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	Lake Vostok - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment, one that is supersaturated with oxygen, with oxygen levels 50 times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth.
		Due to the lake's similarity to a moon of Jupiter, Europa confirmion that life can survive in Lake Vostok might strengthen the argument for the presence of life on Europa.
		The researchers assume that the fluctuation of the lake surface has the effect of a pump that keeps the water circulating, which would be necessary for the survival of microorganisms if there are any.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Vostok (847 words)

	Vostok, Lake
		Lake Vostok extends over about 14,000 square km (roughly the size of Lake Ontario) and is overlaid by 3,710 m (12,170 ft.) of ice.
		A first step toward developing instrumentation for exploring Lake Vostok was taken in 1998 with the deployment of the Lo'ihi Underwater Volcanic Vent Mission Probe.
		Among the instruments and measurement methods that may be used on the first entry probe into the lake are redox sensors and UV Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/VostokLake.html (555 words)

	Geological Society - News - Vostok is two lakes
		Scientists believe that the waters of Lake Vostok have not been disturbed for hundreds of thousands of years, and there are tantalising clues that microbes may exist there that have been isolated for at least as long.
		Lake Vostok is thought to be a very good terrestrial analogue to the conditions on Europa, a moon of Jupiter thought to hold a large liquid ocean far under its frozen surface.
		It is possible, for example, that if the water in the lake were fresh, that meltwater in the northern basin would sink to the bottom of that basin, limiting the exchange of waters between the two basins.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Vostok9387347538453 (859 words)

	GNF - Lake Vostok
		Lake Vostok is the oldest, most pristine lake in the world and it never has been disturbed by humankind yet.
		Lake Vostok is thought to be one of the world's largest lakes, 48 km wide by 225 km long and 914 m deep, covering an area of more than 10,000 km².
		Since the discovery of Lake Vostok NASA is interested in drilling into this ancient lake, to prepare for planetary missions such as to one of Jupiter's moons, Europa.
	www.globalnature.org /docs/02_vorlage_asp_id~18834_domid~1011_sp~E_addlastid~0_m1~11089_m2~11103_m3~11178_m4~18834_suma~.htm (468 words)

	Lake Vostok: Miles Below Antarctic Ice, a Freshwater Lake May Harbor Ancient Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The pristine waters of Lake Vostok, as it is called, have been isolated by a continental shield of ice two miles thick for millions of years.
		If the lake does contain life, "it would not be an overstatement to say it could be one of the biological finds of the millennium," said USC Dean of Research Donal T. Manahan, a biologist who is chairman of the polar research board of the National Academy of Sciences.
		In a sense, Lake Vostok is a planet in the ice, isolated by extreme depths of frost rather than by the cold vacuum of space.
	www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu /news/story3_2_01.html (1239 words)

	ASOC Lake Vostok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Lake Vostok is a large (10,000km2), presumably fresh water body located beneath four km of ice at 77oS105oE in East Antarctica.
		The catch 22 inherent in Lake Vostok is that the very thing that make it potentially unique: its millenia of isolation from the rest of the world, cannot be explored without introduction of the outer world to Lake Vostok.
		Lake Vostok has sat untouched for millenia, another couple of years to ensure the protection of this unique resource won't hurt.
	www.asoc.org /what_other1.htm (448 words)

	Wired 8.04: Ice Station Vostok
		Were Lake Vostok open to the rest of the world, its faint records and fragile life-forms would have been overwritten long ago.
		The ice below Vostok station is a history book, with each core a vertical record of prevalent conditions at a particular point in time: the amount of dust in the atmosphere, the levels of trace gases, even the weights of the water molecules themselves, which provide hints to major climatic events.
		But even with the new legislation, the science of Lake Vostok continued to be a strange dance between the desire to protect and the desire to study.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/8.04/vostok_pr.html (7927 words)

	Researchers describe overall water balance in subglacial Lake Vostok
		Lake Vostok, which lies buried under thousands of meters of ice high on the Antarctic Plateau, is thought to be home to unique habitats and microorganisms.
		The lake water captured by the moving ice sheet was carried as layers of ice over Lake Vostok’s eastern shoreline, and then eastward away from the lake.
		Lake Vostok is thought to be one of the world’s largest, 48 kilometers (30 miles) wide by 225 kilometers (140 miles) long and 914 meters (3,000 feet) deep.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-03/nsf-rdo032102.php (821 words)

	Columbia Earth Institute - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The Lake water captured by the moving ice sheet is deposited as layers of ice along Lake Vostok’s eastern shoreline.
		Lake Vostok is one of the largest lakes in the world, 30 by 140 miles wide and 3,000 feet deep.
		Through radar soundings over Lake Vostok, Dr. Bell and her team determined that the ice formation in the southern half of Lake Vostok, holds buckling patterns frozen into the ice sheet as it flows over the lake.
	www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu /news/story03_21_02.html (900 words)

	CNN - Life found in Lake Vostok ice - December 10, 1999
		Lake Vostok ice is among the deepest ever explored for life and is the closest earthly analog to Jupiter's moon Europa, which scientists believe may also contain the elements necessary for life.
		Lake Vostok is deeper than California's Lake Tahoe with a maximum depth of about 1,640 feet and has a surface area similar to Lake Ontario, one of North America's Great Lakes.
		The other possibility is that the microbes originated in the lake and became trapped as the lake water refroze to the glacier bottom.
	www.cnn.com /1999/NATURE/12/10/vostok.ice/index.html (514 words)

	Hispanic Business Forums - Lake Vostok
		Scientists believe that the waters of Lake Vostok have not been disturbed for hundreds of thousands of years, and there are tantalizing clues that microbes may exist there that have been isolated for at least as long.
		The ice covering the lake is between 3,700 and 4,300 meters [12,000 and 14,000 feet] thick.
		The water over that ridge is relatively shallow (200 meters or 650 feet deep), as compared to the rest of the lake, where the water ranges from roughly 400 meters [1,300 feet] deep in the northern basin to 800 meters [2,600 feet] deep in the southern.
	www.hispanicbusiness.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1354 (904 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - The Lost World of Lake Vostok
		But 4 kilometres of ice stand between the lake and the surface, and breaking this seal without contaminating the most pristine body of water on the planet is possibly one of the greatest challenges science faces in the 21st century.
		Now new research by geologists suggests that hot springs could be present in Lake Vostok, dramatically increasing the chances that it could be home to exciting new forms of bacterial life.
		The last few metres of the ice core drilled out on the the way down to lake Vostok, is actually lake water that has frozen onto the bottom of the ice sheet.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/horizon/2000/vostok.shtml (881 words)

	Michael Studinger's Homepage on Subglacial Lakes and Lake Vostok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Lake Vostok lies in the heart of the Antarctic continent hidden beneath 4 kilometers of ice (see map).
		The full size of Lake Vostok was first revealed in 1996 by the flat ice sheet surface mapped from the European ERS-1 satellite (see picture on the upper left side or click here).
		Subglacial Lake Vostok is the closest terrestrial analogue to Europa, the ice covered Jovian moon, and to a Neoproterozoic snowball Earth.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~mstuding/vostok.html (810 words)

	Scientific workshop on the Antarctic subglacial Lake Vostok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Lake Vostok, about the size of Lake Ontario, is the largest of over 70 sub-glacial lakes in Antarctica.
		The most likely scenario is that the lakes developed after the ice sheet had reached its present thickness and that the lakes have always been sealed from the atmosphere.
		It is thought that Lake Vostok may have similarities with the sub-glacial oceans that are thought to exist on the Jovian moon, Europa.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /News_and_Information/Press_Releases/1999/19990920.html (870 words)

	Geotimes February 2000 Lake Vostok
		Microscopic analyses of samples from the accreted Lake Vostok ice revealed several different bacteria including: (A) a coccoid-shaped bacterium (far right), (B) a rod-shaped bacterium, (C) an SEM image of a coccoid bacterium shown at a magnification of 1.5 x 105, and (D) an SEM image of the same rod-shaped bacterium as in (B).
		Lake Vostok is about the same size as Lake Ontario but deeper, reaching more than 500 meters below a 220-meter thick layer of lake ice, and nearly 4 kilometers of glacial ice.
		The presence of bacteria near the bottom of the ice core is intriguing because the ice sampled is refrozen lake water that circulated from the lake’s bottom, according to a third report, also in the Dec. 10 issue of Science, by a research team led by French scientist Jean Jouzel.
	www.geotimes.org /feb00/newsnotes/bacteria.html (785 words)

	The Strangest Home on Earth, Science News Online (10/2/99)
		Cut off from the rest of Earth for a million years or more, Lake Vostok may harbor ancient species of microbes, unknown to science, that are able to withstand conditions at the edge of survivability.
		Vostok Station holds the uncomfortable distinction of having recorded the coldest temperature on Earth.
		Lake Vostok is the largest of these, stretching 280 km from south to north and some 60 km from east to west, roughly the size of Lake Ontario but twice as deep.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arc99/10_2_99/bob1.htm (2528 words)

	CNN - Scientists say Antarctic lake worth a look-see - August 12, 1999
		The possible existence of microbes unknown to science residing in the liquid waters of Lake Vostok beneath the Antarctic ice sheet justifies exploration of the sub-glacial environment, according an Aug. 3 National Science Foundation report.
		Thus, if life is able to exist in the depths of Lake Vostok, then life may exist on Europa and other extreme environments elsewhere in the solar system, the scientists concluded at the workshop held Nov. 8-9, 1998, in Washington, D.C. Lake Vostok is roughly the size of Lake Ontario in the United States.
		Vostok Station — a Russian scientific outpost is located in the vicinity of the lake.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9908/13/antarctic.enn (551 words)

	USATODAY.com - Two parts of lake under Antarctic ice may hold different kinds of life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		WASHINGTON (AP) — Researchers have discovered that Lake Vostok, which is buried under more than two miles of ice near the center of Antarctica, is divided into two deep basins.
		Lake Vostok is a liquid — not frozen — body of water even though it's under the two-mile thick Antarctic ice sheet.
		Since the lake has been isolated from the rest of the world since before the last ice ages began, any life there is likely to be different from life found elsewhere on Earth.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/resources/coldscience/2004-07-09-antarctic-lakes_x.htm (609 words)

	Beneath Antarctica's ice lies mysterious Lake Vostok / High-tech tools help scientists detail underwater features
		The lake is called Vostok, and for the first time, scientists using airborne radar and other high-tech instruments have probed its depths from far above and discovered intriguing signs that two distinct biological environments may exist there side by side.
		Their results show that the lake is actually divided by a high ridge of underwater rock into two separate basins that, in effect, could be two huge storage tanks for organisms that may have long thrived in extreme environments not unlike those of other bodies in the solar system.
		All that circulation in the lake's upper water layers moves so slowly, the scientists say, that it probably takes between 55,000 and 110,000 years for the water to cycle from one end of the lake to the other -- and then slowly repeats the process, again and again and again.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/02/MNGMJ816F21.DTL (1134 words)

	Articles - Lake Vostok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		It is located at 77Â° S 105Â° E, beneath Russia´s Vostok Station, 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) under the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet.
		Due to this fact, if water is released from Lake Vostok due to drilling, it could gush like a popped carbonated (fizzy) drink can and, if not contained, open the lake to possible contamination and pose a potential hazard to scientists.
		Due to the lake´s similarity to Europa, a moon of Jupiter, confirming that life can survive in Lake Vostok might strengthen the argument for the presence of life on Europa.
	www.foreverd.com /articles/Lake_Vostok (818 words)

	Antarctica's Lake Vostok Revisited
		Although Lake Vostok lies under some 4 kilometers of ice, it remains liquid as geothermal heat seeps up through its floor.
		The covering ice sheet moves slowly across the lake and, as it does so, its bottom melts a bit, releasing frozen-in oxygen as well as life forms -- still-living microorganisms and dead creatures that fell onto the Antarctic ice thousands of years ago.
		Cores drilled from the ice sheet capping Lake Vostok have brought up a great diversity of live microbes that have survived despite the low temperatures and passage of time.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf107/sf107p10.htm (322 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Antarctic lake water will fizz like a soda, researchers say
		A team of scientists that recently investigated the levels of dissolved gases in the remote Antarctic lake found the concentrations of gas in the lake water were much higher than expected, measuring 2.65 quarts (2.5 liters) of nitrogen and oxygen per 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of water.
		Lake Vostok is a rich research site for astrobiologists, because it is thought to contain microorganisms living under its thick ice cover, an environment that may be analogous to Jupiter's moon, Europa.
		The lake, and more than 70 other lakes deep beneath the polar plateau, are part of a large, sub-glacial environment that has been isolated from the atmosphere since Antarctica became covered with ice more than 15 million years ago.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0308/11antarcticlake (858 words)

	Publications of Brent C. Christner
		The nature of microscopic particulates in meteoric and accreted ice from the Vostok ice core, is assessed in conjunction with existing ice core data to investigate the mechanism by which particulates are incorporated into refrozen lake water.
		The presence of particulates that are expected to sink in the water column (2 %) and the uneven distribution of particulates in the ice core further implies that periodic perturbations to the lakes circulation, involving increased velocities, may have occurred in the past.
		Lake Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, is separated from the surface by <4 km of glacial ice.
	www.brent.xner.net /publications.htm (2692 words)

	The Very Strange Case Of The NSA And Lake Vostok In Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The lake is one of the world's 10 largest and one of about 80 lakes that underlie 10 per cent of the ice sheet of Antarctica.
		Lake Vostok formed as a result of the combination of overlying pressure of ice and heat from the Earth's core.
		Lake Vostok is likely to be the oldest of all the "sub-glacial" ice lakes because of its size.
	www.rense.com /general9/ant.htm (3212 words)

	Publications
		Polar lakes, streams, and springs as analogs for the hydrological cycle on Mars.
		The occurrence of lysogenic bacteria and microbial aggregates in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.
		Fluorescence quenching in phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes (Antarctica): Implications for the structure and function of the photosynthetis apparatus.
	www.homepages.montana.edu /~lkbonney/DOCS/Publications.html (1687 words)

	Astrobiology news: Lake Vostok and Europa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Isolated from light and from the surface, Lake Vostok might be inhabited by microbes unlike anything known to science.
		Like Lake Vostok, Jupiter's moons Europa and Callisto may hold liquid water beneath a thick, icy crust.
		Lake Vostok may hold clues to whether life could survive in a dark extraterrestrial ocean, and may allow scientists to practice looking for it.
	astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov /stories/europa_vostok_0899.html (222 words)

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