.
		Glaciers, streams and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, along with the ecosystems dependent upon them, are extremely sensitive to changes in climate.
		Streamgaging on Onyx River at Lake Vanda, Wright Valley, Antarctica.
	wy.water.usgs.gov /projects/antarctica (245 words)

	[No title]
		Lake Vanda, one of the lakes, registers a temperature of 25 (C at its greatest depth of about 60 metres.The rock below is cooler, and so can’t be the source, scientists believe, is the sun, light travels through the crystals in Vanda’s covering of ice, over four metres thick.
		The temperature of 25 (C is found on the surface of Lake Vanda at a depth of 60 metres in Lake vanda on the rock below lake vanda in the crystals in Vanda’s covering of ice all of these 28.
		Lake vanda registers a temperature of 25 (C at its greatest depth of about 60 metres.
	geocities.com /smak3bdg/eng-pra3.doc (3356 words)

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