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	Laminar Flow Airfoil
		Laminar Flow is the smooth, uninterrupted flow of air over the contour of the wings, fuselage, or other parts of an aircraft in flight.
		Laminar flow is most often found at the front of a streamlined body and is an important factor in flight.
		The usual definition of a laminar flow airfoil is that the favorable pressure gradient ends somewhere between 30 and 75% of chord.
	www.aviation-history.com /theory/lam-flow.htm (1690 words)

	Laminar and Turbulent Flow
		In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.
		In laminar flow the paths of individual particles of fluid do not cross, so the flow may be considered as a series of concentric cylinders sliding over each other - rather like the cylinders of a collapsible pocket telescope.
		This is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow in a pipe.
	www.efm.leeds.ac.uk /CIVE/CIVE1400/Section4/laminar_turbulent.htm (1312 words)

	The X-15 Program in Retrospect: Laminar Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the early studies of hypersonic aircraft, there was a widely held belief that the hypersonic laminar boundary layer would prove infinitely stable because of the heat flow out of the boundary layer.
		Nevertheless it was the hopeful practice in the early fifties to compute performance and heating for the all-laminar case.
		Thus the small surface irregularities which have proved the nemesis of laminar flaw at lower speeds, are apparently equally adverse on the blunt-edged wing at Mach 6.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/x15lect/laminar.html (230 words)

	Cole-Parmer Technical Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Laminar flow is characterized by fluid movement in layers or streamlines with very little mixing occurring between those layers.
		For the laminar flow region, the velocity profile is calculated as a deviation or departure from the laminar Newtonian profile.
		The frequency of the pulses is proportional to the fluid velocity in the pipe.
	www.coleparmer.com /techinfo/techinfo.asp?htmlfile=V_PDeviations.htm (4959 words)

	Flight Research on Supersonic Laminar Flow
		The flight tests were conducted for the purposes of observing laminar flow at speeds up to mach 2.0 and determining the conditions under which laminar flow breaks down.
		Laminar flow was observed up to full chord on the outer third of the span of the test article and up to approximately 80 percent of chord over the inner two-thirds of the span.
		The laminar flow was found to be capable of penetrating weak shock waves, but was typically terminated by strong shock waves.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jun02/DRC0022.html (470 words)

	NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - F-16XL Supersonic Laminar Flow
		Laminar flow at supersonic speeds was successfully achieved in a two-phased NASA flight research program that used two delta-wing F-16XL aircraft from 1988 to 1996 to investigate active and passive laminar flow control (LFC) as a potential technology for a future High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT).
		Passive laminar flow can be achieved in the wing design process, but the laminar condition is normally very small in relation to the wing's cord and is usually confined to the leading edge region.
		Laminar flow, however, was not achieved with the active glove at the exact design point of Mach 1.6 at 44,000 feet.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html (2862 words)

	Laminar flow -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The (The layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface) boundary layer is a very thin sheet of air lying over the surface of the (A movable organ for flying (one of a pair)) wing (and, for that matter, all other surfaces of the airplane).
		As the wing moves forward through the air, the boundary layer at first flows smoothly over the streamlined shape of the (A device that provides reactive force when in motion relative to the surrounding air; can lift or control a plane in flight) airfoil.
		The point at which the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent is called the (Click link for more info and facts about transition point) transition point.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/la/laminar_flow.htm (332 words)

	Laminar Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When a fluid (such as air) moves (or flows) past a solid surface, such as an airplane wing, a thin layer develops adjacent to the surface where frictional forces tend to retard the motion of the fluid.
		In general, the most desirable state is one with a high degree of laminar flow, i.e., exhibits a low degree of friction drag.
		In particular, a high degree of laminar flow reduces the amount of fuel consumed by an aircraft and also increases its flight range.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/LAMINAR/DI152.htm (126 words)

	Purified Labs - laminar flow workstations
		Laminar Flow Workstations provide a high degree of localized control for critical processes.
		The Laminar Flow Workstations operate by drawing ambient air, under negative pressure, into the top of the unit.
		The HEPA filters used in class 100 laminar flow workstations are typically rated at 99.99% efficient for the removal of particulates 0.3 micron in size.
	www.purified.com /indexlf.htm (262 words)

	Laminar Flow Control for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Laminar Flow Control (LFC) describes technical means to control the boundary layer development.
		Laminar flow control consists in a boundary layer suction (that is removal of some flow through surface holes), or a wall cooling.
		A boundary layer usually changes from laminar to turbulent, due to disturbances in the viscous layer (Tollmien-Schlichting waves) that amplify.
	www.aerodyn.org /Drag/lfc.html (220 words)

	NASA - NASA Dryden Fact Sheet - F-16XL Laminar Flow
		Much laminar flow research is carried out with two basic types of experimental devices — active and passive — that are attached to the research aircraft's wing.
		Both types of laminar flow devices obtain data from sensors and other instrumentation built into or attached to the wing to measure airflow characteristics (especially the region of transition from laminar to turbulent flow) and pressure distribution.
		The device was instrumented to measure laminar flow and other variables such as surface imperfections and the acoustic environment that may affect laminar flow at various flight conditions.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-023-DFRC.html (1286 words)

	Pressure
		The flow profile of laminar flow in a tube can be calculated by dividing the flow into thin cylindrical elements and applying the viscous force to them.
		Experimentally, under conditions of laminar flow, the force required to move a plate at constant speed against the resistance of a fluid is proportional to the area of the plate and to the velocity gradient perpendicular to the plate.
		Under conditions of laminar flow in a viscous fluid, the velocity increases toward the center of a tube.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/pfric.html (453 words)

	Laminar Specificity of Local Circuits in Barrel Cortex of Ephrin-A5 Knockout Mice -- Yabuta et al. 20 (15): 88 -- ...
		The section is double-stained for biocytin, to reveal the labeled neuron, and CO, to reveal laminar boundaries and barrels.
		The laminar pattern of CO staining (layers indicated by numbers to the left) and CO dense barrels in layer 4 are clearly visible.
		Laminar specificity of axonal arbors is a hallmark of local cortical circuits.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/15/RC88 (3180 words)

	Laminar
		The Laminar EARs simply attach to the fairing and windscreen to the fairing using Dualock fasteners and extend the wind protection.
		The Laminar EARs simply tape to the fairing using 3M VHB automotive tape and extend the wind protection out to the weights at the ends of stock handlebars.
		The Laminar Lip attaches to the windscreen using Dualock fasteners and extends the wind protection.
	www.casporttouring.com /thestore/laminar.html (936 words)

	Manufacturers and suppliers of laminar hoods, laminar boxes and clean rooms- Производители и ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		AirClean Systems is a manufacturer of ductless fume hoods and laminar flow hoods designed to protect the operator, the process, or both from toxic vapors, fumes, gases, and particles.
		PCR workstations, acid hoods, solvent hoods, class 2 vertical laminar flow hoods, general chemistry hoods, raw material sampling cabinets, powder and liquid transfer hoods, demonstration hoods, powder weighing workstations and clean environment workstations.
		Clean Air is a manufacturer of filtration and ducted fume cupboards, forensic drying cabinets, downflow benches, safety cabinets, laminar flow units and mobile filtration fume hoods.
	www.labware.ru /manufacturers-suppliers/laminar-hoods-cabinets-rooms.htm (4290 words)

	Go With the Flow
		Figuring that natural laminar flow produced entirely by the shape and smoothness of the wing was a hopeless phantasm, the British initiated the first active laminar flow control project.
		The X-21A program had demonstrated that active laminar flow could be achieved using a hand-built wing that required constant maintenance--much of it devoted to keeping the pinholes from clogging with dust, dirt, and bugs--and enough power on board to run the hungry pumps.
		Laminar flow enthusiasts talk earnestly about such drag reductions enabling a wing to be made up to a third smaller and lighter than a conventional wing, thus requiring less powerful, lighter, and more fuel-efficient engines, thus leaving more payload for passengers or freight--a round of benefits that all accrue from pinholes and pumps.
	www.airspacemag.com /ASM/Mag/Index/1995/JJ/gwtf.html (4364 words)

	Watercooling Physics - Laminar and Turbulent Flow
		Laminar flow is the flow if a fluid in an organized manner in layers, or as the name suggests, laminates.
		While there is an underlying thin laminar layer nearest the wall, the majority of the flow is random and unpredictable.
		This is especially true of laminar flow because the boundary layer is very thick and, in channels that are small enough, the boundary layer may extend through the entire flow.
	www.overclockers.com /articles511 (723 words)

	What about laminar flow meters?
		I looked at laminar flow meters when I started to build a bench, and thought, ‘...well, those guys are using it, it must be the best.' But it was expensive, and I decided we couldn’t build a product we could sell to everyone that way.
		The advantage of the laminar flow device, back in the older days, was that the flow goes through the orifice in laminar layers.
		One problem with the laminar design is that the viscosity of the air changes as it flows through this device.
	www.superflow.com /support/support-flowbench-laminar-flowmeters.htm (790 words)

	Laminar Flow Workstations - Clean Room Engineering
		The horizontal laminar flow C900 Series is ideal when work space is at a premium and budget is the prime consideration.
		The horizontal laminar flow C1000 Series provides an economical contamination controlled environment and is the choice when floor space is at a premium.
		The C4200 Series vertical laminar flow consoles with fume exhaust feature the same air flow characteristics as the C4100 vertical flow recirculating model, with the fume hood exhaust as an added safety feature.
	www.cleanroomeng.com /products_laminar.cfm (1929 words)

	Laminar flow element calibration services by Graftel Inc.
		In each of this passages a laminar flow is established which produces a nearly linear relationship between the differential pressure and the flow rate.
		First the actually passing volumetric flow rate through the Laminar Flow Element is evaluated, respecting the calibration data in combination with the actual gas state (medium, pressure, temperature and humidity at the LFE).
		Laminar Flow Elements are factory calibrated mostly for air under norm condition at approx.
	www.calibrationlabs.com /laminar_flow_element_calibration.htm (427 words)

	Laminar flow hood working (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All intravenous admixtures shall be prepared aseptically in a vertical laminar air flow hood.
		Because laminar flow air begins to mix with the outside air near the edge of the hood, there should only be, at most, 2 operators at one time in each hood.
		Arrange all items needed for admixture to the right or left in the laminar flow workbench to provide a work area that is directly bathed with clean air from an HEPA filter.
	www.mgh.harvard.edu /pharmacy/POM/p11-29.htm (471 words)

	Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Laminar flow can be regarded as a series of liquid cylinders in the pipe, where the innermost parts flow the fastest, and the cylinder touching the pipe isn't moving at all.
		Shear stress in laminar flow is independent of the density - ρ, and the shear stress depends almost only on the viscosity - μ.
		Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges.
	www.engineeringtoolbox.com /laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-21_577.html (497 words)

	Fletcher Design Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the laminar boundary layer the kinetic energy of the flow in the thin layer of air near the airfoil surface is not high enough to overcome the adverse pressure gradient.
		A second method to reduce the size of the bubble is to destabilize the laminar boundary layer by a long, gradual pressure recovery so as to slow the flow down from its highest speed gradually, without separation, until natural transition occurs.
		At the lowest Reynolds number the laminar boundary layer is pretty stable near the turbulator position as it is intended that the laminar boundary layer reaches the same chordwise point without natural transition at the highest (design) Reynolds number.
	www.hsa.lr.tudelft.nl /~frits/fletchtxt.html (3531 words)

	Laminar flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In fluid dynamics laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by momentum diffusion low momentum convection and pressure and velocity independence from time.
		The (dimensionless) Reynolds number characterizes whether flow conditions lead to or turbulent flow.
		Numerical methods in laminar and turbulent flow: Proceedings of the third international conference held in Seattle, 8th-11th August 1983
	www.freeglossary.com /Laminar_flow (162 words)

	Laminar flow (Charles K. Scott; David Lednicer)
		Carson begins his analysis of the Mustang and it's laminar flow wing back in the late 20's and early 30's when NACA, the National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics began it's research on airfoils, airflow, and other aspects of flying.
		Airflow within the arc of the prop is very turbulent, "the whole fuselage and inboard section of the wing next to the fuselage operate in that turbulent stream.
		Some aerodynamicists have stated that true laminar flow did not occur outside the wind tunnel until the advent of Burt Rutan's Vary E-Z in the early 70's with it's incredibly smooth fiberglass over carved foam wing and aft mounted engine which of course kept the wing ahead of the prop slipstream.
	yarchive.net /mil/laminar_flow.html (1433 words)

	Aseptic technique: key points, laminar flow hood principles, intravenous admixture preparation
		When working in a horizontal laminar flow hood, all work must be performed at a distance of no less than 6 inches from the front edge of the work surface.
		At a distance of less than 6 inches, laminar flow air begins to mix with the outside air and contamination is possible.
		Before and after preparing a series of IV admixtures, or anytime something is spilled, the work surface of the laminar flow hood should be thoroughly cleaned with alcohol.
	www.globalrph.com /aseptic.htm (1081 words)

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