Lander (spacecraft)

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Topic: Lander (spacecraft)

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	Phoenix (spacecraft) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lander for Phoenix was built and was being tested to fly as part of the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, but that lander was canceled after the Mars Polar Lander was lost upon landing near Mars' south pole in December 1999.
		The Phoenix is a NASA Mars lander scheduled to launch in August 2007 during a 22 day launch window.
		Phoenix is a partnership of universities, NASA centers, and the aerospace industry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft) (800 words)

	TPS: Exploring Mars: The Phoenix (Mars Scout 1) Mission
		The spacecraft was originally intended to be the Mars Surveyor 2001 lander, a mission that was canceled after the failure of its twin, Mars Polar Lander.
		For its new mission, the spacecraft will include many of the same instruments that flew onboard Mars Polar Lander, instruments that were to fly on Mars 2001, and include a few new instruments designed specifically for this mission.
		In addition, the spacecraft is equipped with a robotic arm that will be able to dig trenches in the soil almost as deep as the spacecraft is tall.
	www.planetary.org /mars/phoenix.html (429 words)

	Mars Exploration: Missions
		Named for the resilient mythological bird, Phoenix uses a lander that was intended for use by 2001's Mars Surveyor lander prior to its cancellation.
		NASA also proposes to create a new line of small "Scout" missions which would be selected from proposals from the science community, and might involve airborne vehicles (e.g., airplanes or balloons) or small landers, as an investigation platform.
		It also carries a complex suite of instruments that are improved variations of those that flew on the lost Mars Polar Lander.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/future/phoenix.html (489 words)

	Mars Polar Lander
		Attached to the lander spacecraft were a pair of small probes, the Deep Space 2 Mars Microprobes, which were to be deployed to fall and penetrate beneath the martian surface when the spacecraft reached Mars.
		During cruise, the lander is attached to the cruise stage and enclosed in the 2.4 meter diameter aeroshell.
		The Mars Polar Lander was to touch down on the southern polar layered terrain, between 73 S and 76 S, less than 1000 km from the south pole, near the edge of the carbon dioxide ice cap in Mars' late southern spring.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/msur98.htm (1752 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Spacecraft
		The Mars Express spacecraft has been designed to take a payload of seven state-of-the-art scientific instruments and one lander to the red planet and allow them to record data for at least one Martian year, or 687 Earth days.
		Payload, lander, spacecraft and on-board fuel weighed 1223 kg at launch.
		The instruments sit inside the spacecraft bus which is a honeycomb aluminium box just 1.5 m long by 1.8 m wide by 1.4 m high.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=4532 (175 words)

	Lunar Transportation Systems - Lunar Lander
		Lunar Lander spacecraft receive payloads from Payload Dispenser spacecraft in LEO, receive propellant tank sets from Propellant Dispensers in LEO, and may receive propellant tank sets from Propellant Transporters wherever they require refueling in cislunar space.
		A set of retractable landing legs folded back along the structure allows Lunar Lander spacecraft to land on the Moon and take off from the Moon.
		Lunar Landers may be refueled by Propellant Transporters in MEO, at L1, and/or in lunar orbit, depending on the size of the payloads they are transporting to the lunar surface.
	www.lunartransportationsystems.com /spacecraft_lunarlander.aspx (221 words)

	NASA PLANS TO LAND SPACECRAFT ON A COMET
		Plans call for NASA to build the lander, with the French space agency, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), providing the interface to the Rosetta spacecraft, some subsystems on the lander and major portions of the ground operations system.
		The space agency has released an announcement of opportunity for Champollion, a U.S.-French lander that would be flown as part of the European Space Agency's Rosetta orbiter mission.
		Champollion will be powered by batteries, limiting its science-gathering mission to 84 hours on the surface of the comet.
	archive.anomalies.net /cni-news/CNI.0348.html (221 words)

	SPACE.com -- Phoenix Mars Lander: Strong Arming The Red Planet
		True to its namesake, Phoenix has risen from the ashes of two unsuccessful attempts to reach Mars: The ill-fated Mars Polar Lander that was lost at the planet in 1999 and a Mars Surveyor Program lander that was cancelled and mothballed in 2000.
		For example, in a test stand, water jets have been attached where Phoenix thrusters are placed and then fired to mimic the kind of machine-gun like pulsing and vibration the lander will undergo en route to a hoped for soft touchdown.
		An expanded view of the Phoenix spacecraft’s cruise configuration en route to the red planet.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/050831_phoenix_tech.html (1885 words)

	STARDUST Passes Mars Spacecraft
		Stardust, traveling fast enough to cross the United States in less than two minutes, last week passed the slightly slower- moving Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander spacecraft.
		Stardust is roughly between the two other spacecraft, with Mars Climate Orbiter more than 7 million kilometers (4.3 million miles) starboard of Stardust, and Mars Polar Lander more than 16 million kilometers (about 10 million miles) to Stardust's portside.
		Mars Polar Lander, traveling a speed of 106,000 kilometers per hour (about 65,800 mph), is due to land on Mars in December.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /mpfmirror/msp98/news/status990406.html (479 words)

	Science & Technology: Engineering
		The spacecraft will also carry the Rosetta Lander, Philae, to the comet and deploy it onto the surface of the nucleus.
		The Rosetta Lander has to be stowed to survive the cruise and eventually to self-eject from the spacecraft.
		Complex spacecraft navigation at low altitude orbits around an irregular celestial body with weak, asymmetric, rotating gravity field, enveloped by dust and gas jets.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35134 (479 words)

	informationsphere.com: Rosetta Mission
		The Rosetta lander, Philae, will be attached to the side of the Rosetta spacecraft and released some time after Rosetta achieves orbit around the comet.
		The spacecraft will go into an eccentric orbit with a pericenter as low as 1 km over the landing site and an ejection mechanism will separate Philae from the spacecraft with a maximum relative velocity up to 1.5 m/s in November 2014.
		Using the information gathered from orbit, a landing site will be chosen for the Philae lander.
	www.informationsphere.com /html/4130.htm (479 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: National Environmental Policy Act; Mars Surveyor 2001 Mission
		The Mars Surveyor 2001 (MS 01) mission as proposed in the DEIS originally consisted of the launch and operation of two separate spacecraft--the MS 01 orbiter and the MS 01 lander/rover.
		NASA proposed to launch the MS 01 orbiter spacecraft from Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), California, in March/ April 2001 onboard a Delta II 7925 expendable launch vehicle, and the MS 01 lander/rover spacecraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida, in April 2001 onboard a Delta II 7425.
		At the time of publication of the MS 01 DEIS, the MS 98 orbiter had failed to achieve orbit about Mars and was declared lost; and the MS 98 lander, the Mars Polar Lander, was on its final approach to entry into the atmosphere of Mars.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2000/November/Day-28/i30225.htm (2119 words)

	CNN - NASA offers little hope for wayward Mars probe - December 6, 1999
		A lander failure would be a double blow to the JPL, which is still recovering from the September loss of the lander's sibling spacecraft, the Mars Climate Orbiter.
		Earlier Sunday, after three days of fruitless attempts to reach the $165 million spacecraft, Cook conceded the possibility that the lander may not have landed intact.
		The lander also was programmed to keep track of how long it has been since it was last contacted by Earth, and after six days to assume there was some type of failure and begin switching between backups on its own.
	archives.cnn.com /1999/TECH/space/12/06/mars.lander.03 (731 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Lander Instruments
		Once the Orbiter is aligned correctly, the ground station commands the Lander to self-eject from the main spacecraft and unfold its three legs, ready for a gentle touch down at the end of the ballistic descent.
		The 100 kg Rosetta Lander will be the first spacecraft ever to make a soft landing on the surface of a comet nucleus.
		The box-shaped Lander is carried in piggyback fashion on the side of the Orbiter until it arrives at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31445 (388 words)

	Polar Lander Burn Delayed
		The lander also carries two microprobes that have been piggybacking on the spacecraft during its flight to the red planet.
		Pasadena - October 20, 1999 - Flight controllers for NASA's Mars Polar Lander have decided to postpone the next thruster firing used to fine-tune the spacecraft's flight path until October 30.
		Mars Polar Lander is currently 18.8 million kilometers (11.7 million miles) from Mars, approaching the planet at a speed of 4.8 kilometers per second (10,740 miles per hour) relative to the planet.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mars-polar99-99b.html (393 words)

	Lunar Lander
		The lunar lander spacecraft is the second RLEP mission.
		Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., to lead a team in the development of a lunar lander spacecraft...
		Lunar Lander was an arcade game released by Atari in 1979 (and later also ported to the Atari 400/800 home computers).
	www.wikiverse.org /lunar-lander (218 words)

	Lander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lander (spacecraft), type of spacecraft which descends to the surface of an astronomical body
		Sir Stephen Lander (born 1947), British security/anti-crime official
		Eric Lander (born 1957), American professor of biology
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lander (160 words)

	Planetary Society - Rosetta Launches on 4.4 Billion-Mile Trek to Comet
		If the plan works and all systems are performing nominally, Rosetta-- beyond being the first spacecraft to orbit the nucleus of a comet and to put a lander on its surface -- will also be the first spacecraft to ride alongside a comet as it makes its journey around the Sun.
		Philae will be dropped from an altitude of about.6 mile [1000 meters] and, due to the tiny gravity of the nucleus, it will touch down at walking speed.
		Immediately after touchdown, Philae will fire a harpoon into the surface as an anchor to keep it from floating away, since the comet's extremely weak gravity alone won't be enough to hold it down.
	www.planetary.org /news/2004/rosetta_launches.html (160 words)

	Lunar Module (LK)
		During its development, the LK lander went through several reincarnations, which becomes apparent when one compares different versions of the spacecraft preserved in various locations around the USSR.
		The Lunar Lander, or LK, was developed as a part of the L3 lunar expeditionary complex carried aloft by the N1 rocket.
		The LK was designed to deliver a single cosmonaut onto the lunar surface, after its separation from the lunar orbital spacecraft, in orbit around the Moon.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /lk.html (597 words)

	New Scientist SPACE - Breaking News - Mars mission rises from the ashes
		A NASA spacecraft that was shelved in 2000 after the dramatic loss of a related robotic mission is being dusted off for a planned launch to Mars in 2007, the agency announced on Thursday.
		That spacecraft was lost in 1999 after a software glitch apparently caused the rockets designed to slow it down for landing to shut off early, causing it to plummet 40 metres to the Martian surface.
		The spacecraft, which was originally meant to launch in 2001 as part of the Mars Surveyor programme, has been renamed Phoenix.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn7464-mars-mission-rises-from-the-ashes.html (488 words)

	NASA - Phoenix: The Search for Water
		Originally part of the 2001 Mars Surveyor Program, the spacecraft that was built and tested to fly with the Mars Polar Lander mission was stored after the loss of the Surveyor.
		Phoenix is a partnership managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, will build and test the spacecraft while Canadian partners provide the meteorological instrumentation.
		Named for the mythological bird that rose out of the fire to be reborn, Phoenix the new Lander for the next Mars mission to launch in 2007, was aptly named.
	www.nasa.gov /missions/solarsystem/phoenix_water.html (469 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA01007
		To the right of Big Crater, south from the spacecraft, almost lost in the atmospheric dust "haze," is the large streamlined mountain nicknamed "Far Knob." This mountain is over 450 meters (1480 feet) tall, and is over 30 kilometers (19 miles) from the spacecraft.
		Superimposed on the rim of Big Crater (the central part of the rim as seen here) is a smaller crater nicknamed "Rimshot Crater." The distance to this smaller crater, and the nearest portion of the rim of Big Crater, is 2200 meters (7200 feet).
		The "Big Crater" is actually a relatively small Martian crater to the southeast of the Mars Pathfinder landing site.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA01007 (469 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, A Scientific Rationale for Mobility in Planetary Environments (1999)
		Although both spacecraft suffered failures before they could begin close-up studies of Phobos, the low-gravity environment of the small, asteroid-like moon enabled a unique lander architecture and approach to mobility.
		Although their parent spacecraft failed before they could be released, these 60-cm-by-90-cm (approximate) hoppers were designed to leap from one site to another up to 20 m away and were outfitted with an array of scientific instruments, including an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a magnetometer, and a gravimeter.
		The relative free-fall approach velocity of the 50-kg, semispherically shaped lander was designed to be a few meters per second.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309064376/html/38.html (469 words)

	Lander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lander (spacecraft), type of spacecraft which descends to the surface of an astronomical body
		Sir Stephen Lander (born 1947), British security/anti-crime official
		Richard Lemon Lander (1804–1834), Cornish explorer of western Africa
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lander (160 words)

	rosetta.html
		Philae is the lander of mass 100 kg, and is covered by solar panels.
		However, under the new mission scenario, there will be more time available for the orbiter's instruments to map the nucleus in detail and find a safe haven for the 100 kg lander.
		After months of intensive studies and simulations, engineers are now confident that everything possible has been done to ensure that the spacecraft will successfully complete history's first soft touchdown on a cosmic iceberg.
	www.lindoponline.com /alphastro/spacecraft/rosetta.html (160 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| NASA's lunar lander development team picked
		The lunar lander spacecraft is the second RLEP mission.
		NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate Doug Cooke has announced the selection of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., to lead a team in the development of a lunar lander spacecraft.
		The lander is tentatively planned for launch as early as 2010.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0510/03lunarlander (488 words)

	Business Wire: SpaceDev Completes Lunar Lander Study. @ HighBeam Research
		SpaceDev estimates that its Lunar Dish Observatory lander mission can be conducted for significantly less than the cost of previous missions such as the successful $100 million NASA Lunar Prospector, and the $150 million DoD Clementine orbiter (in today's dollars).
		The study was performed for Lunar Enterprise of California (LEC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Space Age Publishing Company), and follows an earlier SpaceDev Lunar orbiter mission and spacecraft design project funded by Boeing.
		The current study analyzes mission and spacecraft options for a Lunar Dish Observatory to be placed near the south pole of the Moon.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:111842602&refid=holomed_1 (548 words)

	Rosetta info
		The total launch mass of the spacecraft is 2 900 kg, including 1 578 kg of propellant, about 150 kg of scientific payload, plus 90 kg for the Lander.
		The spacecraft will also carry the Rosetta Lander (Surface Science Package) to the nucleus and deploy it onto the comet's surface.
		R adio S cience I nvestigation use shifts in the spacecraft's radio signals to measure the mass, density and gravity of the asteroids and comet's nucleus; define the comet's orbit; and study the inner coma.
	orbits.esa.int /orbits/satellite/info/rosettainfo.htm (548 words)

	1 Introduction
		The Rosetta ‘comet rendezvous’ concept involves a main orbiter spacecraft which will carry both a payload for remote sensing of the nucleus and in situ measurements of the dust, gas and plasma environment, and a 75 kg lander to be deployed towards the surface.
		Since both spacecraft were lost before the landers could be deployed to the surface of Phobos there is very little information available in the scientific literature.
		Both spacecraft carried a Long-Term Automated Lander ( LAL), while Phobos 2 also carried a ‘Hopper’, called PROP-F.
	ifp.uni-muenster.de /~balla/thesis/introduction.html (548 words)

	The Pathfinder Mission to Mars
		All times for events on the spacecraft are given as the time signal would be received on Earth in Pacific Daylight Time (i.e.
		A set of commands will then be sent to the lander on the morning of Sol 2 to update the on-board orientation estimate.
		Spacecraft rapidly decelerates in the atmosphere using the heatshield
	www.infoimagination.org /ps/mars/pathfinder_1.html (1982 words)

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