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Topic: Lake effect

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	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		As the cold air flows over the warm water, the relatively warm lake water heats the air's bottom layer as lake moisture evaporates into the cold air.
		As this happens, friction with the ground, which is greater than the friction between the lake's water and the moving air, slows the winds.
		This is why the heaviest lake effect snow falls on hills inland from the great lakes.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/tg/wlakeeff/wlakeeff.htm (329 words)

	Lake effect snow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake effect snow, also called a snowsquall, is produced in the winter when cold winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water, picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the lee shores.
		Lake effect snows at the Tug Hill Plateau on the southeastern side of Lake Ontario frequently set the daily records for snowfall in the United States.
		Lake Erie also produces a similar effect for a zone stretching from the eastern suburbs of Cleveland to Buffalo, but Lake Erie often freezes due to its shallowness, and ice cover stops the lake effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_effect_snow (603 words)

	Lake Wobegon effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lake Wobegon effect, also called the Lake Wobegon fallacy and the better-than-average effect, is a term used by psychologists to refer to the human tendency to report flattering beliefs about oneself and believe that one is above average.
		The effect is similar and may be related to ingroup bias and wishful thinking.
		In contrast, the worse-than-average effect refers to a tendency to underestimate oneself in certain conditions, which may include self-handicapping behavior.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_woebegone_effect (399 words)

	Lake Effect Snow - Part 2
		Lake-generated snow squalls form when cold air, passing for long distances over the relatively warm waters of a large lake, picks up moisture and heat and is then forced to drop the moisture in the form of snow upon reaching the downwind shore.
		Lake-effect snows are common over the Great Lakes region because these large bodies of water can hold their summer heat well into the winter, rarely freeze over and provide the long fetch which allows the air to gain the heat and moisture required to fuel the snow squalls.
		As a result, winter weather in the lee of the Great Lakes shows a complex variability of snowfalls, with areas of deep snowfall are often adjacent to areas with relatively little snow.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/lkefsnw2.htm (643 words)

	Lake Effect Snow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Climatic "lake effects" stem from the water surface that the lakes expose to the atmosphere and from the contrasting physical properties of land and water.
		Lake effect snowfall can account for 30% to 60% of the total snowfall at some locations immediately to the lee of the lakes.
		The major lake effect snowbelts are clearly shown by the darker shaded areas.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/lake_effect_snow.html (400 words)

	Lake Wobegon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Wobegon is a fictitious town in Minnesota, claimed to have been the boyhood home of Garrison Keillor, who reports the News from Lake Wobegon on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, broadcast live every Saturday afternoon over Minnesota Public Radio and public radio stations throughout the US.
		Lake Wobegon is the seat of Mist County, a tiny county near the geographic center of Minnesota that supposedly does not appear on maps because of the incompetence of surveyors who mapped out the state in the 19th century.
		Our Lady of Perpetual Responsibility parish and the Lake Wobegon Lutheran Church are there, although Keillor identifies the founders of Lake Wobegon as New England Unitarian missionaries who came to convert the Native Americans through interpretive dance.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Wobegon (353 words)

	Lake Effect - It's cooler by the Lake
		Lake Effect's theme music was written & performed by Willy Porter and was mixed by Vinny Millevolte at Milwaukee's Engine Room Studio.
		Lake Effect is a daily, one-hour magazine show that reflects the unique character of southeastern Wisconsin - whether it means in-depth series coverage of important issues, or interviews produced on-site to allow listeners an audio window into a place they've never been.
		Like its predecessor, "At 10", Lake Effect also features in-studio performances by musicians, as well as additional produced feature stories, commentaries, essays, and sound portraits.
	www.wuwm.com /lake_effect.php (205 words)

	LAKE-EFFECT SNOW FORECASTING
		The temperature difference between the lake and the 850 millibar level is usually greater than 13° C for significant lake-effect snow to occur.
		The lake must be of large size (fetch greater than 100 kilometers) and exist at a latitude where cold temperatures are experienced.
		If the lake is of a large size, latent heat release due to condensation and warming by conduction and turbulent mixing will create a large relatively warm air mass at the surface.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /winterwx/lesnow (1605 words)

	NOAA Home Page - Question of the Month
		Lake effect snows yielding as much as 193 cm (76 inches) of light-density snow in 24 hours and fall rates as high as 15 cm (6 inches) per hour have been reported.
		In general, lake effect snowfall contributes between 30 and 60 percent of the annual winter snowfall on the eastern and southern shores of the Great Lakes.
		The distribution of lake effect snow is dependent upon several factors—many are associated with the prevailing meteorological situation, while others are a function of the physical geography of the land and water in the immediate area:
	www.noaa.gov /questions/question_011602.html (1420 words)

	Impacts of Climate Change in the Great Lakes
		Despite this significant increase in precipitation, lake water levels are expected to fall by 1.5 to 8 feet by 2100 because of the higher temperatures, with serious implications for ecosystems and the economy.
		Aquatic ecosystems of the Great Lakes region support delicate, deeply interconnected webs of life which are highly adapted to the physical (and biochemical) characteristics and cycles of the lakes themselves.
		If primary production in lakes declines as projected, stocking strategies may be required to rebuild stocks of native species that have survived in the lakes through centuries of post-glacial change.
	www.climatehotmap.org /impacts/greatlakes.html (2034 words)

	Lake Effect Snow - Part 1
		In areas south of one of the Great Lakes, cold front passage will often be followed by a 24 to 36-hour period of blustery northerly or westerly winds, falling temperatures and persistent flurries of fluffy snow.
		Not so around the Great Lakes, where it is said: "During the winter, the weather clears up stormy." The cold air picks up substantial moisture as it moves over the Lakes and deposits it as snow inland from the downwind shore.
		And, although the east and south shores of the Great Lakes are most likely to have lake-effect snowfalls, north and west shorelines can be hit if the air traversing the lake is cold enough and the distance the air passes over open water (known as the fetch) is large enough.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/lkefsnw1.htm (524 words)

	The Great Lakes Atlas: Chapter Two
		The weather in the Great Lakes basin is affected by three factors: air masses from other regions, the location of the basin within a large continental landmass, and the moderating influence of the lakes themselves.
		Warmer climates mean increased evaporation from the lake surfaces and evapotranspiration from the land surface of the basin.
		During the spring warming period, the rapidly warming nearshore waters are inhibited from moving to the open lake by a thermal bar, a sharp temperature gradient that prevents mixing until the sun warms the open lake surface waters or until the waters are mixed by storms.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/atlas/glat-ch2.html (4915 words)

	Geology of Lake Erie, Avon, Ohio
		Though the Lakes have abbreviated histories, the formation of the basins is extremely complex and is based on the interpretation of past events through the analysis of the geologic record.
		A cross section of Lake Superior is shown in the figure below to illustrate Precambrian crystalline rocks at the margins of the basin overlying relatively hard but highly fractured and riddled sedimentary rocks (which have undergone a slight degree of metamorphism) in the depression of the lake.
		Lake Michigan lies wholly within the Paleozoic rock province of the region as does all of Lake Huron except for the north-northeastern shore which is on the edge of the Canadian Shield.
	www.avonhistory.org /hist/lakes1.htm (3237 words)

	Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		As it turns out, the difference between lake temperature and air temperature is one of the most important ingredients in making lake effect snow.
		As previously mentioned, forecasters compare the atmospheric temperature at 850 mb to the lake temperature to gauge lake-effect snow potential, given that the lake is not frozen.
		When the lake temperature is 13°C warmer than the atmosphere at 850 mb, and the atmosphere is cold enough to produce snow, it is possible for lake-effect snow to form.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/l/m/lmb305/lake.htm (1691 words)

	Lake Effect Snow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This is attributed to Lake Ontario because of its geographic proximity.
		Lake effect snow occurs often during the winter months.
		Due to the heat and moisture that the lake puts into the overlying air, the air close to the surface is very buoyant.
	web.syr.edu /~wrt405/normal/Lake_Effect.html (379 words)

	Lake-effect snow
		The lake surface evaporates, which is very effective when the wind is strong and the air dry (Dalton's equation, Note 4.E).
		Certainly this effect is important in the case of Lake Baikal in Siberia.
		Sometimes the lake-effect snow is concentrated along a narrow band due to mesoscale flows around the lake, in particular a landbreeze from one or opposing shores, e.g.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/lake_effect_snow.html (834 words)

	Lake Wobegon effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many experiments have shown that most people believe that they possess more desirable attributes than other people.
		The effect has been found repeatedly by many other studies for other traits, including fairness, virtuosity, luckier and better investors, to name a few.
		Some have argued that more subjective traits like this may be more easily distorted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Wobegon_effect (399 words)

	Lake/Ocean Effect Snow: Basic Ingredients
		One of the basic contributors to lake/ocean effect snow is the unstable lapse rate generated by the relatively warm water surface underlying the cold atmosphere during the cool season.
		All of these warm water sources for lake/ocean effect snow also share the characteristic that they are situated in areas over which cold polar or arctic air masses frequently migrate in the cool season, which makes them climatologically favorable for the occurrence of lake/ocean effect snow.
		The lake/ocean effect process can occur any time that the overlying air mass is sufficiently colder than the water surface, but the occurrence of snow typically commences in November for the lower Great Lakes, and earlier at higher latitudes.
	deved.meted.ucar.edu /norlat/snow/lake_effect/1_lo_snow_basic_ingredients.htm (3802 words)

	11 January 1999 -- Lake Effect Snow Bands in Western New York
		Lake Effect Snow (LES) bands formed over Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on 11 Januray 1999, and affected parts of western New York state with snowfall rates of 1 to 3 inches per hour.
		The synoptic-scale southwesterly flow was oriented along the axis of Lakes Erie and Ontario, allowing a long fetch of cold air (air temperatures near 10 F / -12 C) over the warmer water (non-frozen, water temperatures 32 to 43 F / 0 to +6 C).
		One factor that is important in forecasting the occurrence and severity of LES is the difference in temperature between the relatively warm lake water and the cold air within the lowest 1-2 km of the troposphere.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /goes/misc/990111.html (422 words)

	Lake effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The stuff in Lake Erie is the same kind that swims around inside the intestines of warm-blooded creatures, humans included, few of whom especially want to return the favor by swimming around in it.
		By Thursday, everyone was back in the water and Lake Erie, for nearly a century the battered spouse among the Great Lakes, continued what turns out to be an astonishing recovery from far worse than the occasional washoff of animal-born bacteria.
		As recently as 1969, observers were suggesting that Lake Erie was irrecoverable, a testimony to mankind's capacity to harness nature, wrestle it to the ground and stab it to death.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05205/542394.stm (702 words)

	Lake Superior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The amount of ice cover on Lake Superior directly effects the amount of lake effect snow we receive.
		In these images from the winter of 1994-95, lake effect snow squalls can be observed.
		The snow squalls are generated as point sources in the lake, and allign themselves parallel to the prevailing wind.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /rs/avhrr/lake (226 words)

	Veterans Day Lake Effect Snowstorm: November 9-14, 1996 in the Great Lakes
		Lake Erie's surface water temperatures may still be near 60 F, while inland surface temperatures fall well below freezing during cold air outbreaks.
		The strong temperature contrast between the lake and the polar or arctic air masses promotes turbulence and rising motions in the lower part of the air column which in turn produce clouds and precipitation.
		The squalls may persist for hours in favored locations to the lee of the lakes, resulting in the famous lake effect snowstorms we hear so much about.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/arch/cases/961109/home.rxml (509 words)

	Using the Lake applet - and when not to use it.
		Don't use the lake applets in front of a waterfall or fountain - unless your water is animated and you use the David Griffiths Horizon or Dorian Gray II applet.
		If the image you are applying the lake applets to has a horizon where water meets the sky, do not include the horizon as part of your reflection.
		If you are applying the lake applets to a stream or brook, use the AnLake or David Griffiths applet with a foreground.
	www.jaydax.co.uk /tutorials/laketutorial/indexl.html (724 words)

	The Lake Effect
		Later, Sir Norman Watson, onetime owner of the ski hill and the eccentric son of an English margarine baron, spent years trying to transform Lake Louise into the "Engadin of the New World"—complete with brown cows, a string of backcountry huts for the well-heeled skier, and imported Swiss peasants.
		It was just pristine." Lake Louise may not be a hotbed of transcendental insight, but I let his half-baked rumination slide.
		My remaining days at Lake Louise were a similar mix of high and low tastes—filet mignon of bison dipped in boiling fondue oil at the Chateau's wood-paneled Walliser Stube, followed by shepherd's pie at the locals' bargain hangout, the Outpost Pub, and a bunk at the Alpine Centre Hostel (all rumors—yoga, salmon—were true).
	www.skiingmag.com /skiing/travel/article/0,12910,561103,00.html (1983 words)

	Lake Effect Diner Blows into Buffalo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		When Lake Effect came to Buffalo in October, all they shoveled was food.
		The Lake Effect is a classic example of the 50s style of diner, with stainless steel, fluting strips, a vestibule, booths and stools.
		We've eaten in more than 190 diners across the country and even in its infancy, the Lake Effect ranks in the 85th percentile, a tasty testament to what a little study and a lot of will can accomplish.
	www.btwmagazine.com /features/lakeeffect.html (672 words)

	Home
		October Lake Effect did have very good results in Groveport, Ohio on Sunday at the COBC sponsored 2007 Ohio State Time Trial Championships.
		Lake Metroparks X-C Ski race - Derek (39:13) and Rudy (31:13) raced Sunday in Kirkland at the 2nd x-c ski race.
		Bike Authority employee Marko Vucovich was filming the events and seemed to be chomping at the bit to get on his bike to teach the newbies a few new tricks. Bike Authority is a sponsor of Ray's and has it's own corner at the start and finish (it's the same corner) of the cross country loop.
	www.teamlakeeffect.com (2257 words)

	Salt Lake Valley Snowstorms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Snowstorms over northern Utah have a dramatic effect on regional commerce, transportation, and daily activity and are a major forecast challenge for local meteorologists.
		The region is characterized by intense vertical relief with the Great Salt Lake and surrounding lowlands located near 4300 ft MSL while the adjoining Wasatch Mountains to the east reach as high as 11,000 ft MSL.
		Such snowbands are known locally as "lake effect bands," produce some of the region's worst winter storms, and continue to perplex operational and research meteorologists.
	www.met.utah.edu /jimsteen/utah_climo/snowstorms.html (314 words)

	Climate change ahead for Great Lakes? - 12/7/00
		Lake effect snowfall may decline, while blizzards, tornadoes and other extreme weather could increase.
		Nearly three dozen scientists contributed to the Great Lakes report, one of a number of regional assessments being conducted as part of the national study.
		But this one is different in several key respects, said Peter Sousounis, the lead author and associate professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Michigan.
	www.detroitnews.com /2000/metro/0012/07/d18d-158487.htm (561 words)

	Lake Effect Pony Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Lake Effect Pony Club has just recently made its debut in the Wayne-Ontario counties of New York State.
		The goal of Lake Effect Pony Club is to educate young horsemen and women about many aspects of the equine world.
		Lake Effect Pony Club is affiliated with the United States Pony Clubs and Western New York Region of Pony Club.
	members.aol.com /lakeeffectpc (264 words)

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