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Topic: Lake pigments

	Artist's Pigments
		WHITE pigments were obtained from lime, gypsum, whiting or chalk, and white lead ; the latter was the native cerusite, a carbonate of lead which was in use as early as 400 B.C. Oxides of tin and zinc were also used as white pigments from a very early date.
		It is an iron ochre of a brick-red colour and is a useful and permanent pigment in oil, water colour, and in fresco.
		The Ultramarine pigment is prepared from the lazulite mineral by pounding it in a mortar to a fine powder, and by subjecting it to a prolonged and thorough grinding in water.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles20/painting-methods-12.shtml (4937 words)

	Logwood
		Pigments and dyes are not identical, although there are cases in which the same coloring matter which yields a dye or stain may give rise to a pigment.
		A pigment is, in fact, a substance which is insoluble in the vehicle with which it is mixed to make a paint, while a dye is soluble.
		Lake pigments made from logwood are not considered to be permanent, lightfast colors.
	www.naturalpigments.com /detail.asp?PRODUCT_ID=455-16S (1154 words)

	Process for treating pigments - Patent 5169881
		Inorganic pigments such as iron oxides, zinc oxide, talc, titanium oxide, chromium hydroxide, chromium oxide, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, manganese ammonium pyrophosphate complex (manganese violet), and sodium aluminum sulfosilicates complex (ultramarine blue) are commonly used as cosmetic ingredients.
		After performing step (2) wherein the polyester is liquefied, the treated pigment blend comprises a continuous phase which preferably comprises substantially all the water and substantially all the polyester material and a dispersed phase which comprises substantially all the pigment material.
		An aqueous dispersion of pigment material as obtained from the process described in Example 3 is prepared at 50% concentration by adding 120 g of pigment material to 120 g of water at 70.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5169881.html (6576 words)

	Facts about lake pigments
		Lake pigments are made by precipitating dye on an inert substance, such as calcium sulphate.
		Many lake pigments are fugitive, due to the nature of the dyes involved.
		Some common lake pigments are rose madder (made from a root) and carmine (made from a beetle).
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/lake_pigments.html (66 words)

	Dyes and Pigments - China GreatVista Chemicals
		Unlike pigments, dyes are absorbed to a certain extent by the material to which they are applied.
		However, since each pigment reacts with only a narrow range of the spectrum, there is usually a need to produce several kinds of pigments, each of a different color, to capture more of the sun's energy.
		Phycobilins are water-soluble pigments, and are therefore found in the cytoplasm, or in the stroma of the chloroplast.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /dyes_and_pigments (1892 words)

	Specialty Compounds for Medical Applications: An Introduction (MPB archive, Sep 96)
		Quinaridone red and violet--also very strong organic pigments that are compatible with most resins--are stable up to about 500°F. Produced through a natural gas process, channel fls are a carbonaceous soot that acts as a strong fl pigment with excellent heat stability when used in weight concentrations up to 0.5%.
		Lake pigments typically contain only 20 to 40% pure dye and therefore must be added in sufficient quantity to achieve a satisfactory depth of color.
		Although lake pigments, being nontoxic, are excellent for food packaging applications, they are soluble in water and have a tendency to bleed out of some resins.
	www.devicelink.com /mpb/archive/96/09/003.html (3174 words)

	Wikinfo \| Lake
		A lake is a large body of water, usually fresh water, surrounded by land.
		Large lakes are sometimes referred to as "inland seas" and small seas are sometimes referred to as lakes.
		The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre which is dry most of the time but become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=lake (252 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Science & Technology - INCREDIBLE COLORS
		Red lake pigment is made from a dye, extracted from an animal or plant source, that has been rendered insoluble by reaction with a metal ion, most often aluminum, to form an organometallic complex.
		Lotto not only used transparent red lake pigments prepared from either madder or kermes, he also added finely ground sand to them to improve their working properties.
		Analysis of the orange-yellow pigment using X-ray energy dispersion unmasked its elemental composition to be a silicate with a little iron and antimony.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/science/84/8437sci1.html (2245 words)

	KREMER Pigments:
		Genuine ultramarine blue pigment is made from the semi-precious stone, lapis lazuli, which is a mixture of the blue mineral lazurite, with calcspar and iron pyrites.
		The distinctive pure bright blue colour of the dry pigment is retained when bound in an aqueous media such as egg tempera.
		In the past, natural ultramarine is mainly seen unmixed with pigments other than white, but its slightly violet-blue hue made it more of value for producing purple colours by mixing it with crimson-coloured lake pigments such as madder.
	www.kremer-pigmente.de /intl.catalog/10500e.htm (702 words)

	Sanders Studios: Tutorials - Pigments Present
		Nonetheless, monoazo pigments are of limited lightfastness when compared with other synthetic dyes, especially in tints with white where they are known to fade.
		When ground in oil, ultramarine normally has one of the worst painting consistencies of any of the pigments and tends to make paints of erratic and usually stringy nature; it is therefore much diluted with waxes and other stabilizers by the makers of colors who require all their paints to have the same buttery plasticity.
		However, it is one of the worst pigments to use full strength or in nearly full strength as an undercoat in oil paintings: a film of any other pigment laid over straight ivory fl is extremely likely to crack.
	www.sanders-studios.com /instruction/tutorials/historyanddefinitions/pigmentspresent.html (7038 words)

	handprint : synthetic organic pigments
		Azo pigments can be made in almost any hue, but in practice the range is limited to the warm side of the color wheel: yellow, orange, red and brown.
		The natural scarcity of blue and green pigments is illustrated by the fact that phthalo blue is the most important blue pigment discovered since cobalt blue (1804) or ultramarine blue (1828); phthalo green is the most important green pigment since emerald green (1814) or viridian (1838).
		They are very attractive substitutes for cadmium pigments in the same hues, as the mixing range of the DPP pigments is much broader than the cadmiums — though for the orange and scarlet hues, the saturation is less.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/pigmt1d.html (4436 words)

	What is PIGMENT ? - A.A. Painting Materials and Techniques
		Pigments are very fine powder that have their own color, and they are color material for paint.
		For exanple, in case of oil paint, pigments disperses as powder in paints and stays in their films on the canvas (dose not ooze out of the film s).
		Inert pigments are used as basis for lake pigments, extender or adulterant for colored pigments.
	www.cad-red.com /mt/b_pig.html (726 words)

	Notebook
		The most satisfactory way to classify a pigment is according to its source, because most of the significant properties which any pigment groups may have in common can be attributed to their composition.
		A tone is a sythetic pigment in its most concentrated form, with little or no inert material, or else a dyestuff that is naturally insoluble; the latter is the modern definition of a toner.
		Modern synthetic pigments seldom have this property, but it is not impossible for a bleeder to be used instead of beng rejected.
	www.noteaccess.com /MATERIALS/ClassificationP.htm (1056 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Lake Natron, Tanzania (Site not responding. Last check: )
		And the lake is the only breeding area for the 2.5 million Lesser Flamingoes that live in the valley.
		Lake Natron is the only breeding location for Lesser Flamingoes because its caustic environment is a barrier against predators trying to reach their nests.
		Each time the lake is photographed, there are differences in the pattern of its salt crust, and the red colors of the blue-green algae and bacteria on the surface of the crust.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10852 (368 words)

	JAIC 1991, Volume 30, Number 2, Article 2 (pp. 125 to 144)
		To produce a lake, the raw material, usually an intensely colored dye or stain, was precipitated on a finely powdered, colorless or white inert substrate such as calcium carbonate (chalk or limestone) in order to function as a pigment.
		The use of indigo as a pigment was documented for neighboring regions by Gettens and Stout (1966), suggesting its importance in the Persian palette.
		The kermes lake is one of the most ancient of the natural dyestuffs, and cochineal lakes were imported to Europe from the New World in the 16th century (Gettens and Stout 1966).
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic30-02-002_3.html (4774 words)

	Pigments and their Chemical and Artistic Properties
		The earliest occurrence of use as a pigment was in the sixth and seventh century wall paintings in cave temples at Bamiyan in Afghanistan.
		Chemically, the mineral lapis lazuli from which the pigment is made is an extremely hard and complex rock mixture: a mineralized limestone containing grains of the blue cubic mineral called lazurite, which is the essential constituent of the pigment.
		It then becomes copper phthalocyanine, but is not conditioned as a pigment until it is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid and carefully washed in excess water and filtered, the resulting paste being used thus directly in the preparation of lakes by adsorption on aluminum hydrate, or dried for incorporation into non-aqueous mediums.
	www.jcsparks.com /painted/pigment-chem.html (11975 words)

	Madder lake (Alizarin) - overview
		It is one of the most stable natural pigments.
		Madder was formerly used in large quantities for dyeing textiles and is still the color for French military cloth.
		Madder is a dye that is made into a pigmented by "laking" it - binding it to a white powder.
	webexhibits.org /pigments/indiv/overview/alizarin.html (142 words)

	JAIC 1997, Volume 36, Number 1, Article 1 (pp. 1 to 16)
		Colors based on natural earth pigments can be grouped according to proportions of trace elements revealed in semiquantitative EDX analysis: Okers contain a relatively high proportion of silica, trace amounts of potassium, and occasionally titanium, and terre de siennes contain similarly small proportions of potassium and silicon.
		The proportions of the peaks suggest that the lake base is similar to that used for carmin fix de garance.
		This pigment was mixed with a small proportion of a red iron oxide pigment.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic36-01-001_7.html (1581 words)

	StudioMara - History of Pigments 5
		The last noteworthy pigment to be developed in the period 1780 to 1880 was synthetic Indigo.
		Before the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all artists' materials were prepared in the studio, especially pigments, which were purchased in the form of a powder and ground into oil or gum by the artist or his/ her assistants.
		He had been testing pigments for lightfastness and durability for at least thirty years when his book Chromatography: A Treatise on Colours and Pigments for the use of Artists was published for the first time in 1835 (Taylor 1885).
	www.lilinks.com /mara/history5.html (2971 words)

	alizarin
		A lake is a pigment made by precipitation of a soluble dye with a metallic salt or acid complex with a base.
		The color of the lakes is also influenced by the metallic salts used: the alumina lake is rose red or bluish red with calcium, the tin lake is red-violet, the iron lake is fl-violet, and the chrome lake is brown-violet or red-brown.
		Alizarin lakes are compatible with a variety of paints and sufaces, including oil, watercolor, tempera, dry interior plaster, and chalk.
	www.sewanee.edu /chem/Chem&Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/alizarin (1292 words)

	Lake Pigments,Lake Colors,Organic Lake Pigments,Aluminum Lake Colors
		Offers information on lake pigments, lake colors, organic lake pigments, aluminum lake colors.
		Lake colors make for the most commonly used coloring agents used in a host of industries.
		Owing to their good soluble properties, lake colors can be employed to color an infinite variety of products.
	www.foodadditivesworld.com /lakes.html (141 words)

	Sun Chemical
		These yellow lake pigments are synthesized by adding the diazotized amine to a coupler.
		The dye is then precipitated by forming a less soluble Ca salt.
		Most are designed with a large particle, for an organic pigment.
	www.sunchemical.com /performancepigments/newsroom/press_release/PR-Detail-20050704-082807.html (197 words)

	On the Manufacture of Period Pigments by Cerise Moodey 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pigments containing sulfur, such as vermilion and artificial ultramarine, when used with an egg emulsion, may decompose by combining with the nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the egg to form hydrogen sulfide.
		Artificial pigments are those that were manufactured, as opposed to being found in nature.
		Some lake is made from the shearings of cloth, and it is very attractive to the eye.
	www.athenas-wisdom.com /Onmakingmedievalpigments.htm (8790 words)

	DIALOG/DISCCRS Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Photosynthetic pigments are being increasingly used to monitor recent and past changes of the phytoplankton composition and productivity that indicate changes of climatic and other environmental conditions.
		Three main aspects were investigated in Lake Baikal: (1) the distribution of phytoplankton and pigments in the euphotic zone, (2) its sedimentation through the water column, and (3) the variation of sedimentary pigments in the pristine lake during the Holocene and last interglacial.
		The conclusions on how pigments do settle to its sediment surface, considerably contribute to the understanding on the manner in which organic molecules are incorporated into the sediments in cold, deep, oxygenated lakes and marine systems.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200506-4.html (454 words)

	Sensient Technologies
		Lake pigments are certified, water-insoluble coloring agents used in foods, drugs and cosmetics.
		If you have been using standard Lake products, you could reduce your Lake pigment usage by 15 to 50 percent simply by switching to Sensient Color Group's Lakes Superior.
		Manufactured by a true state-of-the-art process, Lakes Superior is more finely ground than other Lakes, creating more surface area for reflected light.
	sensient-tech.com /solutions/cosmetics_lakes1.htm (107 words)

	Synthetic Food Colours India, Lake Food Colors India Mumbai
		Synthetic Food Colours, also known as Artificial Food Colours, are manufactured chemically and are the most commonly used dyes in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
		These colours are also known as food colors,colourings, food dyes, food additives, food lakes and food blends worldwide.
		LAKE CHOCCOLATE BROWN HT Lake pigments* find wide usage in areas like foodstuffs, pet foods, drugs and pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, plastics, plastic films, can linings, plastic food containers, inks and stationery.
	www.vinayakcorporation.com /synthetic_foodcolor.htm (347 words)

	Science News. . . The Venetian Grinds \| Art Knowledge News
		It included not only painters' pigments such as azurite, vermilion, and orpiment, but also raw materials used in a variety of crafts.
		Viewed in cross-section, the paint can be seen to contain round silica particles 4 microns to 8 microns in diameter that were mixed with red pigments known as lakes.
		Artists frequently used blue smalt as an alternative to the more exotic and expensive blue pigment lapis lazuli which was imported from the Middle East.
	www.artknowledgenews.com /205 (1738 words)

	Mineral Make-Up Color Cosmetics Supplies: Oxides, Micas and Lakes; Bases and Fillers; Packaging and Tools from ...
		In combination with matte pigments this blending base renders a natural looking liquid or powder makeup.
		This water free transparent and thick colorless gel is excellent for wetting and dispersion of pigments in addition to providing a high gloss product perfect for the use of lip gloss, lip balms and lipsticks.
		It may also be used to thicken massage oils and it's great for healing dry cracked cuticles.
	www.aromaticsandmore.com /products/colour_cosmetics.html (820 words)

	Interest in Historical Pigments [Archive] - WetCanvas!
		I also know that when you paint in watercolours, the total amount of pigment on the paper is very small, almost negligible compared to oil paint layers.
		So my palette is mostly composed of modern inorganic pigments (dark cobalt violet, manganese violet, caput mortuum violet, ultramarine blue and violet, cobalt blues B28 and B35, green earth, hydrated chromium oxide viridian, yellow an red cadmiums, yellow and red iron oxides, yellow and red ochers, natural or burnt siennas and umbers, fl iron oxide).
		First, I won't hesitate to use beautiful carmine or various red and yellow ancient-like lakes if I work on the pages of a book, wich are only exposed to the light when you want to see them.
	www.wetcanvas.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-244793.html (691 words)

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