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Topic: Lamarckian

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	Human evolution theory founded on female sexual selection and neoteny: the origins of left handedness, Lamarckian ...
		Human evolution theory founded on female sexual selection and neoteny: the origins of left handedness, Lamarckian theory and the origins of autism.
		The work that this web site represents is a step back to Darwin’s original thesis (the one he died with), that all three processes are integral to an understanding of evolution.
		Sexual selection, Lamarckian selection (or the adopting of acquired characteristics), and additional selective processes outlined in this work, were created by the branching evolution of the selective processes themselves.
	www.serpentfd.org (836 words)

	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nowadays, the idea of passing on to offspring characteristics that were acquired during an organism's lifetime is called Lamarckian.
		The memetic theory of cultural evolution could be considered a form of Lamarckian inheritance of non-genetic traits.
		The pejorative use of terms like Lamarckian stems from the confusion of students on the mechanisms of evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lamarck (791 words)

	Lamarckism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lamarckism or Lamarckian evolution is a theory put forward by the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, based on heritability of acquired characteristics, the once widely accepted idea that an organism can acquire characteristics during its lifetime and pass them on to its offspring.
		Later, Mendelian genetics supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis, and the general abandonment of the Lamarckian theory of evolution in biology.
		When the researchers mated the yeast cells with cells not containing the prion, the trait reappeared in some of the resulting offspring, indicating that some genetic information indeed changed and thus was passed down.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lamarckism (1601 words)

	Darwin-L Message Log 10: 1-20 (June 1994)
		For Lamarckian transmission of ideas to take place, there would have to be some way in which the knowledge contained in my brain could be transferred to yours in the same way that I can copy the computer file containing this chapter on my diskette to your diskette.
		Lamarckian inheritance, better called "soft inheritance" as Ernst Mayr is fond of pointing out, refers to the transmission of traits acquired by an individual during its lifetime to its offspring.
		In Lamarckian inheritance not only may an individual acquire many different phenotypic traits as a result of exposure to a range of environments, those acquired traits are passed on (to some extent) to its offspring.
	rjohara.net /darwin/logs/1994/9406 (9645 words)

	Deviancy Lamarckianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Therefore, it is important to stress that the believers in Lamarckian evolution were liberals, despite the branding of them as conservative social Darwinists.
		One reason for the appeal of Lamarckianism was that it had a greater congruence with religion (Russett, 1976:10).
		It was Lamarckianism and not Darwinism that had triumphed.
	members.aol.com /nonracists/dvlamrck.html (3653 words)

	The Influence of Learning in the Evolution of Royal Road Functions
		With Lamarckian learning, the changes in the phenotype are coded back to the genotype and passed to the descendants.
		In the case of Lamarckian learning, the results are even worse than the ones obtained by evolution alone, since most of the times the GA fails to find the optimal solution.
		Lamarckian learning, if used carefully and with an effective local search algorithm, produces a dramatic reduction in the number of generations needed to reach a solution.
	eden.dei.uc.pt /~ernesto/EvoCo/papers/papers/1997/mendel.html (3359 words)

	E-Commerce News: Viewpoint: Wintel Monoculture, Lamarckian Biology and Bill Joy
		The hallmark of Lamarckian biology is the perpetuation of externally induced changes from one generation moving to future generations.
		Lamarckian biology cannot work with respect to DNA-based life, but can aptly characterize computer viruses today and will, almost certainly, apply to nanomachines in the future.
		It's possible, therefore, to think of the present epidemic of Wintel security violations and its worldwide economic consequences as a relatively benign demonstration, or model, of what happens when a Lamarck biology is allowed to work itself out in the absence of intelligent direction and control.
	www.ecommercetimes.com /story/31871.html (1134 words)

	Behaviorism - Lamarkian or Darwinian?
		As far as psychology, Lamarckian evolution can give a reason for why an individual behaves the way he or she does.
		From the subject’s point of view, behaviorism is Darwinian because the subject does not control the environment and the subject’s behavior is either positively of negatively reinforced through the stimuli in the environment.
		From the behaviorists’ point of view, behaviorism is Lamarckian because the behaviorist does in fact control the environment and the direction of reinforcement towards a positive end.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~kwcarlso/darwin.htm (1146 words)

	Controversies in Meme Theory
		Given that Darwinists had spent the best part of 100 years trying to explain why biological evolution was not Lamarckian and trying to undo some of the misconceptions generated by this alternative model, it seems possible that they drew back at the last for fear of resurrecting an old `enemy'.
		Lamarckian heredity is now widely rejected as the mechanism for inheritance within biological systems (although there have been occasional scares, see Dawkins, (1982) [17].
		It may be the case that human beings are very resistant to this kind of `Lamarckian' inheritance, and that changes accidentally acquired by the phenotype are not automatically adopted by potential hosts.
	cfpm.org /jom-emit/1998/vol2/rose_n.html (4904 words)

	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
		While the mechanism of Lamarckian evolution is quite different from that proposed by Darwin, the predicted result is the same: adaptive change in lineages, ultimately driven by environmental change, over long periods of time.
		It is even more interesting to note that, although Darwin tried to refute the Lamarckian mechanism of inheritance, he later admitted that the heritable effects of use and disuse might be important in evolution.
		Several other scientists of the day, including Erasmus Darwin, subscribed to the theory of use and disuse -- in fact, Erasmus Darwin's evolutionary theory is so close to Lamarck's in many respects that it is surprising that, as far as is known now, the two men were unaware of each other's work.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/lamarck.html (1669 words)

	Architectural Innovation as an Evolutionary Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Designing in a Lamarckian way means zooming in as fast as possible to one preliminary but feasible solution and then test and improve that solution as long as is felt to be needed and sensible.
		Within the flow of the framework the role of memes is investigated: their individual as well as collective transmission, consumption and creative transformation within de design processes explored in the case study.
		As a process of architectural designing, the Lamarckian way of evolutionary development seems to be the most common one applied in architectural practice.
	www.generativeart.com /2000/DARU1.HTM (10203 words)

	Co-ordinated Evolutionary Changes
		The term "Lamarckism" has become synonymous with "the inheritance of acquired characteristics" which proposes that changes in an organism due to its interaction with the environment may be passed on to succeeding generations.
		The Lamarckian Calluses of the Ostrich looks at an example where calluses have become hereditary and emphasises how the proposed mechanism could explain why the callus on the ankle of the ostrich, the one that is no longer "necessary", is still there.
		A person in a coma demonstrates that the intellect is not required for biological survival and so an 'egocentric' view of the human organism may not be appropriate.
	www.geocities.com /jorolat/evocompa (2891 words)

	American Scientist Online - Experimental Lamarckism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As it happens, Lamarckian ideas were already in disrepute when Kipling wrote his "Just So" stories.
		A Lamarckian feedback loop would seem to require some mechanism by which the proteins of the phenotype could alter the DNA of the genotype.
		Perhaps the reason we see no Lamarckian organisms is not that nature cannot invent the necessary apparatus but rather that the result is maladaptive.
	americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/15817?&print=yes (553 words)

	An evolving theory
		The term Lamarckian genetics is named for French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who proposed a theory of evolution which stated that evolutionary changes in organisms can be produced by naturally occurring environmental influences upon the germ-plasm of individual beings which then get passed on to the offspring.
		This hypothesis was in sharp contrast to Darwinian hypothesis which stresses selection of the fittest as the mechanism for the evolution of species and that evolution is not a need-based phenomenon, ie., evolution is random, not directed.
		Lamarckian genetics may yet be revived if biological facts argue for it.
	www.chennaionline.com /science/BiotechCorner/11Bio09.asp (1317 words)

	ETSS.net - Evolutionary Theories in the Social Sciences
		If Lamarckianism is defined as the inheritance of acquired characters as per your introduction then biological evolution is MASSIVELY Lamarckian (Jablonka and Lamb’s book 95) and this is no longer a minority view.
		They were however widely criticized for suggesting, somewhat disingenuously, that this introduces a Lamarckian element in evolution because the latter is most commonly defined as the inheritance of acquired adaptations.
		Hence rather than viewing social scientific Lamarckians as incoherent based on an insistence that information transfer is a necessary feature of replication and so too then is reverse translation, I would be more inclined to try and clarify their intuition.
	www.etss.net /index.php/weblog/booksandreviewsfull/189 (9011 words)

	Diettrich (1992) Darwin, Lamarck and the Evolution of Science and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		What we really have in mind when comparing cultural and organic evolution is something different: knowledge as a particular subject of cultural evolution is seen as something which is brought about by means of procedures which usually guarantee a certain usefulness, whereas the value of genetic mutations is entirely a matter of chance.
		According to these definitions we have to distinguish clearly between the genesis of modifications which can be Darwinian or Lamarckian, and their subsequent dissemination which has nothing to do with Darwin or Lamarck.
		So, whether we have to call a modifying process Lamarckian or Darwinian does not so much depend on the process itself but rather on whether we look at the process from inside or outside its competence.
	www.vub.ac.be /CLEA/people/diettrich/darwin.html (10672 words)

	Lamarck (1744 - 1829)
		However, this necessitated the principle of spontaneous generation, for as a species transformed into a more advanced one, it left a gap: when the simple, single-celled organisms advanced to the next stage of life, new protozoans would be created (by the Creator) to fill their place.
		But the overarching component of Lamarckian evolutionism was what became known as the inheritance of acquired characters.
		The strongest case comes from Grant's entry in the DNB, and the fact that Grant was easily the most renowned Lamarckian in Edinburgh at the time the article was written.
	www.victorianweb.org /science/lamarck1.html (2297 words)

	Cell biology, molecular embryology, Lamarckian and Darwinian selection as evolvability
		The metazoan embryo is not immune to this conflict especially with the evolution of set-aside cells and other modes of self-policing modifiers (Blackstone and Ellison, 1998; Ransick et al., 1996).
		In fact, the conflict between the two selection processes permitted a Lamarckian soma-to-germline feedback loop.
		This new element in metazoan ontogeny became the evolvability of the vertebrate adaptive immune system and life as we know it now.
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2003/vol1-2/gmr0041_abstract.htm (407 words)

	CiteULike: Automated docking using a Lamarckian genetic algorithm and an empirical binding free energy function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Interestingly, this method applies a Lamarckian model of genetics, in which environmental adaptations of an individual's phenotype are reverse transcribed into its genotype and become heritable traits (<I >sic</I >).
		We consider three search methods, Monte Carlo simulated annealing, a traditional genetic algorithm, and the Lamarckian genetic algorithm, and compare their performance in dockings of seven protein-ligand test systems having known three-dimensional structure.
		We show that both the traditional and Lamarckian genetic algorithms can handle ligands with more degrees of freedom than the simulated annealing method used in earlier versions of A<FONT SIZE="-1" >UTO</FONT >D<FONT SIZE="-1" >OCK</FONT >, and that the Lamarckian genetic algorithm is the most efficient, reliable, and successful of the three.
	www.citeulike.org /article/77241 (680 words)

	History News Network
		There's no easy way to answer it because there's no there there; that is, there's a small group of scientists working with Weismann who consider themselves "neo-Darwinians," but other than that the labels are incredibly fluid...as are the conceptions they're supposed to encapsulate.
		Attempts were made to distance themselves from the label--especially after Weismann publicly trounced Spencer and his Lamarckian argument in 1895--most notably in the form of Baldwin's theory of "organic selection," which contended that natural selection works on both natural and acquired characteristics.
		In fact, both of them considered their work to refute Lamarckian models of acquired inheritance when it really just shifted it into a cultural frame of reference.
	hnn.us /readcomment.php?id=66768&bheaders=1 (364 words)

	Citebase - Lamarckian Evolution and the Baldwin Effect in Evolutionary Neural Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lamarckian Evolution and the Baldwin Effect in Evolutionary Neural Networks
		In the case of Darwinian evolution, the Baldwin effect, that is, the progressive incorporation of learned characteristics to the genotypes, can be observed and leveraged to improve the search.
		Our experiments show that using a Lamarckian op- erator makes the algorithm find networks with a low error rate, and the smallest size, while using the Bald- win effect obtains MLPs with the smallest error rate, and a larger size, taking longer to reach a solution.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:cs/0603004 (242 words)

	The Case of the Midwife Toad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Modern scientific theory denies that this is possible, but an old theory called Lamarckianism held that this was the means by which evolutionary change occurred.
		So Kammerer filled a fishtank full of water, put some Midwife Toads in it, and then waited as generations of toads were born and died.
		He insisted that he had not injected ink into the toads and suggested that one of his lab assistants might have done it, but in either case his reputation was ruined.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /midwife.html (343 words)

	Lamarckian Rhetoric
		This is relevant to the creationists' call for "equal time" for their theories -- one can always call for "equal time" for "Lamarck science", as opposed to "Darwin science".
		The former would feature evolution by natural selection and heredity controlled by nucleic-acid molecules, whose variations, due to miscopying and damage, are uncorrelated with what would lead to better adaptations -- only "good" ones would survive.
		The creationists' unwillingness to take Lamarckian evolution seriously suggests a very limited perspective on their part.
	homepage.mac.com /lpetrich/www/writings/LamarckRhetoric.html (989 words)

	James Mark Baldwin: Heredity and Instinct (II) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		IN the earlier paper I argued from certain psychological truths for the position that two general principles recently urged by Romanes for the Lamarckian, or 'inherited habit,' view of the origin of instinct do not really support that doctrine.
		By the Lamarckian theory, however, he concludes, the habits of intelligent action give rise to instincts for the performance of the same actions which are already intelligently performed, the two kinds of function existing side by side in the same creature.
		I have shown that granting the intelligence, that is just the assumption which in many cases, enables us to discard the Lamarckian factor.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Baldwin/Baldwin_1896_d.html (2088 words)

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