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Topic: Lake retention time

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	Lake retention time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake retention time refers to measurements based on the volume of water in a lake and the average rate of outflow.
		The retention time is especially important where pollutants are concerned.
		The greatest lake system in the United States is the Great Lakes system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_retention_time (145 words)

	Lake Erie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River (from Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair) and drains via the Niagara River and Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario.
		During the 1970s, Lake Erie's future was jeopardized by the overabundance of phosphorus in the water, which resulted in rank smelling algal blooms fouling both cobbled and sandy beaches.
		Lake Erie has a lake retention time of 2.6 years, which is the shortest of all the Great Lakes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Erie (1178 words)

	Lake Pepin - Mississippi Valley Partners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		At one time the Lake extended to St. Paul, but as the flow of water decreased and more sediment was deposited it gradually assumed its present day size of 1 to 2 ½ miles wide and 22 miles long.
		In the late 1600s the lands around the lake were under the control of the Dakota Sioux, but their ownership was disputed by the Chippewa at the lower end of the lake.
		The name "Lake Pepin" was given to the lake by two French explorers in honor of "Pepin the Short" who ruled France from 740 to 768 AD and was the father of Charlemagne.
	www.mississippi-river.org /lakepepin.html (1248 words)

	Apostle Islands National Lakeshore - Lake Superior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Superior is one of the cleanest lakes in the world because of its temperature, size, and the lack of people living around it.
		Lake Superior's water is often referred to as "crystal clear", with visibility of 50 feet or more.
		Lake Superior has a retention time of 191 years, that being the amount of time needed for the water in the lake to be completely replaced.
	www.nps.gov /apis/superior.htm (337 words)

	minnesota sea grant - outreach - tourism - superior pursuit: facts about the greatest great lake -
		Retention time measures how long water stays in the lake, based on volume and the mean rate of outflow.
		Lake Superior is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the St. Lawrence Seaway.
		The lake's annual lake trout harvest, which had averaged 4.5 million pounds (1,814,000 kilograms) from the 1920s through the late 1940s, fell to 500,000 pounds (227,000 kilograms) by 1960.
	www.seagrant.umn.edu /tourism/pursuit.html (2783 words)

	Watershed of Lake Huron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Huron is the third largest of the lakes by volume, with 850 cubic miles of water.
		The lake measures 206 miles across and 183 miles north to south, with an average depth of 195 feet (approximately 750 feet, maximum).
		Lake Huron is the second largest Great Lake by surface area and the fifth largest freshwater lake in the world.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/lakehuron.html (486 words)

	Morphometry of Lake Chelan. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Chelan is the largest natural lake in Washington and the third deepest lake in the United States.
		Lake volume is approximately 25 billion cubic yards (19 billion cubic meters) and hydraulic retention time is 10.6 years.
		The hydrographic attributes of Lake Chelan are strongly influenced by the morphometry and bathymetry of Lucerne Basin, which accounts for 74 percent of the lake’s surface area and 92 percent of its volume.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /biblio/871.html (169 words)

	Great Art for Great Lakes - LAKE BY LAKE
		Lake Superior is the least polluted of the five lakes.
		Shallowest of all the Lakes (average depth is 19 metres); warms rapidly in spring and summer and freezes over in winter.
		Retention time is only three years, shortest of all the Lakes.
	www.on.ec.gc.ca /community/classroom/c2-lake-by-lake-e.html (610 words)

	WDNR - Retention time - Understanding Lake Data
		The average length of time water remains in a lake is called the retention time or flushing rate.
		The lake's size, water source, and watershed size primarily determine the retention time.
		Nevertheless, lakes with long retention times tend to have the best water quality as shown by the lower levels of the plant nutrient phosphorus in Table 1.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/fhp/lakes/under/retetime.htm (331 words)

	WDNR - Drainage basin/lake area ratio - Understanding Lake Data
		The size of the watershed (drainage basin) feeding a lake relative to the lake's size (area) is an important factor in determining the amount of nutrients in a lake.
		Table 1 shows the relationship between retention time and the drainage basin:lake area ratio.
		Retention time in days 0-14 15-60 61-180 181-365 366-730 >730 Mean depth (ft.) 6 8 11 11 13 23 Max.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/fhp/lakes/under/dblkarea.htm (261 words)

	LCB ATLAS: Lake and Basin Facts
		Lake Champlain flows from Whitehall, New York north almost across the U.S./Canadian border to its outlet at the Richelieu River in Quebec.
		Lake Segments: The Lake is divided into five distinct areas, each with different physical and chemical characteristics and water quality.
		Lake Stratification: Lake Champlain stratifies in the spring and summer.
	www.lcbp.org /Atlas/HTML/nat_lakefax.htm (552 words)

	Baylor University \|\| CRASR \|\| Lake Waco Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For impoundments such as Lake Waco, the period of time that water is held within the lake (the retention time) and how water mixes and moves within the lake affect water quality conditions and eutrophication.
		Some of the key physical factors that affect the health of the lake include the quantity and quality of water entering from the watershed, the climate, and the shape and bathymetery of the lake.
		A key factor driving the lake model is the nutrient inputs from the lake's tributaries, the majority of which are monitored.
	www.baylor.edu /crasr/index.php?id=14851 (1095 words)

	Lake Huron Facts and Figures
		Early explorers listed Georgian Bay as a separate sixth lake because it is nearly separated from the rest of Lake Huron by Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula.
		Shipwrecks are scattered throughout the lake, with five bottomland preserves in Michigan and a national park in Ontario designated to protect the most historically significant ones.
		The Lake Huron basin is heavily forested, sparsely populated, scenically beautiful, and economically dependent on its rich natural resources.
	www.great-lakes.net /lakes/ref/huronfact.html (267 words)

	TESTIMONY OF David Ullrich, Aug. 8, 2002
		Impacts on the Lake Erie Fishery and Other Wildlife: There are indications that a variety of changes are taking place that may seriously impact the Lake Erie fishery.
		The presence of botulism in the lake may be due to the impact of exotic species, such as the round goby, and the quagga and zebra mussels.
		Lake Erie is the proverbial “Canary in the Coal Mine”: Due to its relatively short water retention time, Lake Erie is ecologically susceptible and often the first of the Great Lakes affected by chemical and biological change.
	epw.senate.gov /107th/Ullrich_080502.htm (2273 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Ontario is similar to Lake Erie in length and breadth (193 miles by 53 miles).
		Lake Ontario, the 14th largest lake in the world, is the smallest of the Great Lakes in surface area.
		The protection of this splendid inland lake is an ongoing concern of the governments of Canada and the United States.
	t3.preservice.org /T0210274/lakeontario.htm (995 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The lake's watershed extends into Georgia and covers 3,000 square miles (note: a watershed is the total land area which drains to a common point, such as a lake, a larger river or the ocean).
		The lake is the second deepest in the state, with a 168-foot dam and a water retention time of 190 days.
		Information from 600 lake samples has been submitted to AWW for entry into the statewide water quality database, and most of this data set is summarized and posted on the AWW internet website.
	www.lakewatch.org /report2000/3-facts.htm (312 words)

	WATER QUALITY ISSUES
		Although trophic state concepts have been in existence for some time, much controversy has existed over the terminology, the precise definition of various trophic state classes, and the development of an ecologically meaningful and widely accepted quantitative procedure for determining trophic state.
		Due to the observed decrease in chlorophyll-a after the accidental release, PBSandJ (1998) recommended that the Outfall Structure be operated in a similar manner to reduce in-lake retention time of nutrients and to dilute in-lake nutrient concentrations.
		The objectives of the ERM study (1998) were to: 1)estimate the flux of nutrients, especially nitrate, into Lake Tarpon via groundwater; 2) determine the origins of nutrient rich groundwater in the Lake Tarpon watershed; and 3) identify the potential for future flux of nutrients in the lake and Brooker Creek from groundwater.
	laketarpon.org /swim2000/appendixa.htm (3604 words)

	LTMP Section 4
		Rationale: Currently, the acreage of viable wetland habitat in the Lake Tarpon drainage basin is estimated at approximately 1,360 acres, inclusive of the emergent aquatic vegetation surrounding the lake shoreline.
		(e.g., xeric uplands) in the Lake Tarpon drainage basin.
		Although lake retention time would be reduced under the recommended enhanced lake level fluctuation schedule, most of the discharged nutrient mass would be replaced by nutrients contained in precipitation, runoff and groundwater seepage from the surficial aquifer.
	laketarpon.org /final/plan4.htm (16062 words)

	[No title]
		LAKES ----- The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is designed to estimate the status, extent, change, and trends in indicators of the ecological condition of natural resources.
		This data set comes from a survey of 340 lakes in the northeastern United States carried out between 1991 and 1994.
		For each lake, scientists measured a large number of variables relating to water quality, watershed characteristics, diatoms in the sediments, and zooplankton and fish populations.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/st435-535/murtaugh/data/lakesdoc.txt (218 words)

	Lake Superior: A Place Apart -- Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine, April 2003
		Lake Superior is far from the state’s population centers, and sometimes from public consciousness, yet six percent of Lake Superior’s surface area and 153 miles of its mainland shore lie in Wisconsin.
		Lake Superior’s tributaries and watersheds have not yet recovered from the intensive logging era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
		Karen Plass is a former Lake Superior specialist with the Wisconsin DNR and former executive director of the St. Louis River Citizens Action Committee; she currently works for the University of Minnesota-Duluth.
	www.wnrmag.com /supps/2003/apr03/intro.htm (471 words)

	Aquatic Management, Inc. - Complete Lake and Pond Management
		Whether you manage a community lake, association lake, or own a private lake or pond, we are professionally qualified to provide management of nuisance aquatic weeds and algae.
		The algaecides and herbicides, we apply, are specifically registered with the State of Indiana and approved by the EPA for use in lakes and ponds.
		Many factors are involved in the performance of aeration equipment and its effectiveness including lake shape, water depth, oxygen demand, nutrient input, water retention time, lake use, fish and waterfowl population, etc. We are distributors and offer professional installations and service of all Lake Life Guard Systems.
	www.aquaticmgt.com (545 words)

	Adirondack Campus - Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Star Lake is one of a select group of Adirondack lakes which are alkaline (pH = 7.4) and supports a significant population of trout.
		The lake has no surface outlets or inlets and has a reported retention time of 2.69 years.
		The lake was stratified in September 2001 and 2002 with a thermocline at 9 meters and low oxygen levels in the hypolimnion.
	www.houghton.edu /academics/ocp/adirondacks/research (242 words)

	Lake Ontario New York Outdoor Recreation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Ontario Sailing invites you to look, click, and explore their site, and the water wonderland called Lake Ontario.
		Lake Ontario Outdoors is the outdoor resource page for the area featuring a current fishing report on what's hot and what's not on the Lake and in the rivers draining into the lake.
		The New York State Seaway Trail is a 454 mile scenic route paralleling Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
	visitnewyorkstate.net /lakeontario (654 words)

	GerberGear > Encyclopedia
		The anodized parts are quite durable, do not tarnish, resist abrasions, and maintain their cosmetic appearance for a long period of time.
		The term "full integral" means that the blade, hilt, tang and pommel are all from the same piece of steel.
		Ron Lake, a folding knife maker who achieved world prominence about 1972, invented the Interframe® method of inlaying handle material in solid metal handle frames.
	www.gerbergear.com /encyclopedia.php (5561 words)

	The Project: Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study
		Certain toxic substances accumulate or persist in the Great Lakes because, unlike rivers that are constantly flushed with cleaner waters, lakes act as "pollutant sinks".
		A drop of water entering Lake Michigan today will remain in Lake Michigan for an average of 100 years before it either evaporates or washes into Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac.
		For a particle of soil, the retention time is much, much longer.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/lmmb/project.html (318 words)

	LAKE SUPERIOR
		Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes in surface area and volume.
		Lake Superior could contain all the other Great Lakes plus three more lakes the size of Lake Erie.
		Each year a small percentage of the lake's water flows out through the St. Marys River, and it takes almost two centuries for the water to be completely replaced (retention time).
	www.cabin.truepath.com /photo_album6.html (375 words)

	CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1... - Online Information article about CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1...
		Vienna, in which he argued in support, not only of the retention of the islands under the British See also:
		time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf.
		time, had his full sympathy from the first.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CHR_CLI/CHURCH_SIR_RICHARD_17841873_.html (1281 words)

	Lake Ontario Information
		Yet with its greater average depth (approximately 283 feet), Lake Ontario holds almost four times the volume (393 cubic miles) and has a retention time of about 6 years.
		It ranks fourth among the Great Lakes in maximum depth, but its average depth is second only to Lake Superior.
		The oldest lighthouse on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes was set up at Fort Niagara in 1818 to aid navigation.
	www.lakeontario.net /resources/lakeontarioinfo.asp (322 words)

	Reference FAQs
		When the last scene was flashed before him, he looked back at the footprints and noticed that many times along the path there was only one set of footprints in the sand.
		He also noted that this happened during the lowest and saddest times in his life.
		But I noticed that during the most troublesome times of my life, there was only one set of footprints.
	www.sheboygan.lib.wi.us /pages/reffaq3.html (2009 words)

	Balogh Scientific Books, ecology, aquatic biology, Backhuys
		It is the first time that a monograph of this type has focused on the conservation and protection of a protected area.
		Despite the fact that these lakes are of great importance to the economy of Ethiopia, and are critical to the survival of local communities, there were no intensive and extensive limnological studies on these lakes until recently.
		The authors of the chapters on the different groups of zooplankton and fisheries are authorities in these fields They have also collaborated with the leading researchers in the field from all continents and this work has benefited from input of both younger scientists and senior collaborators working closely with the authors in laboratories worldwide.
	www.balogh.com /backhuys/spb-eco.html (6559 words)

	MERC Vermont \| Advisory Committee on Mercury Pollution Meeting Minutes
		Hg is significantly elevated in fishes of acidic, high-elevation, forested lakes.
		The implication is that we may be able to back off on some of the fish consumption advisories for eutrophic lakes.
		No comments or changes to these were offered, in the short time remaining until the end of the meeting.
	www.mercvt.org /acmp/minutes/2002/2002-12-20.htm (2599 words)

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