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Topic: Landoltia punctata

	Landoltia punctata [Spirodela punctata] - Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		andoltia punctata is a new name for this duckweed, which used to be known as Spirodela punctata.
		Landoltia punctata is a small, non-native, floating plant which can grow into dense masses in stagnant water bodies.
		Landoltia duckweed is smaller than Spirodela polyrhiza, is more shoe-shaped, does not have a red dot on top, usually has only up to 4 roots, and sometimes has a red margin on the underneath of the leaves.
	aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu /lanpun.html (260 words)

	Landoltia punctata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Landoltia punctata is commonly used in aquaria and may be distributed when transporting fish or plants (Landolt 1986) so that even in the aquarium, the introduction one of the world's smallest flowering plants is often by accident (Stodola 1967).
		Landoltia punctata, often occurs in extensive, almost pure stands while Spirodela polyrrhiza usually occurs in mixed populations, with other duckweed species (Godfrey and Wooten 1979; Davenport and Haynes 1981; Wohler et al 1965).
		Landoltia punctata was less affected than the other species by low winter temperatures and flooding while Salvinia minima dominated during the warm summer months (Dickinson and Miller 1998).
	nas.er.usgs.gov /taxgroup/plants/docs/la_punct.html (1813 words)

	Abiotic factors regulating population size
		At this point, for every new thallus that appears, an existing one is shaded and dies, i.e., the population size is stable.
		Landoltia punctata is a small, non-native, floating plant that can grow into dense masses in stagnant water bodies.
		In this experiment you will monitor the growth of populations of Landoltia punctata grown in the laboratory with various concentrations of nutrients.
	www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu /Bio-home/leege/abioticcomp.html (875 words)

	Lemnaceae - Images of Landoltia punctata
		a dense population of duckweeds, mostly Landoltia punctata.
		The dark green population is Landoltia punctata mixed with a light green population of Lemna minuta.
		A prophyllum is present in the genera Landoltia and Spirodela.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /imgsppu.htm (307 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both Spirodela and Landoltia have reddish purple coloration on the undersurface of the fronds, a result of anthocyanin production, which varies with environmental conditions.
		The undersurface of Landoltia punctata is covered with many sunken glands, reason for the epithet "punctata", that are seen as a heavier texture overall.
		While the introduced Landoltia punctata appears more restricted to the Southeast, it might be expected in all regions with mild winters.
	nas.er.usgs.gov /taxgroup/plants/docs/spiro_compar.html (157 words)

	Lemnaceae - Images of Lemna turionifera
		Although Landoltia often has 2-3 roots, many individuals in this population have a single root.
		View of the ventral surfaces of Landoltia punctata and Lemna turionifera in the fall in San Diego County.
		Ventral surface of Landoltia punctata from Mendocino County.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /imgletu.htm (410 words)

	Spirodela punctata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata is a small floating plant that can grow into dense masses in still water.
		Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata may be easily confused with Spirodela, but there are some distinct differences.
		Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata flowers more commonly than Spirodela (3).
	www.mobot.org /jwcross/duckweed/duckpix-S_punctata.htm (186 words)

	Spirodela polyrhiza -- Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The underleaf surface of giant duckweed is dark red.
		This plant is easily confused with the exotic plant, Landoltia punctata.
		The native, Spirodela polyrhiza, giant duckweed, is larger, has rounder leaves, some have a red dot on the top, has up to 9 and more roots, and is dark red underneath the leaves.
	aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu /sppopic.html (174 words)

	Duckweed Pictures
		punctata a species intermediate between Lemna and Spirodela was renamed Landoltia punctata.
		Each Spirodela plant has several roots that may become tangled with those of other plants.
		This side view shows the underside, with red anthocyanin pigment and several (2-3) roots extending from each plant.
	www.mobot.org /jwcross/duckweed/duckpix.htm (689 words)

	Floating Plants
		Landoltia punctata can readily be distinguished from native duckweeds, especially with a 10X lens.
		Lemna species always have one root per frond, while Spirodela polyrhiza has as many as 5-21 roots.
		Additionally, Landoltia cannot produce turions and its seeds are sensitive to cold, thereby spread into the coldest regions of the Mid-Atlantic should be limited.
	cars.er.usgs.gov /Region_5_Report/html/floating_plants.html (1195 words)

	Identification
		An investigation of competition among Salvinia minima, Spirodela [Landoltia] punctata (G.F.W. Mey.) C.H. Thompson and Azolla caroliniana Willdenow in north Florida found Salvinia minima dominating during the summer months (Dickinson and Miller 1998).
		minima was impacted by flooding and freezing and Spirodela punctata became the most abundant species (Dickinson and Miller 1998).
		Also introduced to North America, Spirodela punctata shows greater cold tolerance than Salvinia minima by extending to more northern temperate latitudes (Landolt 1986).
	salvinia.er.usgs.gov /html/identification1.html (944 words)

	News and Notes
		Dr. Kay collected dotted duckweed, Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata, associated with and entangled in Salvinia molesta at two of the sites.
		Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are commonly confused with Salvinia, although they are much smaller in size, lie flat on the surface and have smooth rather then hairy surfaces.
		Landoltia punctata is the only introduced duckweed in North America; for more information see: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/plants/docs/la_punct.html.
	salvinia.er.usgs.gov /html/news_and_notes.html (4175 words)

	Herbicide Resistant Weeds
		Dotted Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) is a dicot weed in the Lemnaceae family.
		In Florida this weed first evolved resistance to Group D/22 herbicides in 2001 and infests aquatic.
		Particular thanks is given to Tyler Koschnick for providing detailed information.
	www.weedscience.org /Case/Case.asp?ResistID=5247 (339 words)

	Herbicide Resistant Weeds
		The most widespread resistant weed of Florida is American Black Nightshade (Solanum americanum), which infests an estimated 1001-10000 acres and is found primarily in tomatoes.
		Dotted Duckweed (Landoltia punctata), with resistance to diquat, and paraquat is the most recently discovered (2001) new type of resistant weed in Florida.
		This is a resource page to assist you in managing herbicide-resistant weeds in Florida.
	www.weedscience.org /USA/State.asp?StateID=10 (314 words)

	Comments on the Jepson Manual and A Flora of Southern California by Munz
		The Jepson Manual author, Wayne Armstrong, has accepted a new genus, Landoltia, and hence has revised the key to be:
		The new genus Landoltia contains a single species, Landoltia punctata, formerly Spirodela punctata.
		For an extensive key and guide to the Lemnaceae family, with beautiful pictures and much more information than in any flora, see Wayne P. Armstrong's Key To The Lemnaceae Of North America.
	www.tchester.org /plants/lists/jepson_comments.html (8746 words)

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