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	Plants - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Plants are distinguished from green algae, from which they evolved, by having specialized reproductive organs protected by non-reproductive tissues.
		Early seed plants are referred to as gymnosperms (naked seeds), as the seed embryo is not enclosed in a protective structure at pollination, with the pollen landing directly on the embryo.
		The angiosperms, comprising the flowering plants, were the last major group of plants to appear, emerging from within the gymnosperms during the Jurassic and diversifying rapidly during the Cretaceous.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /plants.htm (1561 words)

	Plant article - Plant fern Scientific classification Eukaryota Green algae land plants - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose, and obtain their energy through photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food.
		Plant fossils include roots, wood, leaves, seeds, fruit, pollen and amber (the fossilized resin produced by some plants).
		Early fossil plants are well known from the Devonian period chert of Rhynie in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Plant (1446 words)

	Evolution of Plants Lecture
		Plants are divided into two major groups based on the presence (in vascular plants) or absence (in nonvascular plants) of an internal vascular system for transporting water and dissolved particles.
		Some of the adaptations of plants to a terrestrial existence include a waxy cuticle, surface pores (stomata) that enable gas exchange, protected reproductive structures, and the retention of the embryonic sporophyte within the female gametophyte.
		The plant body is divided into a root system and a shoot or stem system, connected by vascular tissue that is continuous throughout the plant.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/PlantEvol.html (611 words)

	Introduction to the Plantae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The most striking, and important, feature of plants is their green color, the result of a pigment called chlorophyll.
		Everywhere else, from the tundra to the rainforest to the desert, is populated by plants.
		It is the plants which produce and maintain the terrestrial environment as we know it.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /plants/plantae.html (313 words)

	PLANTS
		It is possible that some types of algae that colonised the land as long ago as the Precambrian.True land plants appeared during the Silurian, by the time that dinosaurs emerged they had diversified considerably.
		Unlike previous plants, in which the spores formed tiny plants on the parent and were vulnerable for a long time, seeds allow the next generation to lie dormant for months.
		He thinks that flowering plants were able to dominate the land plant niche becuse of a change in the feeding habits of herbiverous dinosaurs.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /communication/Mcgowan/PLANTS (1273 words)

	The oldest land plants (1)
		The oldest land plants (1) The oldest land plants (2) Cooksonia (1) Cooksonia (2)
		In the neighbourhood of the mouth of rivers, where the water regularly flooded the land, it was probably green with algae.
		Another problem for land plants is that they miss the upward force of the water.
	www.xs4all.nl /~steurh/eng/old1.html (1166 words)

	Biology 2402 Lecture Notes - Origin of Land Plants
		The evolution of plants from green algal ancestors and their conquest of the land over millions of years occurred in various stages.
		Phylogenetic analysis indicates that land plants are a monophyletic group that evolved from a green algal-like ancestor.
		One character found in all plants is the presence of the embryo; i.e., the development of a multicellular diploid organism within a sterile jacket of haploid maternal cells.
	www.ualr.edu /~botany/origins.html (1497 words)

	J11 The first land plants
		The evolutionary step—the development of vascular tissue in which plant cells, which are typically box-shaped, have a mutated elongated form—was a small one genetically but a giant one for all life as it would allow plants, and hence animal life, to move onto the land.
		As plants cannot walk, the sporophyte generation, which comes to be from, and on, the gymnosperm generation, is confined to that plant’s habitat.
		Embriophytes are "land plants" in that their members posses at least some features that are clearly adaptations to part of the plant living out of water in the gaseous realm.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/j11.htm (1256 words)

	First land plants and fungi changed earth's climate, paving the way for explosive evolution of land animals, new gene ...
		According to the authors of the study, which will be published in the 10 August 2001 issue of the journal Science, plants paved the way for the evolution of land animals by simultaneously increasing the percentage of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere and decreasing the percentage of carbon dioxide, a powerful greenhouse gas.
		The researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago--much earlier than previous estimates of around 480 million years ago, which were based on the earliest fossils of those organisms.
		No undisputed fossils of the earliest land plants and fungi have been found in rocks formed during the Precambrian period, says Hedges, possibly because their primitive bodies were too soft to turn into fossils.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-08/ps-flp080301.php (954 words)

	Green plants
		Green plants include all organisms commonly known as green algae and land plants, including liverworts, mosses, ferns and other nonseed plants, and seed plants.
		Green plants as defined here includes a broad assemblage of photosynthetic organisms that all contain chlorophylls a and b, store their photosynthetic products as starch inside the double-membrane-bounded chloroplasts in which it is produced, and have cell walls made of cellulose (Raven et al., 1992).
		The Charales/Coleochaetales/Embryophyte clade is shown as unresolved because morphological and molecular studies to date have not fully resolved which of the green algae is the sister taxon of land plants (McCourt 1995; Melkonian and Surek, 1995).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Green_plants&contgroup=Eukaryotes (1337 words)

	Land plants divided and ruled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The advanced land plants and the more modest algae (the 'Trentepohliales'), independently evolved the same mechanism of cell division, Russell Chapman of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, told the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Francisco this week.
		Plant evolution researchers now hope to tap into the burgeoning stack of genomic data to track down the genes involved in phragmoplast formation in the two plant lineages, and maybe figure out what gave the successful plants their edge.
		For a long time, researchers thought that land plants were descended from seaweed.
	www.nature.com /nsu_new/010222/010222-8.html (517 words)

	Biological Diversity 5
		Plants have an alternation of generations: the diploid spore-producing plant (sporophyte) alternates with the haploid gamete-producing plant (gametophyte).
		Plants that produce separate male and female gametophytes have those gametophytes germinate from (or within in the case of the more advanced plants) spores of different sizes (heterospores; hetero=different).
		Vascular plants tend to be larger and more complex than bryophytes, and have a life cycle where the sporophyte is more prominent than the gametophyte.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_5.html (2710 words)

	Plant Evolution
		This theory has the present day lichens as having developed from an increased interdependence of the fungi and algae and the movement of fungal cells to be interdispersed with the algal cells in the interior of the lichen.
		Delayed meiosis is the retention of the zygote by the haploid plant until the number of diploid cells in the zygote is large enough for meiosis to produce many haploid spores.
		Cooksonia was a plant with dichotomous branching and
	www.bio.miami.edu /tom/bil160/bil160goods/12_toland.html (1793 words)

	AllRefer.com - moss, in botany, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		Mosses and liverworts together comprise the division Bryophyta, the first green land plants to develop in the process of evolution.
		It is believed that they evolved from certain very primitive vascular plants and have not given rise to any other type of plant.
		Unrelated plants sharing the name moss include the club moss, flowering moss, or pyxie (of the diapensia family), Irish moss, or carrageen (see algae), reindeer moss (a lichen), and Spanish moss.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/moss.html (354 words)

	Researchers find closest living relative of first land plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In a study published in the Dec. 14 issue of the journal Science, Maryland scientist Charles Delwiche and doctoral student Kenneth Karol confirm that the closest living relative of the first land plants is a group of green algae called the Charales, which survives today in fresh water around the world.
		“Science has long believed that land plants are derived from primeval algae that became adapted to live on land, but we weren’t sure exactly how this happened, or which living algae were most closely related to land plants,” said Delwiche.
		Although both the Charales and land plants can be traced back in the fossil record over a period of more than 400 million years, their common ancestor has been extinct for even longer and hasn't been identified in the fossil record.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-12/nsf-rfc121301.php (592 words)

	Embryophytes
		Multigene phylogeny of land plants with special reference to bryophytes and the earliest land plants.
		Vegetative and reproductive innovations of early land plants: implications for a unified phylogeny.
		Rothwell, G. Fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Embryophytes&contgroup=Green_plants (668 words)

	Palaeozoic Forests
		The colonisation of the land by plants and animals did not occur until some 415 million years ago, at the end of the Silurian.
		On the basis of their overall morphology, the anatomy of the vascular bundle and the shape and position of the sporangia, several groups of plants can be distinguished in the Early Devonian, including the completely extinct Rhyniophytes, the Zosterphylls and the first representatives of the lycophytes or clubmosses, a group which is still existent today.
		Another well-known plant with a tree-like growth habit is Archaeopteris of which numerous, up to 10 m long silicified stems have been found in North America; their trunks basally may reach a diameter of up to 1.5 m.
	www.uni-muenster.de /GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/ewald0.htm (775 words)

	Plants to Land Notes
		One theory of the evolution of land plants is based on the idea that some early land plants might have been
		One hypothesis on the origin of the first land plants has an algal ancestor developing isomorphic alternation of generations (both generations are roughly the same size and shape) and dichotomous branching.
		Progymmnosperms, ancestors of modern seed-bearing plants, the gymnosperms, probably evolved from the trimerophytes.
	www.bio.miami.edu /tom/bil160/bil160goods/12_notes.html (540 words)

	Graptolites and early vascular land plants.
		In the discussion on early vascular land plants an important part is played by different organic microfossils.
		Recognition of the taxonomic affinity of these microfossils is very important because tracheids are one of the fundamental elements of the xylem and are treated as a hallmark of the vascular plants.
		Banks (1975) was of the opinion that the tubes previously described as tracheid-like were of animal rather than plant origin.
	microfossils.graptolite.net /tracheids.html (507 words)

	The oldest land plants (2)
		Typical of higher plants is that the spores are formed in clusters of four.
		The Rhynie Chert is of equal importance for the understanding of the oldest land plants as the Burgess Shale for animal life.
		In the fernlike plant Rhacophyton from the Belgian Late Devonian this is not yet the case.
	www.xs4all.nl /~steurh/eng/old2.html (1109 words)

	Megan's Research on the First Land Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the Paleozoic Era, the spread of land plants caused a green revolution over the surface of the globe.
		Plants help to break down rocks and contribute to their own decaying remains to create rich protective soils.
		All of the early land plants were thought to be descended from the organisms called Chlorophyta which means Green Algae.
	warrensburg.k12.mo.us /ew/landplants/megan.html (289 words)

	The Earliest Land Plants
		Baragwanathia is a much more robust plant consisting of up to 30 cm long axes with spirally arranged leaves and it has been described from the Upper Silurian of Australia; unfortunately, the quality of the compressions is rather poor and no organic material is preserved.
		The Zosterophyllophytes are considered to be the ancestral group that gave rise to the Lycopods, whereas all other groups of land plants are regarded to have been evolved from the Trimerophytes.
		The Rhyniophytes are a group of early land plants originally described from the Rhynie Chert.
	www.uni-muenster.de /GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/seite3.html (687 words)

	[No title]
		The oldest fossils reveal evolution of non-vascular plants by the middle to late Ordovician Period (~450-440 m.y.a.) on the basis of fossil spores.
		These seedless vascular plants required water for sperm to reach the eggs and were still limited in their distribution to wet climates.
		After the 1st land plants evolved (approximately 450 m.y.a.) they underwent rapid expansion and radiation with great forests by Middle Devonian Period.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/pciesiel/gly3150/plant.html (1126 words)

	Origin and Diversity of Land Plants
		Transitions in morphology and life-cycles engendering adaptive radiations in the land flora.
		Origins and Diversity of Land Plants explores the science of historical evolution of embryophytes, or Land Plants, the lineage of Green Plants that began colonizing the terrestrial envrionment at the dawn of the Silurian some 440 million years ago.
		The science of plant origins is now engaged in a renaissance that will change forever our understanding of how plants came to be as they are.
	www.sou.edu /biology/Courses/Bi432/Bi432.htm (352 words)

	Modern Day representations of early land plants.
		Many plants with a simple shape and structure like the early land plants can be found today.
		Plants related to these evolved in the Devonian and became very common in the Carboniferous.
		One fern-like plant, the whisk fern (Psilotum nudum), is particularly interesting because it has photosythetic stems with few stomata and no leaves like the early vascular plants from the Devonian.
	www.shef.ac.uk /aps/apsrtp/fletcher-ben/analogues.html (202 words)

	Latest News on Marine Phytoplankton Frequensea
		Phytoplankton, the single-cell plants are the basis of all other life forms on planet earth;, they are the 'vegetation' of the ocean.
		Chlorophyll is used by plants for photosynthesis, in which sunlight is used as an energy source to fuse water molecules and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates—plant food.
		Phytoplankton (and land plants) use carbohydrates as "building blocks" to grow; fish and humans consume plants to get these same carbohydrates.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2005/11/prweb308559.htm (1089 words)

	Special Feature: The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation -- Graham et ...
		of the bryophytes and vascular plants (tracheophytes) (12).
		Increase in body complexity of charophyceans (A-F) and early divergent plants (G and H) is suggested by a phylogenetic model based on molecular data including tubulin (16) and rbcL sequences, a gene transfer event, and several intron insertion events (14).
		zygotes of Coleochaete and embryos of land plants (Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/9/4535 (4649 words)

	Lab IV - Early Land Plants (2)
		Aglaophyton The plant formerly known as Rhynia major (Aglaophyton major) (Figure 4.5)(VG 1:13) is approximately 18 cm in height and branches dichotomously.
		Since unornamented conducting tubes would be plesiomorphic to the land plants, this character does not ally Aglaophyton with the moss lineage directly but does suggest a close sister-group relationship.
		However, there is no structural evidence of a transition between sporophyte and gametophyte and the morphological relationship between the purported archegonia-bearing structures and the rest of the plant remain unclear.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /IB181/VPL/Elp/Elp2.html (1073 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| When plants conquered land
		But it was clear from the team's analysis that the spores could not have been produced by land-dwelling plants already known to fossil hunters.
		These fragments show that the spores were indeed released by land-dwelling plants and not marine-dwelling algae.
		The emergence of plant life from the oceans on to land seems then to have been well underway by the time these spores were laid down.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3117034.stm (310 words)

	Stomata and the evolution of plants
		It is thought that land plants evolved from one ancestor, an alga, in the Ordovician period around 500 million years ago.
		These earliest vascular plants have few stomata on their stems, which is interpreted as a response to the high carbon dioxide levels in the Devonian, around 400 million years ago.
		If these plants responded in the same way as today's plants, they would have increased the number of stomata on their bodies.
	www.shef.ac.uk /aps/apsrtp/fletcher-ben/evolution.html (533 words)

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