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Topic: Lake effect snow

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	Lake effect snow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake effect snow, also called a snowsquall, is produced in the winter when cold winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water, picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the lee shores.
		Lake effect snows at the Tug Hill Plateau on the southeastern side of Lake Ontario frequently set the daily records for snowfall in the United States.
		Lake Erie also produces a similar effect for a zone stretching from the eastern suburbs of Cleveland to Buffalo, but Lake Erie often freezes due to its shallowness, and ice cover stops the lake effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_effect_snow (603 words)

	Snow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Snow is precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes.
		Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 0°C (32°F), and then falls to the ground.
		Where snow is scarce but the temperature is low enough, snow cannons may be used to produce an adequate amount for such sports.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Snow (905 words)

	Encyclopedia: Snow
		Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less that 0Â°C (32Â°F), and then falls to the ground.
		In physics, surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet.
		Snow sculpture is a sculpture form comparable to ice sculpture in that most of it is now practiced outdoors, and often in full view of spectators, thus giving it kinship to performance art in the eyes of some.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Snow (3297 words)

	Lake effect snow -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lake effect (A layer of snowflakes (white crystals of frozen water) covering the ground) snow is produced in the winter when cold winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water, picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the lee shores.
		This effect is enhanced when the moving air mass is uplifted by the (Click link for more info and facts about orographic) orographic effect of higher elevations on the downwind shores.
		Cold winds in the winter typically prevail from the west-southwest to the northwest in the North Temperate Zone, producing the most dramatic lake effect snow falls on the northeast to south east shores of the (A group of 5 lakes in central North America) Great Lakes.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/la/lake_effect_snow.htm (447 words)

	Lake Effect Snow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is attributed to Lake Ontario because of its geographic proximity.
		Lake effect snow occurs often during the winter months.
		Due to the heat and moisture that the lake puts into the overlying air, the air close to the surface is very buoyant.
	web.syr.edu /~wrt405/normal/Lake_Effect.html (379 words)

	Lake/Ocean Effect Snow Outline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are also less frequent occurrences of snow bands exhibiting characteristics similar to both single and multiple bands, and in rare cases a mesoscale vortex may develop near one end of an elongated body of water.
		Single, wind-parallel snow bands generally develop when the prevailing low-level flow is more nearly parallel to the long axis of an elliptically-shaped lake or bay (see conceptual model).
		In the conceptual example over Lake Ontario, west-southwest winds may result in a snow band along or near the north shore, west winds favor a snow band over the center of the lake, while west-northwest flow results in a snow band near the south shore.
	meted.ucar.edu /norlat/snow/lake_effect/2_lo_snow_banding_processes.htm (989 words)

	Lake Effect Snow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Climatic "lake effects" stem from the water surface that the lakes expose to the atmosphere and from the contrasting physical properties of land and water.
		Lake effect snowfall can account for 30% to 60% of the total snowfall at some locations immediately to the lee of the lakes.
		The major lake effect snowbelts are clearly shown by the darker shaded areas.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/lake_effect_snow.html (400 words)

	Lake Effect Snow - Part 2
		Lake-generated snow squalls form when cold air, passing for long distances over the relatively warm waters of a large lake, picks up moisture and heat and is then forced to drop the moisture in the form of snow upon reaching the downwind shore.
		Lake-effect snows are common over the Great Lakes region because these large bodies of water can hold their summer heat well into the winter, rarely freeze over and provide the long fetch which allows the air to gain the heat and moisture required to fuel the snow squalls.
		As a result, winter weather in the lee of the Great Lakes shows a complex variability of snowfalls, with areas of deep snowfall are often adjacent to areas with relatively little snow.
	www.islandnet.com /%7Esee/weather/elements/lkefsnw2.htm (643 words)

	Lake Effect Snow - Part 1
		Often heavy snow squalls accompanied by falling and blowing snow and reduced visibility intermix with brief periods of partly cloudy skies and some blowing snow.
		When lake-effect snow squalls are well developed, there may be less than 12 hours between the last of them and the more widespread snowfall of the next cyclonic storm system.
		Not so around the Great Lakes, where it is said: "During the winter, the weather clears up stormy." The cold air picks up substantial moisture as it moves over the Lakes and deposits it as snow inland from the downwind shore.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/lkefsnw1.htm (524 words)

	LAKE-EFFECT SNOW FORECASTING
		The snow is most intense in the late Fall and early Winter because the temperature gradient between the lake and the cold air is at a maximum in this time period.
		The temperature difference between the lake and the 850 millibar level is usually greater than 13° C for significant lake-effect snow to occur.
		The lake must be of large size (fetch greater than 100 kilometers) and exist at a latitude where cold temperatures are experienced.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /winterwx/lesnow (1605 words)

	NOAA Home Page - Question of the Month
		This snow, known as "lake-effect snow," is generated from the temperature contrast between the cold arctic air moving over the relatively warm waters of the Great Lakes (or other large body of water).
		Lake-effect snow cloud bands are remarkably persistent and have been known to cause continuous snowfall for as long as 48 hours over a sharply defined region—an amount that often exceeds that of a typical winter storm (i.e., one associated with a low pressure).
		Lake effect snows yielding as much as 193 cm (76 inches) of light-density snow in 24 hours and fall rates as high as 15 cm (6 inches) per hour have been reported.
	www.noaa.gov /questions/question_011602.html (1420 words)

	Lake/Ocean Effect Snow: Basic Ingredients
		One of the basic contributors to lake/ocean effect snow is the unstable lapse rate generated by the relatively warm water surface underlying the cold atmosphere during the cool season.
		All of these warm water sources for lake/ocean effect snow also share the characteristic that they are situated in areas over which cold polar or arctic air masses frequently migrate in the cool season, which makes them climatologically favorable for the occurrence of lake/ocean effect snow.
		The lake/ocean effect process can occur any time that the overlying air mass is sufficiently colder than the water surface, but the occurrence of snow typically commences in November for the lower Great Lakes, and earlier at higher latitudes.
	deved.meted.ucar.edu /norlat/snow/lake_effect/1_lo_snow_basic_ingredients.htm (3802 words)

	Impacts of Climate Change in the Great Lakes
		Despite this significant increase in precipitation, lake water levels are expected to fall by 1.5 to 8 feet by 2100 because of the higher temperatures, with serious implications for ecosystems and the economy.
		Aquatic ecosystems of the Great Lakes region support delicate, deeply interconnected webs of life which are highly adapted to the physical (and biochemical) characteristics and cycles of the lakes themselves.
		If primary production in lakes declines as projected, stocking strategies may be required to rebuild stocks of native species that have survived in the lakes through centuries of post-glacial change.
	www.climatehotmap.org /impacts/greatlakes.html (2034 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As this happens, friction with the ground, which is greater than the friction between the lake's water and the moving air, slows the winds.
		Convergence increases the amount of snow that's falling on the land compared with the amount falling on the lake.
		This is why the heaviest lake effect snow falls on hills inland from the great lakes.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wlakeeff.htm (321 words)

	USATODAY.com - Lake effect snow slows traffic in Utah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Motorists on Interstate 15 in northern Utah crawled along at school-zone speeds Wednesday morning, slipping and sliding on snow that came from the air — and the Great Salt Lake.
		The "bathtub" in Wednesday's storm that contributed to snow on the valley floor was the Great Salt Lake which — along with the Great Lakes — is one of two water masses in the country known for this climatic phenomenon.
		Snow fell at between 2 and 3 inches per hour in the backcountry, according to the Utah Avalanche Center.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/stormcenter/2005-03-30-utah-snow_x.htm?csp=34 (613 words)

	The News-Herald - News - 12/21/2000 - Winter has arrived (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Yet while reliable total snow depth information is largely unavailable, the mechanics that lead to the formation of lake-effect snowstorms are better understood.
		In the case of Northeast Ohio, as cold air is carried by winds across Lake Erie's warmer waters, rapid evaporation begins.
		Winds that are more northwesterly usually pummel the traditional Snow Belt region of southern Lake County and the highlands of Geauga County, especially Montville, Thompson, Chardon and Hambden townships.
	zwire.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=1199485&BRD=1698&PAG=461&...&rfi=6 (636 words)

	Talking points for Lake-effect snow session
		For Lake Ontario the fetch is not maximized and the angle of the wind with respect to the major axis of the lake is greater than 30 degrees, therefore multiple bands occur.
		The Lake Ontario snowband develops a single intense band due to the wind flowing parralel to the long axis of the lake, maximizing the fetch.
		One rule of thumb is to use the halfway point between the surface and lake induced equilibrium level as an estimate of the level of non-divergence.
	rammb.cira.colostate.edu /visit/les_talk.html (2344 words)

	The Snow Accumulation Algorithm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The snow water ratio is the number of inches of SD per inch of S or the inverse of the snow density.
		In addition, in the Cascades (Stevens Pass, WA) the median snow water ratio is 12.5:1, and at Anchorage, Alaska the median snow water ratio is 14.3:1.
		The SAA was predominately developed from high quality hourly snow gage data, and some adjustment may be needed when comparing the algorithm's output to longer periods of actual accumulation, for example to snow totals taken once every three hours, six hours, once per day, or once at the end of the storm.
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /~watads/snow/snow.htm (3130 words)

	Lake-effect snow
		For instance, 50 cm of snow may accumulate over the course of a few days near the shore, and 50 km from the lake shore the ground may be bare.
		Certainly this effect is important in the case of Lake Baikal in Siberia.
		Sometimes the lake-effect snow is concentrated along a narrow band due to mesoscale flows around the lake, in particular a landbreeze from one or opposing shores, e.g.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/lake_effect_snow.html (834 words)

	Veterans Day Lake Effect Snowstorm: November 9-14, 1996 in the Great Lakes
		The Veteran's Day storm of November 9-14, 1996 may be the most severe early season lake effect snow (LES) storm the Great Lakes has witnessed in the past fifty years.
		The strong temperature contrast between the lake and the polar or arctic air masses promotes turbulence and rising motions in the lower part of the air column which in turn produce clouds and precipitation.
		The squalls may persist for hours in favored locations to the lee of the lakes, resulting in the famous lake effect snowstorms we hear so much about.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/arch/cases/961109/home.rxml (509 words)

	A LAKE-EFFECT SNOW IN ARKANSAS
		Snowfall amounts from this event measured from one-half to around one inch, so the significance was not in the amount of snow that fell, but rather in the dynamics of how the snow occurred.
		Light snow was occurring across portions of southern Missouri as shown by the banded imagery on the Springfield, Missouri, WSR-88D at 1254 UTC (Fig.
		Once cold advection set in, the lake-effect snow ended, to be replaced by a more widely based light snow that fell from a more extensive layer of cold air stratocumulus.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /topics/attach/html/ssd97-21.htm (1295 words)

	Lake Superior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In these images from the winter of 1994-95, lake effect snow squalls can be observed.
		The snow squalls are generated as point sources in the lake, and allign themselves parallel to the prevailing wind.
		There are "snow shadows" in the lee of the Keweenaw, the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin, and Pie Island, northwest of Isle Royale.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /rs/avhrr/lake (226 words)

	11 January 1999 -- Lake Effect Snow Bands in Western New York
		Lake Effect Snow (LES) bands formed over Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on 11 Januray 1999, and affected parts of western New York state with snowfall rates of 1 to 3 inches per hour.
		The synoptic-scale southwesterly flow was oriented along the axis of Lakes Erie and Ontario, allowing a long fetch of cold air (air temperatures near 10 F / -12 C) over the warmer water (non-frozen, water temperatures 32 to 43 F / 0 to +6 C).
		One factor that is important in forecasting the occurrence and severity of LES is the difference in temperature between the relatively warm lake water and the cold air within the lowest 1-2 km of the troposphere.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /goes/misc/990111.html (422 words)

	WZZM13.com - Lake Effect Snow
		During early winter, heavy snow squalls often fall downwind of the Great Lakes behind strong cold fronts.
		This snow, known as lake-effect snow, is caused by the temperature contrast between the cold air moving over the Great Lakes and the warm water in the Great Lakes.
		The snow squalls that fall near the Great Lakes are often very local with some places receiving a couple inches and others getting more than a foot.
	www.wzzm13.com /lakeeffect.asp (246 words)

	Weather and Climate in the Great Lakes Region
		Acting as a giant heat sink, the lakes moderate the temperatures of the surrounding land, cooling the summers and warming the winters.
		The shores of Lake Superior are prone to this "lake effect" snow and have recorded up to 350 inches of snow in a single year.
		This trend is forecasted to continue for the foreseeable future due in part to the fact that the drainage basins for lakes Superior and northern Michigan and Huron (the headwaters for the Great Lakes) have had one of the driest winters on record.
	www.great-lakes.net /envt/refs/weather.html (1067 words)

	Lake Effect Snow Prediction Page
		In conjunction with the ongoing Lake-effect snow project being conducted by the National Weather Service, a user-friendly and highly interactive computer application has been developed that uses high resolution numerical weather prediction data to enhance the local forecasts of mesoscale snowstorms near the Great Lakes.
		Lake effect snows are particularly important winter phenomena to a meteorologist because of the enormous amounts of snow that often occur over localized, and sometimes heavily populated, regions downwind of the Great Lakes (Sykes 1966, Niziol 1989).
		The scale of lake snows span the mesogamma (2-20 km) to mesobeta (20-200 km) as classified by Orlanski (1975).
	www.wbuf.noaa.gov /respap2.htm (2217 words)

	The News-Herald - News - 11/22/2000 - Holiday blanket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ashtabula County wasn't the only county hit by lake-effect snow, but was the hardest hit.
		Conneaut residents spent much of their morning digging out from a foot of snow, while the Ashtabula area received 9 inches.
		In Lake County, two tractor trailers reportedly went off the road into the ditch on Ford Road, according to the Madison Township Fire Department.
	zwire.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=1102927&BRD=1698&PAG=461&...&rfi=6 (748 words)

	All About Snow
		If you want to know why snow is white, or why forecasting snow can be so difficult, this is the section for you.
		Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel describes how we have dealt with snowstorms in cities in the United States since the 1700's.
		Snow in the News lists the latest links to news site stories about snow.
	nsidc.org /snow/index.html (286 words)

	DLE Diagnostics
		Climatological lake temperatures are similar to climatological mean air temperatures at SLC, but the shallow nature of the GSL allows for rapid changes in lake-surface temperature over short time periods.
		The salinity of the GSL prevents freezing over most of the lake surface and results in a significant reduction of saturation vapor pressure and latent heat flux over the GSL.
		The model lake will have an impact on wind, temperature, and precipitation forecasts, although the skill of such forecasts has yet to be determined.
	www.met.utah.edu /jimsteen/cirp/lake_diagnostics (1851 words)

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